疲劳裂纹扩展时焊接残余应力分布的测定

本文采有沿焊缝分段切割，依次释放残余弹性变形的方法，测定了沿焊缝横向残余应力的分布规律。由于切割试样可近似地模拟疲劳裂纹扩展，通过测量释放的应力，计算出残余应力的分布，可分析残余应力对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响规律。     

强度和线膨胀系数匹配对焊接残余应力的影响规律

本文采用热弹塑性有限元法研究了焊缝强度匹配和线膨胀系数匹配对焊接动态应力以及残余应力分布的影响规律。计算结果表明,在相同母材(σ_s~p=400MPa)以及等胀匹配条件下(即焊缝线膨胀系数α~w=母材线膨胀系数α~p),焊缝中心纵向残余应力σ_x为拉应力,其值总是接近于焊缝金属屈服强度σ_s~w,且屈服强度的高低不会改变拉应力的性质。在等强匹配条件下(σ_s~w=σ_s~p),焊缝中心σ_x随焊缝线膨胀系数α~w的降低而降低,其性质有可能由于α~w的不断降低而由拉应力转变为压应力。而当α~w高于α~p时,焊缝中心达到σ_s~w后变化不大。     

焊缝线膨胀系数匹配对焊接残余应力的影响规律

采用热弹塑性有限元法对焊缝与母材线膨胀系数匹配对焊接过程中的动态应力以及残余应力的影响规律进行了研究。在相同焊接热源模型和热输入量作用下的计算结果表明,焊缝与母材等胀匹配时,焊缝中心的纵向残余应力σｘ为拉应力,其值随母材屈服强度σ＾ｐｓ变化。     

改善管道环焊缝接头残余拉应力的研究

本文对管道环焊缝残余应力的产生机理与分布规律进行研究。通过调整应力分布的工艺,可以显著降低焊接接头内表面残余拉应力,甚至产生压应力,从而提高管道抗应力腐蚀开裂的能力。     

钛制换热器错边焊缝的应力测定

本文叙述了用电阻应变片应力测定法测定引进钛设备错边焊缝应力的测试方案、过程、结果、数据处理和强度校核,对设备错边焊缝在设计条件和水试条件下的应力分布规律进行了对比分析,对设备的安全可靠性也作了分析判断。     

相变温度对焊接残余应力的影响规律及机理分析

通过对焊缝金属相变温度、相变膨胀应变和焊接接头残余应力的测试，分析了相变应力的产生及其对焊接残余应力的影响，相变应力不仅能够降低焊缝金属由于热收缩所引起的残余拉伸应力，而且在一定的条件下还可以产生残余压缩应力，论述了相变温度对焊接残余应力的影响规律以及获得残余压缩应力的相变温度范围，试验证明相变温度在100～300℃范围内，焊缝金属可以获得残余压缩应力，其中在190℃左右时残余压缩应力达到最大。     

P92钢管道对接焊接残余应力数值模拟

为了能系统全面探究P92钢管焊条在焊接变形状态后焊缝内的焊缝热残余应力变化规律和其分布及规律情况,基于三维有限元分析及模拟分析的实验软件Abaqus建立起了实验数据库P92钢焊接模拟仿真模型的数据,研究的实验分析结果与分析模型表明,在钢管焊接变形的状态情况条件下,焊缝应力分布以及钢管焊缝受热温度影响区环向热应变分布和钢管焊缝内轴向应力变化主要体现呈拉应力,在焊缝热影响区出现了拉残余应力分布的最大值。随着距离焊缝中心距离的进一步的增加,焊接过程中拉残余的残余应力值也就逐渐减小。     

矩形波纹管应力分析

用EJMA公式对矩形波纹管进行了应力计算,并用有限元法和试验法进行了应力分析研究,指出矩形波纹管最大应力位于接角焊缝处.建议对焊缝进行焊后打磨以降低焊缝处应力集中水平.     

大型油罐大角焊缝处峰值应力分析

大角焊缝的应力水平是影响大型油罐安全的重要因素之一。本文运用弹性地基假设,通过对容量为12 .5×10 4 m3储油罐大角焊缝处应力的数值分析,并与实测值比较发现:弹性地基假设条件下,大型油罐整体应力的数值结果与实测应力比较接近。利用这一结果,在同样的假设和建模条件下,分析了边缘板厚度、边缘板外伸长度、内侧焊缝延长长度和设置加强板对大角焊缝处最大峰值应力的影响规律。     

