速冻蛋白豆腐营养成分分析及速冻工艺对其质构的影响

为探究速冻蛋白豆腐的营养成分及速冻工艺对其质构的影响,对比分析了速冻蛋白豆腐和市售4种常见大豆制品(豆腐干、素鸡、盐卤豆腐、石膏豆腐)的营养成分差异(水分、灰分、脂肪、蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素E、维生素K1、大豆异黄酮的含量)。同时,研究分析了速冻环节对于速冻蛋白豆腐质构及微观结构的影响。结果显示,在5种大豆制品中,速冻蛋白豆腐的维生素E、K1含量居于首位,分别为2. 54 mg/100 g、19. 2 mg/100 g;其他营养成分居中,其中脂肪含量为14. 0 g/100 g、蛋白质含量为11. 0 g/100 g、氨基酸含量为11. 1 g/100 g、大豆异黄酮含量为142. 6 mg/kg;经速冻工艺,豆腐持水性不变,解冻后的比未速冻的蛋白豆腐硬度与咀嚼性略高,弹性与内聚性低,在压缩比例为70%时,解冻后的速冻蛋白豆腐弹力仍能达到0. 87;通过扫描电镜观察,解冻后的速冻蛋白豆腐网格结构并未遭到破坏。结论显示,速冻蛋白豆腐的营养价值较高;速冻工艺对于速冻蛋白豆腐的质构及品质没有显著影响。     

醋浸对大蒜主要营养成分含量及分布的影响

通过试验测定鲜蒜、醋蒜和醋蒜液中糖、蛋白质、灰分、维生素等成分的含量和分布情况。蛋白质、脂肪、灰分在醋蒜和浸泡液中的总含量无显著变化;部分不溶性多糖发生将解转化为可溶性糖类,可溶性糖总含量增加;Vc在浸泡过程中损失较大。大分子多糖和蛋白质水解成可溶性糖和小分子肽,有利于人体吸收。醋蒜在制备过程中的水分、粗蛋白、可溶性糖、脂肪、灰分和维生素等营养成分部分被浸出至醋蒜液中,浸出率约为20%～40%。结果总体表明醋蒜及蒜液具有良好的营养物质基础。     

音乐对黄豆芽营养成分的影响

目的:探究音乐对黄豆芽营养成分的影响。方法:以不同分贝音乐(40～50、70～80、100～110 dB)和不同类型音乐(民族音乐、流行音乐、古典音乐)培育黄豆芽,比较黄豆芽的蛋白质、总糖、异黄酮及脂肪含量差异变化。结果:古典音乐(70～80 dB)培育的豆芽蛋白质、异黄酮和脂肪含量均高于普通黄豆和普通豆芽;用民族音乐(70～80 dB)培育的黄豆芽最佳,与无音乐处理豆芽相比蛋白质含量增加3.39%、总糖含量增加10.59%、异黄酮含量增加2.64%、脂肪含量增加28.69%、产率提高7.10%。结论:音乐可促进黄豆芽蛋白质、异黄酮、总糖和脂肪的合成作用,能提高黄豆芽产率和营养价值,且安全可行、绿色环保。     

干燕窝与炖煮燕窝的营养成分分析与比较

【目的】通过对干燕窝与炖煮燕窝的营养成分进行分析和比较,以确定炖煮工艺是否会对干燕窝的营养成分产生显著影响;【方法】分别采用高效液相色谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)、液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)、凯氏定氮法、索氏提取法和苯酚-硫酸法法等方法测定了干燕窝与炖煮燕窝的氨基酸组成及比例、无机元素含量、唾液酸含量、蛋白质含量、脂肪含量与总糖含量;【结果】干燕窝蛋白质含量为59.80%,脂肪含量为0.04%,总糖含量为0.11%,氨基酸总量49.68%,其中必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的49.7%,唾液酸含量占干重9.49%。炖煮燕窝蛋白质含量为59.53%,脂肪含量为0.05%,总糖含量为0.11%,氨基酸总量49.49%,必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的49.3%,唾液酸含量约为9.47%。2种燕窝均富含氨基酸、蛋白质、唾液酸,唾液酸含量均接近10%,蛋白质含量均大于50%,必需氨基酸均占氨基酸总量49%以上,且无机元素种类丰富;【结论】干燕窝经炖煮后,除蛋白质外,无机元素Na、K、Zn,胱氨酸(Cys)有显著损失(P0.05);干燕窝经炖煮后,无机元素Mg、Ca、Fe、Cu均显著增加(P0.05),两者的唾液酸等其他营养成分不存在明显差异。该结果提示炖煮工艺可较完整地保持燕窝所含的营养成分,并能提高燕窝中Mg、Ca、Fe等有益的无机元素的含量,为燕窝产品的进一步研究与开发奠定了一定的理论基础。     

