面包质地品质性状的研究 II面包小麦烘烤品质的逐步回归分析

测定面包小麦品种的常用品质性状 ,经过选择后 ,确定其蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、SDS沉降值、Zeleny沉降值、Pelshenke值、溶涨值、和面仪曲线和粉质仪曲线特征值及种子贮藏蛋白高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基评分等为研究对象。结果表明 ,同美国优质面包小麦相比 ,首届面包小麦品种的蛋白质含量和沉降值较高 ;面包体积较大 ,但是面包质地品质 (三项品质评分 :平滑度、弹揉性和内部结构 )表现较差 ;研究的 14个品质特征值变幅较大 ,研究材料表现出不同的蛋白质含量和不同的面筋强度等特点 ,通过逐步回归分析 ,对面包体积影响突出的性状是SDS沉降值、粉质仪形成时间、高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基评分和Pelshenke值 ;对面包的质地品质贡献突出的性状是Zeleny沉降值、和面曲线的和面时间、粉质仪的形成时间和Pelshenke值     

面包质地品质性状的研究Ⅱ面包小麦烘烤品质的逐步回归分析

测定面包小麦品种的常用品质性状,经过选择后,确定其蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、ＳＤＳ沉降值、Ｚｅｌｅｎｙ沉降值、Ｐｅｌｓｈｅｎｋｅ值、溶涨值、和面仪曲线和粉质仪曲线特征值及种子贮藏蛋白高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基评分等为研究对象。结果表明,同美国优质面包小麦相比,首届面包小麦品种的蛋白质含量和学降值较高;面包体积较大,但是面包质地品质（三项品质评分：平滑度、弹揉性和内部结构）表现较差;研究的１４个品质特征值变     

中国面包小麦品种搭配品质的研究

弱筋、低蛋白质含量品种矮早７８１和皖麦１８同面包小麦品种相搭配,在５０％搭配以下,搭配品质结果是：Ｚｅｌｅｎｙ沉降值主要分布在３０￣５０ｍｌ范围内,和面时间为２．３￣３．８ｍｉｎ,和面曲线峰率为５．８￣６．６ｃｍ,１０ｇ面粉面包体积为５４．２￣７５．５ｍｌ;面包比容为３．７￣５．１ｍｌ／ｇ;强面筋品种的搭配品质比弱面筋品种表现好,后者不适宜搭配制作面包专用粉;有１／３左右的面包小麦品种在主要搭配品     

面包小麦品质和产量若干性状的相关性

利用国内外40个面包小麦品种(系)进行了品质和产量若干性状的相关性分析，结果表明，SDS-沉降值与籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量间呈显著正相关，与比沉降值、伯尔辛值、高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基品质评分之间呈极显著正相关；籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量与比沉降值、伯尔辛克值、高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基品质评分之间没有相关性。籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量与株粒重、收获指数、穗粒数呈显著或极显著负相关；SDS-沉降值、伯尔辛克值与株粒重等产量性状间几乎没有相关性；比沉降值与株粒重呈弱的正相关，与收获指数呈显著正相关。讨论认为，在现阶段我国小麦品质育种中，筛选和利用具有优良蛋白质品质，比沉降值高的亲本资源来选育高产优质新品种，具有十分重要的意义。     

小麦籽粒蛋白质组分与面包烘焙品质性状关系的研究

利用３８个小麦种质材料,研究了小麦蛋白质组分与面包烘焙品质性状的关系。发现清蛋白或球蛋白与主要面包品质性状呈负相关,其中清蛋白含量与Ｚｅｌｅｎｙ沉降值呈显著负相关。醇溶蛋白或谷蛋白与面包品质性状呈正相关,谷蛋白与烘焙品质呈显著正相关。利用通径分析明确了不同蛋白组分对面包加工品质的直接作用和间接作用。据此提出改良面包加工品质及协调营养品质和面包加工品质的途径。     

小麦品质性状的搭配效应研究

以面包小麦品种作试验材料,研究混合粉的搭配效应,结果如下：（１）混合粉的品质性状可以分为两大类,一大类是实现“加性效应”的性状,如蛋白质含量,和面曲线的峰高和Ｚｅｌｅｎｙ沉降值等,数值高代主要由混合粉中原料和配粉比决定的;另一大类是表现“部分显性效应”的性状,如和面时间,面包体积和面包比容等,它们的数值高低主要受硬质小麦的原料和配粉比的影响。（２）混合粉的烘烤品质主要受面包小麦的面筋强度的影响。（     