核电蒸汽发生器传热管/管板接头传热管内壁的焊接残余应力分布

采用自行搭建的管道内壁残余应力测试平台,通过切割法测得核电蒸汽发生器传热管/管板接头传热管内壁的焊接残余应力,结合有限元模拟,研究了传热管内壁焊接残余应力的分布规律。结果表明:试验测得传热管/管板接头中传热管内壁近焊缝处的轴向和周向残余应力均为拉应力,随着距焊缝中心线距离的增加,残余拉应力减小并变为压应力,在距离焊缝中心线12mm处,残余压应力最大,在距离焊缝中心线21mm处残余应力减小至焊前初始应力;传热管内壁焊接残余应力分布的模拟结果和试验结果基本吻合,该有限元模型可以准确模拟核电蒸汽发生器传热管/管板接头传热管内壁焊接残余应力的分布规律。     

单孔管道修复结构的全尺寸试验

管道现场抢修常用两种修复方式,一种是扣帽子,一种是补板.分别对扣帽子和补板方式修复的φ711×10管道进行全尺寸爆破试验,测量修复管道中的应变分布.结果表明,焊接帽子或补板的存在使管道修复部位的应力分布不均匀,出现一定程度的应力集中.焊接帽子和焊接补板修复的管道的屈服强度相近,约为完好管道屈服强度的85%.但焊接"帽子"对小孔处的变形约束作用小于焊接"补板"对小孔处变形约束作用,在管材没有足够韧性的情况下,容易引起管道在开孔处撕裂;焊接帽子和焊接补板修复的管道的爆破压力均低于但接近于完好管道的爆破压力,管道的破裂位置均远离焊接帽子或补板处,爆破是由于最大剪应力引起的韧性破坏.试验结果可以为打孔管道修复结构的安全性评价提供参考.     

Residual stress measurement on propellant tank of 2219 aluminum alloy and study on its weak spot

This paper presented residual stress measurement on two circumferential Variable polarity plasma arc welding (VPPAW) joints and one circular closed Friction stir welding (FSW) joint on the propellant tank of 2219 aluminum alloy using the indentation strain-gauge method. Quite large tensile residual stresses were attached to the center and inner areas of the circular closed FSW joint. There were very large tensile stresses in some points of the two circumferential VPPAW joints, among these points, the maximum value was +253 MPa, which was about 63 % of the yield strength of 410 MPa measured in the base material. In addition, the peak of compressive residual stress was about -160 MPa. Above all, there were two typical peaks of residual stress in the circumferential VPPAW joints, one was located in the middle part while the other one was near the start/end position of the joints. Combining the result of residual stress measurement with the characteristics of the tank structure, it can be concluded that circular closed FSW joint around the flange was a weak spot on the propellant tank. And the most vulnerable point on the circular closed FSW joint has also been found.     

油压减震器压力缸部件有限元分析

建立了某型油压减震器压力缸部件及其焊缝的有限元模型,对其在15MPa压力下变形和应力分布进行了计算,并分析和验证了结果.通过计算得出:焊缝处应力值低于其材料屈服应力极限,且安全系数较高,压力缸圆孔局部存在应力集中,此结论为该产品前期设计提供了重要参考。     

Characteristics of the residual stress distribution in welded tubular T-joints

Tubular T-joints are structural discontinuities that can be easily involved with stress concentrations. It is therefore necessary to estimate an internal stress distribution of T-joints. However, the complicated residual stresses are unavoidably produced adjacent to the joints by welding. In this paper, the residual stress distributions in welded tubular T-joints were analyzed by using a three-dimensional non-steady heat conduction analysis and a three-dimensional thermal elastic-plastic analysis. Characteristics of the residual stress distribution in welded tubular T-joints are investigated by the thermal-mechanical analysis results.     

低碳钢焊缝金属强度组配对焊接残余应力分布的影响规律

采用热弹塑性有限元方法,对平板对接接头中焊缝金属强度组配对焊接残余应力分布的影响进行了研究。结果表明,对于高组配接头,纵向残余应力的峰值接近焊缝金属的屈服极限,出现在焊缝中心。对于低组配接头,纵向残余应力的峰值接近母材的屈服极限,并发生在焊缝附近。随着对含有残余应力的接头施加外载,焊缝金属强度组配对纵向应力分布的影响依然存在,但残余应力的影响在减小。对承受外载的焊接接头,逐步卸除外载后,焊缝横截面     