不同包装方式与贮藏条件对哈密瓜干品质的影响

以热风干燥制得的哈密瓜干为试验材料,采用光照、避光条件和常压、真空包装结合处理并在常温下贮藏,每隔30 d测定哈密瓜干的复水率、?E~*值、褐变度、Vc含量、水分含量、总糖含量、总酚含量、黄酮含量的指标变化。结果表明:和对照组相比,真空避光处理条件有效保持了哈密瓜干的品质。在贮藏第150天时,真空避光贮藏下的哈密瓜干中复水率、总糖含量、黄酮含量分别为1.67%、10.61%、5.42 mg/g,均高于其他处理;真空日照包装对?E~*值、Vc含量均有较好的保持,分别为3.52、6.05 mg/100 g;常压避光贮藏对哈密瓜干的复水率、褐变度、水分含量、总糖、总酚保持较好,为1.64%、0.14 OD_(420)/g、8.17%、17.52%、108.98 mg/kg,仅次于真空避光贮藏处理。由此可得,真空避光处理方式能减缓哈密瓜干中复水率、褐变度、总糖含量、总酚含量、黄酮含量的降低,可以更好地延缓哈密瓜干中某些营养成分的降解及抗氧化活性的衰减,能够较好地保持哈密瓜干的贮藏品质。     

不同潮期香菇营养成分的比较研究

研究了同一产地不同潮期香菇、不同部位香菇营养成分的差异,包括水分、灰分、脂肪、粗蛋白、总糖、氨基酸组成、粗纤维、干物质和高分子多糖(HMWP)等。结果表明:经过统计学上的t检验分析,在α=0.05的水平下,所有四潮香菇的营养成分有差别。一潮香菇含水量、粗纤维最高,而干物质、总糖含量较低;二潮香菇粗灰分、干物质、高分子多糖含量、氨基酸含量、必须氨基酸含量最高,而蛋白质含量最低;三潮香菇总糖含量最高,HMWP最低;四潮香菇蛋白质含量最高,粗纤维含量最低。同一产地和品种香菇的不同部位-菇盖和菇柄的实验结果表明,菇盖有较高的粗蛋白绝干含量、灰分、干物质、和HMWP含量;而菇柄有较高的脂肪、水分、总糖和纤维含量。菇盖有较高的必需氨基酸百分含量。     

全豆豆腐与传统豆腐的品质差异性研究

全豆豆腐是以大豆为原料加工的一种无豆渣豆腐,在提升产品营养价值的同时,能够提高大豆的利用率,实现综合利用。以超微大豆粉制得全豆豆腐,并分析其与传统豆腐在营养成分、矿物元素和氨基酸含量的差别,并对比2种方法制得的豆腐的色度、质构、保水性、凝胶强度的指标特征,以便为全豆豆腐品质提升提供依据。研究结果表明,全豆豆腐的蛋白质、脂肪、灰分、粗纤维含量高于传统豆腐;主要矿物元素含量除钾、锌含量高于传统豆腐,其他元素含量均低于传统豆腐;氨基酸种类一致,含量普遍高于传统豆腐;超微大豆粉制得的全豆豆腐比传统豆腐亮度高;全豆豆腐质构和凝胶强度弱于传统豆腐,但保水性优于传统豆腐,可见质构品质降低是全豆豆腐产品面临的主要问题。     