小麦淀粉特性与面包烘烤品质的相关性

利用国内外40个面包小麦品种(系)进行了淀粉性状与面包烘烤品质性状的相关性分析，比较了国内外小麦在加工品质和淀粉性状的差异。结果表明，直链淀粉含量与面包品质性状(Zeleny沉淀值、面团形成时间和稳定时间)呈极显著负相关；淀粉总量与面包品质性状呈负相关，但相关不显著；面粉膨胀势与面包品质性状呈极显著正相关。国内外小麦品种(系)相比，Zeleny沉淀值、面团形成时间和稳定时间等性状差异较大；在淀粉性状和面包品质性状上，国外小麦品种(系)明显优于国内材料。讨论认为，蛋白质和淀粉对小麦的面包烘烤品质都有一定的影响。直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量和膨胀势可作为小麦品质育种亲本选配、后代选择的指标。改良我国小麦淀粉的主要目标是降低直链淀粉含量。     

冬小麦主要品质性状鉴定及其相关性研究

本文分析测定了国内２９个具有品质代表性冬小麦品种的１８项主要品质指标，对品质性状间的相关关系进行了较为全面的分析。结果表明，粗蛋白含量、清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、干面筋、沉降值均与粉质仪性状和面包性状有着较为密切的关系，其中清蛋白对小麦品质有负的作用。粗蛋白含量与面包评分相关不显著。沉降值、干面筋、谷蛋白、清蛋白均与面包评分呈显著或极显著相关。蛋白组分比粗蛋白含量对小麦加工品质具有更重要的影响。沉降值与面包评价的关系极为密切，是预测国内小麦面包烘焙品质的重要指标。     

板栗粉对面包焙烤品质的影响

研究了板栗粉对面包品质的影响,结果表明适量添加板栗粉可以增加面包的体积和比容,提高面包的弹性、平滑度等感官品质。在实验条件下,板栗粉7.5%为最佳添加量,面包体积增加55.7%,比容增加68.1%,硬度下降为对照组的53.9%,感官评分最高。     

配麦面包烘烤品质变化规律的研究

以８个品质性状差异较大的原料小麦按不同比例掺混组成１８个配麦样品，这些样品的蛋白质含量，湿面筋含量，沉降值，粉质图吸水率，面包评分等性状可由原料小麦的加权平均数预测，而粉质图形成时间，稳定时间，软化度，评价值和面包体积等性状则较复杂，不同原料小麦间表出正互作效应。     

小麦品质性状与北方手工馒头品质指标关系的研究

以主要来自我国小麦主产区——黄淮麦区的114个品种为材料，对19个小麦品质性状与馒头品质之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明，要提高馒头的总分，必须协调好馒头体积、比容与外观、结构、弹韧性间的矛盾，并注重外观、结构、弹韧性以及粘性的改良。19个品质性状中17个与不同馒头指标相关显著。高蛋白质含量有利于增加馒头的体积和比容，但不利于馒头优良外观、结构和弹韧性的形成，最终明显降低馒头的总分；稳定时间长、延展性好的强筋面团加工馒头的结构、弹韧性和外观差，不适合制作优质手工馒头，但对总分影响不显著；膨胀势和RVA粘度参数高可以显著改善馒头的外观、结构和弹韧性，进而显著提高馒头的总分。回归和通径分析的结果与相关分析的趋势是一致的，进一步明确了影响馒头指标的主要小麦品质性状及其对馒头指标的直接和间接效应。提出了优质馒头的小麦品质指标的理想取值和参考取值范围以及定性指标。     

Genetic Variation in Glutenin Protein Composition of Aestivum and Durum Wheat Cultivars and Its Relationship with Dough Quality

Genetic variability of high molecular weight glutenin subunits and low molecular weight glutenin subunits composition at the Glu-1 loci in Triticum aestivum L., and T. durum L., wheat was studied using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction based markers. The end use quality of wheat is mainly influenced by the composition of glutenin protein. Aestivum cultivar GW-273 showed highest gluten index (94.4%) and sedimentation value (61 mL). GW-273 and GW-322 showed highest Glu-1 score of 10 out of 10, indicating superior dough quality for bread making. Results from glutenin protein separation using electrophoresis revealed that selected Indian wheat cultivars were abundant in high molecular weight glutenin subunits AxNull allele, which is responsible for poor quality. Gene specific polymerase chain reaction using high molecular weight glutenin subunits and low molecular weight glutenin subunits primers showed Dx5 and Dy10 in only two cultivars GW-273 and GW-322, which is responsible for good dough quality. Sequencing of high molecular weight glutenin subunits Dx5 gene fragment showed four cysteine at the N-terminal end. Cysteine residues are helpful in intermolecular disulfide bond formation among different glutenin and gliadins proteins leading to good elasticity of dough.     