基于空洞演化理论的挤压焊合描述模型

在铝合金管材分流挤压成形中,金属在焊合室内经历一个固态焊合过程,并在型材的整个长度方向上留下焊合缝。焊合缝通常是材料结构最薄弱的部位,为此焊合质量控制是挤压承压铝合金管材亟待解决的问题。针对挤压焊合过程定量描述的难题,将焊合过程描述为焊合面细观空洞的闭合过程,基于细观塑性力学方法建立焊合过程空洞演化模型。研究根据焊合面应力状态推导焊合面材料本构方程,并据此推导焊合面空洞闭合过程中孔隙度表达式,得到宏观应力场作用下描述挤压焊合的空洞演化模型;利用Gleeble热模拟试验机进行焊合过程的物理模拟试验,验证焊合描述模型的合理性,并基于该模型分析焊合质量的主要影响因素。研究提供一种挤压焊合过程定量描述方法,有助于揭示分流挤压焊合缺陷的形成机制。     

基于轮廓法测试焊接件内部残余应力

采用轮廓法测试低碳钢堆焊件和T形焊接结构的内部纵向残余应力。将焊接件沿垂直焊缝平面切割开,精确测试切割面的变形轮廓,然后将测试轮廓进行拟合,并将拟合结果作为有限元模型的边界条件进行弹性计算从而获得内部垂直切割平面的应力分布。比较不同曲面拟合方法拟合得到的切割面轮廓形貌;将轮廓法测试的焊接残余应力结果和热弹塑性三维有限元计算结果进行比较分析。研究结果表明:轮廓法能准确高效测试较厚焊接件内部整个截面上的纵向应力分布;由于线切割和轮廓测量误差造成轮廓法测得的应力在约2 mm厚表层区域的幅值和有限元计算结果相比误差较大,但轮廓法测试结果仍能反映出表层应力的分布趋势和特征;线切割断丝造成切割面的局部轮廓误差,会引起断丝区域测试应力出现突变。     

Bending analysis of a laminated composite patch considering the free-edge effect using a stress-based equivalent single-layer composite model

The interlaminar stresses of a laminated composite patch, which is made up of reinforcing fibers (carbon/graphite) and epoxy matrix are analyzed using a stress-based equivalent single-layer model under a bending load. The composite patch is frequently used as reinforcement for a metallic adherend of mechanical/aerospace structures (i.e., aluminum alloy, etc) by attaching the film- or paste-type adhesive (i.e., epoxy, BMI, etc). To calculate the adhesive stresses transferred from the substrate, an interlayer model is introduced. The adhesive stresses are obtained by solving the equilibrium equations. The stress fields of the patch are determined by assuming certain stress functions. To satisfy the equilibrium state of the patch, the stress functions are divided into homogeneous and particular parts. The adhesive stresses act as prescribed stress boundary conditions of the laminated composite patch. The stress functions are substituted into a complementary virtual work principle, and from this, two coupled ordinary differential equations are obtained. General eigenvalue problems are derived to solve the coupled governing equations. To demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed method, cross-ply, angle-ply and quasi-isotropic laminated composite patches are studied. From the observations made, the authors found that the stress function-based approach is suitable for solving the stress prescribed boundary value problem with accuracy and efficiency compared to a displacement-based approach such as the finite element method. The proposed method can be used as an efficient tool in the initial design stage of structural components when it is necessary to consider the free-edge effect.     

折臂式随车起重机六边形吊臂结构的发展

折臂式随车起重机吊臂型式大多是六边形的.国内早期较常见的这种六边形吊臂的结构型式有4焊缝结构和2焊缝结构,这两种结构必须分别由4条焊缝和2条焊缝进行结构连接.随着随车起重机的发展,近几年出现了一种较新型的1条焊缝的六边形吊臂结构.对这几种结构型式吊臂的特点进行了分析和介绍.     

Three dimensional stress analysis of a composite patch using stress functions

A stress function-based analysis is proposed to provide a simple and efficient approximation method of three-dimensional (3D) state of stress that exists near the free edge of bonded composite patches. In order to apply plane strain assumption in a composite patch, a linear superposition of sliced section from a bonded patch is used. In addition, to describe the load transfer mechanism from the substrate to the composite patch, a simple shear lag model is introduced. The 3D stress behavior at the free edge of the composite patch is modeled by Lekhnitskii stress functions, and the governing equations of the given composite patch are obtained by applying the principle of complementary virtual work. After a suitable expansion of the functions, the governing equations are transformed into two coupled ordinary differential equations, and they are solved by a general eigenvalue solution procedure. As the number of base functions increases, the interlaminar stresses converge. The interlaminar stresses reach maximum at the free edge and decrease sharply at the inner part of the patch. The interlaminar stresses are concentrated at the interface between the layers because of the mismatch of material properties and the geometric singularity. Since the proposed method accurately predicts the 3D stresses in a composite patch bonded on the metal substrate, it can be used as a simple and efficient analytical tool for designing such structural components.