小麦品质指标与面团流变学特性的多元回归分析

选取小麦样品244份,测定了样品品质指标和粉质拉伸特性指标,并分别以面团稳定时间、拉伸面积、最大拉伸阻力为因变量,以硬度指数、容重、千粒重、沉降值、降落数值、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数为自变量,进行了多元回归分析。结果表明,降落数值、蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量与面团稳定时间、拉伸面积、最大拉伸阻力的偏相关性均不显著;容重与稳定时间偏相关显著正相关;硬度指数与拉伸面积、最大拉伸阻力偏相关显著正相关;沉降值、面筋指数与稳定时间、拉伸面积、最大拉伸阻力的偏相关极显著正相关;千粒重与稳定时间、拉伸面积、最大拉伸阻力的偏相关极显著负相关。     

文献导读

用100份冬麦品种和41份春麦品种研究了我国小麦磨粉品质现状及其与籽粒性状的相关性:用荔垦2号/豫麦2号和85中33/豫麦49等2个组合的F3研究了出粉率的遗传规律。结果表明,品种间出粉率差异大,冬麦变幅为65.6％-77.2％,春麦为62.7％-75.9％。冬麦品种以北部冬麦区出粉率最高,长江中下游冬麦区出粉率最低:面粉白度与之相反,以长江中下游麦区最好,北部冬麦区面粉白度最差。冬麦品种出粉率与容重和硬度呈极显著正相关,r值为0.39和0.49,面粉白度和硬度呈极显著负相关,r=-0.44;春麦品种出粉率与籽粒蛋白呈极显著负相关,r=-0.52,面粉白度和硬度呈极显著负相关,r=-0.35,面粉灰分和硬度呈极显著正相     

面包质地品质性状的研究 II面包小麦烘烤品质的逐步回归分析

测定面包小麦品种的常用品质性状 ,经过选择后 ,确定其蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、SDS沉降值、Zeleny沉降值、Pelshenke值、溶涨值、和面仪曲线和粉质仪曲线特征值及种子贮藏蛋白高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基评分等为研究对象。结果表明 ,同美国优质面包小麦相比 ,首届面包小麦品种的蛋白质含量和沉降值较高 ;面包体积较大 ,但是面包质地品质 (三项品质评分 :平滑度、弹揉性和内部结构 )表现较差 ;研究的 14个品质特征值变幅较大 ,研究材料表现出不同的蛋白质含量和不同的面筋强度等特点 ,通过逐步回归分析 ,对面包体积影响突出的性状是SDS沉降值、粉质仪形成时间、高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基评分和Pelshenke值 ;对面包的质地品质贡献突出的性状是Zeleny沉降值、和面曲线的和面时间、粉质仪的形成时间和Pelshenke值     

主要食品对小麦籽粒品质的要求分析(1)

论述了面包、面条、馒头等主食对小麦籽粒品质的要求。通过品质分析认为制作面包的小麦籽粒为硬质，淀粉酶活性适中，有较高的容重和蛋白质含量；制作面条的小麦品种应为白粒，硬质，灰分含量低，α－淀粉酶活性小（降落数值＞300s)，蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量较高；而馒头与小麦籽粒的千粒重、灰分、蛋白质含量，沉淀值、湿面筋含量拉伸参数呈显著正相关。     

浅谈影响小麦加工品质的若干指标

小麦加工品质包括磨粉特性、出粉率、色泽、再制品工艺特性等,影响小麦加工品质主要有容重、千粒重、硬度、色泽、水分、蛋白质含量、降落数值、出粉率等指标。同品种小麦,容重高,千粒重也高的小麦,出粉率更高;保持适宜的水分,有利于生产高精度小麦粉。     

建国以来我国冬小麦主要育成品种加工品质的演变及评价

对我国１９５９～１９８９年推广的８１个主要冬小麦育成品种１３个加工品质性状的研究表明，随着冬小麦产量的大幅度提高，解放以来我国不同年代育成品种的降落值，湿面筋含量差异显著，但其它加工品质性状无明显变化。近代品种的出粉率趋于下降，且公差指数、软化度有显著增加趋势。在不同年代，均可筛选出在沉降值、湿面筋含量、降落值、评价值等重要加工品质性状方面的特异品种，其中临漳有毛，小偃６号、冬协４号等在近代推广品种中表现优异。     

2009年冀中小麦品质状况分析

小麦是我国的第二大粮食作物,河北省是我国小麦主产省和重要商品粮基地,小麦品质状况对全国商品小麦品质的影响至关重要。在河北省中部石家庄、衡水、沧州3个地区抽取81个小麦品种样品进行品质检测分析。结果表明:沧州地区小麦样品千粒重、容重和籽粒硬度显著低于衡水地区和石家庄地区;衡水地区小麦样品的出粉率和小麦粉色泽b*值显著高于沧州和石家庄地区;石家庄地区小麦样品的籽粒蛋白质含量、籽粒沉降值、湿面筋含量、面筋指数、面团的形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数、拉伸长度、拉伸阻力、最大拉伸阻力、拉伸能量和拉伸比例显著高于衡水地区和沧州地区;有82.72%的小麦样品容重达到1级小麦标准1,9.75%的小麦样品的籽粒蛋白质含量在14.0%以上;96.30%的降落数值在300 s以上;16.05%的小麦样品的面团稳定时间在7 min以上。     