Effects of Protein Size Distribution and Dough Rheology on Hearth Bread Characteristics Baked at Different Processes and Scales

ABSTRACT: The present study investigates the effect of flour and dough characteristics on the baking performance of hearth loaves, which are proved and baked without a tin. A number of experiments were performed at different scales. The most significant and consistent observation was a positive relationship between the protein quality and the form ratio of the loaves (height/width), in which the protein quality was evaluated by both large and small strain rheology, as well as by size distribution of the gluten proteins and other protein quality parameters. The volume of hearth loaves and the slice area are complex characteristics because they are combined functions of loaf height and loaf width; the loaf height was positively related to protein quality, whereas loaf width was negatively related. The total effect of this is not obvious. In general, the loaf volume is more strongly related to the loaf width than is the slice area. For the present material, differences in protein quality were not manifested as significant differences in loaf volume, whereas the slice area was positively correlated to the protein quality. The results obtained at different scales of the baking experiment agreed well with each other.     

冻融淀粉对馒头品质的影响研究

摘 要 通过分离重组的方法研究冻融淀粉对重组面团加工特性及馒头品质的影响，并通过主成分分析阐明它们之间的相关性。结果表明：随着冻融次数的增加，破损淀粉含量由22.5%增至24.1%（P<0.05），淀粉分子排列从有序向无序状态转变；由重组面团微观结构的变化可知，冻融淀粉多以分散的形式裸露在面筋网络外部，面筋网络的连续性减弱，但弹性和黏性模量上升。此外，冻融淀粉所制备的馒头比体积由1.5 mL/g降至0.9 mL/g，感官总评分呈下降趋势，硬度和咀嚼度呈增大趋势（P<0.05）。这可能是由于冻融淀粉与面筋蛋白竞争性吸水，弱化了淀粉-面筋蛋白复合体的界面稳定性，使其形成不完整的面筋网络结构，最终致使馒头品质劣变。     

The glutenin fraction of wheat protein: The importance of genetic background on its quantity and quality

The influence of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits on the properties of the gel-protein fraction of glutenin proteins in wheat was determined on 20 varieties grown in the 1989 UK Recommended List trials. Both the presence of subunit 1 (chromosome 1A) and the 1B/1R rye translocation were shown to influence gel-protein weight and breakdown rate during mixing. The gel-protein tests were correlated with CBP (Chorleywood Bread Process) loaf volume, but they did not add anything to the correlation between Glu-1 score and loaf volume. Both gel-protein tests indicated that phenotypic variation could be almost as large as genotypic variation. Breakdown rate was able to detect the abnormal properties of Pastiche (weak) and Fresco (extra-strong) that were not observed using established quality tests such as the sodium dodecylsulphate sedimentation volume.     

利用RIL群体分析小麦淀粉粘度性状与馒头品质的关系

利用重组自交系群体对淀粉粘度性状与馒头品质间的关系进行了全面分析。相关分析表明，峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度、反弹值、峰值时间均与馒头外观、结构、弹韧性、粘性、总分等5项指标呈显著正相关；回归分析结果表明，粘度性状与馒头品质间存在较强的线性关系，建立了馒头体积、比容、结构、弹韧性、粘性和总分与淀粉粘度性状的回归方程；通过通径分析明确了各粘度性状对馒头品质的直接效应和间接效应。     

馒头主要品质性状SNP标记全基因组关联分析

为从分子水平研究控制馒头主要品质性状的基因位点,以205?份不同小麦品种为实验材料,利用分布于小麦全基因组的24?355?个单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP）标记对馒头比容、色泽与质构性状进行关联分析。检测到8?个比容性状极显著关联位点（P＜0.000?1）,同时也是高遗传变异贡献率位点（R2＞10%）,2?个位点至少在2?个环境中稳定表达;23?个馒头色泽性状极显著关联位点,30?个高遗传变异贡献率位点,9?个位点在两个以上环境中检测到;31?个馒头质构性状极显著关联位点,46?个高遗传变异贡献率位点,11?个位点在两个以上环境中检测到。同时,发掘了5?个质构性状主效关联位点,如5D染色体上胶着性位点BS00000020_51。本研究所得到的这些位点为结合分子育种技术改良馒头用小麦粉品质提供了有价值的参考。     

Influence of Tomato Seed Addition on the Quality of Wheat Flour Breads

Tomato seed, an abundant tomato processing waste product, contains high amounts of crude fat and protein. The protein is especially high in lysine, the limiting amino acid of cereal products. Dried, ground tomato seeds were added at 5, 10, 15, and 20% wheat flour replacement levels. The influence of tomato seed addition on amino acid content, loaf volume, and staling rate were studied. A sensory evaluation based on odor only was conducted to identify consumer attitudes towards “tomato seed bread.” The addition of tomato seed at a replacement level of 20% to a bread formula with shortening resulted in no significant change (P < 0.05) in staling rate, but showed an increase in specific loaf volume of 20.4%. No significant differences in specific loaf volume were found between bread with 3% shortening and the 10% tomato seed supplemental bread without shortening. Addition of fat extracted tomato seeds at the 20% level decreased specific loaf volume by 72%. The supplementation of wheat flour bread at the 10% and 20% replacement levels increased lysine by 40.2% and 69.0% respectively.