开口带壳澳洲坚果的开口效果与营养成分的相关性分析

以广西区内推广种植面积相对较大的桂热1号、OC、695 3个品种为研究对象,在果实进入成熟期后分批次采收成熟度不同的坚果样品,对开口合格率与不合格率、黏壳果率、果仁饱满度4个指标进行测定,同时对不同成熟度原料果仁中的脂肪、总糖、蛋白质3个营养成分的含量进行检测,再对开口合格率、黏壳果率、果仁饱满度3个指标与坚果样品果仁中的脂肪含量、总糖含量、蛋白质含量3个营养成分指标间的相关性进行分析。结果表明:不同品种的壳果原料,其开口效果存在差异,695更适合制作开口带壳澳洲坚果,而且在8月30日采收的695样品果制作的开口带壳澳洲坚果的开口合格率高,黏壳果率低,果仁饱满度高;相关性分析显示黏壳果率与果仁饱满度呈现显著负相关,果仁饱满度与脂肪含量呈现显著负相关,表明营养成分含量的不同会影响果实的加工品质。     

胡萝卜内酯豆腐营养化学成分的测定分析及探讨

为能更好地开发利用胡萝卜内酯豆腐,通过3,5-二硝基水杨酸法、凯氏定氮法等实验方法对胡萝卜内酯豆腐中的蛋白质、脂肪、糖、氨基酸等营养化学成分进行测定分析,结果表明:相对于单纯的内酯豆腐,添加了胡萝卜以后的内酯豆腐中,碳水化合物含量的增加较明显,而蛋白质和脂肪的含量与普通内酯豆腐中的含量较为接近;主要氨基酸与大豆蛋白中的主要氨基酸比较一致,其中赖氨酸、苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸、亮氨酸等必需氨基酸的含量都较高;主要矿物质元素的含量都有所增加。     

6个薄壳山核桃品种的形态及营养成分分析

以浙江新昌6个薄壳山核桃品种为研究对象,对果实和种子形态以及种仁的粗脂肪、蛋白质、糖、氨基酸和矿物质等主要营养成分含量进行测定分析。结果表明,薄壳山核桃含有丰富的脂肪、糖、蛋白质、氨基酸和矿物质等营养成分;品种间形态与营养成分含量存在显著差异,其中籽重8.90～14.55 g,仁重2.40～7.79 g,出仁率26.21%～58.73%,营养成分含量分别为：粗脂肪62.53%～70.95%,总蛋白6.03%～9.43%,总糖10.88%～15.30%,总氨基酸35.611～72.430 mg/g,人体必需氨基酸总量10.138～20.288 mg/g,矿物质含量0.56%～1.03%。     

Stability of soybean seed composition and its effect on soymilk and tofu yield and quality

Soymilk was made from 10 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines grown at three locations for 2 years, using an 18:1 water/soy protein ratio. Tofu was made with either glucono-delta-lactone (GDL) or calcium sulphate dihydrate (CS). Genotype and year effects were substantially greater than location effects on soybean protein content and seed composition; soymilk and tofu yield, solids levels, and pH; and tofu colour, hardness, and firmness. Genotype by location and genotype by year interaction effects were minor relative to the genotype and year effects. Yield of soymilk, GDL tofu, and CS tofu, which averaged 7.39 l, 6.29 kg, and 6.15 kg per kg soybeans, respectively, were all positively correlated with seed protein and stachyose, and negatively correlated with seed oil, free sugar, sucrose and remainder content. Seed protein was positively correlated with tofu hardness and firmness, while seed oil, free sugar, sucrose, and remainder content were generally negatively correlated with tofu quality parameters. Results of stepwise regression analysis showed that seed protein was the major determinant of soymilk yield and solids content, while soymilk yield was, in turn, the major factor determining GDL tofu yield. Procedures used in making soymilk and tofu play a major role in determining which seed component has a major effect on soymilk and tofu yield and quality.     

休闲豆腐干贮藏过程中品质变化研究

以休闲豆腐干为研究对象,在常温下贮藏180d,利用感官评价和热量成分检测仪、质构仪等快速检测手段研究休闲豆腐干货架期内品质变化。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,豆腐干品质越来越差;60~90d是豆腐干品质微变时期,营养组分和质构特性变化小,90~180d是其品质显著变化时期,水分含量骤减,蛋白质、脂肪含量显著升高,碳水化合物含量持续下降;硬度、咀嚼性、粘聚性显著增大,回复性下降。主要营养物质含量变化是引起豆腐干质构特性变化的主要原因。并确定硬度和咀嚼性是贮藏过程中影响豆腐干品质变化的关键指标。建议豆制品企业将豆干保质期定为120~150d。     

Quality improvement of kenaf-based tofu: effects of kenaf seed substitution,and coagulant types and concentrations on the physicochemical quality,texture profile and microstructure of the tofu

Tofu was made by substituting kenaf seed (K) with soybean (S) at 100 (positive control), 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% and 0% (negative control). The results indicated that kenaf seed substitution at all ratios significantly increased the soluble solids and protein content of the milky extracts. The yield, moisture and protein content of the tofu were significantly increased with the increase in kenaf seed substitution, while the lipid content was significantly decreased. The tofu made with kenaf seed substitution of 50%, 40% and 30% had the same protein content (43.76–45.36 g/100 g) with the positive control (45.36 g/100 g), but a significantly higher lipid content (32.00–35.75 g/100 g) than that of the positive control (27.50 g/100 g). The microstructure of the tofu revealed that only the positive control had a honey-comb structure, whilst the tofu made from kenaf seed-soybean blends had a pseudo-honey like structure. Up to 30% of soybean can be added into the kenaf-based tofu, without any negative effect on the textural and colour properties and, protein content, but significantly improved the essential amino acids content of the kenaf-based tofu. Therefore, the blend of 70K:30S ratio using 0.5 g% glucono delta-lactone as a coagulant is recommended to produce kenaf seed-soybean tofu.     

Effect of Soybean Varieties and Growing Locations on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soymilk and Tofu

ABSTRACT: Soybean varieties and growing location greatly affected the protein content and color of soymilk and the protein content and yield of tofu ( P < 0.05). Protein content of soybeans was the most important affecting factor for the qualities of soymilk and tofu. There were significant correlations between the protein contents of soybeans and soymilks ( P < 0.05). There were also significant correlation between the soybean protein and the total solid content of soymilk (P < 0.05). Tofu moisture content had significant effect on the hardness and yield of tofu (P < 0.05). The correlation between soybean protein and tofu yield was significant at P < 0.05. The protein content and yield of tofu can be predicted by analyzing soybean protein.     

点浆条件对酸浆豆腐品质的影响

为探究点浆时豆乳温度、点浆后蹲脑温度和蹲脑时间对酸浆豆腐品质的影响,提高酸浆豆腐品质,本研究利用质构分析、SDS-PAGE和低场核磁等技术分析了豆腐品质、豆乳中蛋白凝固过程、大豆蛋白各亚基含量和水分分布的变化规律。结果表明,点浆时豆乳温度对豆乳沉淀中蛋白和大豆蛋白各亚基含量无显著影响,但对豆腐品质和水分分布有较大影响。当点浆时豆乳温度为75℃时,豆腐的硬度最小,而其弹性、得率、含水量、保水性、感官得分和T₂₁弛豫时间最大。蹲脑温度和蹲脑时间对豆腐品质、豆乳沉淀中蛋白含量和大豆蛋白各亚基含量影响显著,当蹲脑温度75℃和蹲脑时间20 min时,豆腐硬度最小为15.80 N,而弹性、得率、含水量、保水性和T₂₁弛豫时间最佳,分别为5.15 mm、241.3%、76.36%、65.68%、43.29 ms,且豆腐品质豆乳沉淀中蛋白含量最佳。当点浆时豆乳温度为75℃、蹲脑温度为75℃和蹲脑时间20 min时,豆腐品质和感官得分最优。     

模糊数学感官评价结合响应面法优化五香卤味即食豆杆调味配方

采用模糊数学感官评价法结合响应面法对五香卤味即食豆杆的调味配方进行优化研究。结果表明,最佳调味配方为食用盐添加量0.5%,红油添加量8.0%,五香油添加量0.1%,丙氨酸添加量0.2%。在此最佳调味配方条件下,五香卤味即食豆杆呈浅红色,带光泽;咸淡适宜,有五香风味;油料较均匀,无明显破损;五香卤味香气较明显,不刺激,模糊数学感官评分为（87.91±0.62）分,其质量指标符合相关标准。此试验结果为即食豆杆工业化生产提供理论依据。     

海芦笋籽油的检测及其性质的研究

为了明确海芦笋籽油的使用价值,对海芦笋种籽及其籽油的理化性质进行了研究。海芦笋种籽的含油率为26.01%,并对种籽中的水分,灰分,蛋白质,以及总碳水化合物质量分数进行测定。采用超声波溶剂法提取该种籽中的油脂,通过测定毛油的酸值,碘值,皂化值,过氧化值和不皂化物,来评估籽油的质量。运用GC-MS对籽油中的脂肪酸组成进行了分析,海芦笋籽油中主要的脂肪酸是亚油酸(64.02%),以及不饱和脂肪酸总质量分数达到84.98%。采用HPLC方法,检测出海芦笋籽油中含有丰富的维生素E。同时,在200~400 nm处进行紫外扫描,得出海芦笋籽油可以作为一种广谱紫外线保护剂。结果表明:海芦笋籽油可以用于化妆品,医药和食品等领域。     

Yield and Quality of Tofu as Affected by Soybean and Soymilk Characteristics: Glucono-delta-lactone Coagulant

Nine light hilum soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] cultivars were used to study characteristics that affect yield and quality of tofu (soybean curd) coagulated with glucono-delta-lactone (GDL). Pressed and packed (nonpressed) curds were examined. Yield of tofu was not affected by size of beans. Protein and total solids in soymilk increased when protein and moisture increased in soybeans. Yield of pressed GDL tofu increased with protein content of soybeans (or soymilk) plus decreased calcium content. Fracturability of pressed GDL tofu increased with levels of phosphorus. Hardness of packed tofu increased with protein content in soymilk. Yield of pressed GDL tofu was 20% higher than CaSO₄ tofu.     

Relationships between protein and other chemical composition and texture of tofu made from soybeans grown in different locations

Understanding quantitative relationships between protein and other chemical components in diverse soybean genotypes (lines) grown in different locations and the firmness of tofu can provide scientific insight for selecting soybean suitable for tofu making. Locations showed significant effects on seed components, including total protein, major storage proteins, subunits and polypeptides of the major storage proteins, and calcium, but not magnesium or phytic acid. Results showed that 11S content, but not 11S/7S ratio, was only correlated with filled tofu firmness when analyzed over all locations. A strong and positive correlation between firmness and A₃ polypeptide of the 11S protein content was found for both pressed tofu (r = 0.80, p < 0.001) and filled tofu (r = 0.76, p < 0.001) over three locations (overall pooled data) and within most individual locations. The correlation of filled tofu firmness and A₃ polypeptide was significant for each of the three individual locations. However, the correlation of pressed tofu firmness and A₃ polypeptide content was significant at two of three locations. Mean calcium content was positively correlated with mean pressed and filled tofu firmness over all locations, but calcium was not correlated with pressed tofu firmness at any individual location, and only one location showed a significant correlation of calcium and filled tofu firmness. In addition, pressed tofu firmness was found to be negatively correlated with tofu yield. The findings that A₃ polypeptide's strong relationship with tofu firmness within certain locations may be used by the food industry to select proper soybean for manufacturing tofu and to facilitate tofu soybean breeding for tofu making.     

基于豆清发酵液点浆的 二次浆渣共熟生产豆腐的工艺优化

采用豆清发酵液为豆腐点浆的凝固剂,通过单因素实验研究水豆质量比、煮浆温度、豆清发酵液的添加量和煮浆时间对豆腐品质影响。以豆腐得率和蛋白质含量为指标,通过Box-Behnken实验结合响应面法建立二阶多项非线性回归方程和数据模型优化豆腐工艺,结果表明,最佳加工工艺条件为水豆质量比是6:1 kg/kg,煮浆温度是105.7 ℃,煮浆时间是5.8 min,豆清发酵液添加量26.3%。在最佳工艺条件下得到的豆清发酵液豆腐的得率和蛋白质含量分别最高达255%、11.12%,此时豆腐的水分含量及保水性达到最佳,优于市售同类产品,对于豆清发酵液豆腐的制作提供了借鉴价值。