面包质地品质性状的研究Ⅱ面包小麦烘烤品质的逐步回归分析

测定面包小麦品种的常用品质性状,经过选择后,确定其蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、ＳＤＳ沉降值、Ｚｅｌｅｎｙ沉降值、Ｐｅｌｓｈｅｎｋｅ值、溶涨值、和面仪曲线和粉质仪曲线特征值及种子贮藏蛋白高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基评分等为研究对象。结果表明,同美国优质面包小麦相比,首届面包小麦品种的蛋白质含量和学降值较高;面包体积较大,但是面包质地品质（三项品质评分：平滑度、弹揉性和内部结构）表现较差;研究的１４个品质特征值变     

进口硬质小麦品质特性与硬度指数的关系探讨

为了研究进口硬质(HI60)小麦的品质差异,选取了6个不同品种的乌克兰进口硬质小麦,进行小麦品质和粉质特性测定分析。结果显示:6种硬质小麦硬度指数(HI)分布在64.2～77.4,容重分布在782～824 g/L,其中KT-BL-Y0122品种的硬度指数和容重最高;硬度指数和出粉率不显著相关,硬度和容重居中的NK-BL-R0132品种出粉率最高;硬度指数和湿面筋含量、干面筋含量以及面筋指数不显著相关,6种小麦面筋含量差异性小,面筋指数差异性大,其中硬度指数最高的KT-BL-Y0122品种湿面筋含量较低为26.9,而且面筋指数也相对较低为68;硬度指数和面团形成时间呈显著负相关,与最大拉伸阻力和延伸度不显著相关。实验表明,进口硬质小麦品种的硬度指数与出粉率、面筋、粉质、拉伸等常见品质特性不显著相关,所以在硬质级别的小麦进口国际贸易中,硬度指数仅能作为小麦品质衡量的一个参考指标,而非决定性因素。     

小麦品种品质与面条品质关系的研究

通过对陕西关中近年育成的１３个小麦品种（品系）的籽粒性状、蛋白质品质、磨粉品质、粉质参数及面条蒸煮品质的系统分析,研究了小麦品种品质性状与面条品质性状的相关关系,结果认为,信仪２号８８２１、大粒８７８、３个小麦品种适宜于制作面条。面条蒸煮吸水率与小麦品种的出粉率、湿面筋含量呈显著负相关,与籽粒硬度、面粉吸水率与小麦品种的发率、湿面筋含量呈显著负相关,与籽粒硬度、面粉吸水率１、灰分含量呈极显著负相关     

小麦胚中脂类对小麦粉品质的影响

按一定梯度向小麦粉中添加同种小麦提取的麦胚所制成的胚芽油,测定白度、降落数值、湿面筋含量、干面筋含量及面团流变学特性,并做面条质构及感官评价实验,研究麦胚脂类的添加对小麦粉、面团及面条品质的影响.实验表明,麦胚脂的添加对小麦粉干、湿面筋含量、降落数值没有影响;与白度、吸水率、延伸度呈显著线性负相关;与形成时间、粉质质量指数、拉伸面积、最大拉伸阻力、最大拉伸比呈显著正相关.在一定范围内(0%～6%)面条感官评价总评分随着麦胚脂添加量增大而增大,超过此范围则正好相反;在6%添加量时,面条感官综合评分最高.     

An application of linear regression technique for predicting bulgur yield and quality of wheat cultivars

Grains of 26 Turkish wheat cultivars and advanced breeding lines were used in this study. Simple correlations between a number of quality parameters to predict bulgur yield and bulgur cooking quality were determined. Highly significant correlations between bulgur yield and each of the thousand-kernel weight and the sum of the grain over 2.8 + 2.5 mm sieves were obtained for both durum and bread wheat samples (p < 0.01). The regression equations showed that the models involving two variables (the thousand-kernel weight and the thickness of the grain for durum wheat samples; the thousand-kernel weight and the length of the grain for bread wheat samples) resulted in the highest R2 values. For an assessment of the influence of all factors on bulgur cooking properties (total organic matter: TOM and colorimetric test values), simple and multiple regression analyses were used to find equations that predict best the relationship between various quality parameters and bulgur cooking properties. The models involving two variables; the vitreousness and the dry gluten contents for the durum wheat samples and SDS sedimentation test value and wheat protein content for the bread wheat samples resulted in the highest R2 for the TOM value.     

Rheological properties of gluten derived from wheat cultivars with identical HMW glutenin subunit composition†

Ten spring wheat cultivars possessing identical HMW glutenin subunits (2*, 7+8, 5+10) were evaluated for gluten and protein content. Gluten content was related to flour protein content (r=0·98). Addition of freeze-dried gluten to the base flour (cv Alpha) to a constant protein level of 12% generally increased dough strength. However, the magnitude of variation in mixing patterns depended more on the type of the supplemental gluten. Fortification of the base flour with the freeze-dried gluten from the cv Glenlea produced mixographs with the longest mixing development time (MDT), and highest band width energy (BWE) and energy to peak (ETP), suggesting that the source of gluten had a strong effect on dough rheology. The viscoelastic properties of undiluted wet gluten varied between cultivars during mixing reflecting differences in gluten quality. Freshly prepared wet gluten of Glenlea showed extended mixing tolerance as compared to Norseman or Alpha gluten. The wet gluten from cv Glenlea was less extensible with high maximum resistance to extension and had a larger area under the extensigraph curve than gluten obtained from cv Norseman. Gluten prepared from the cultivars Glenlea, Bluesky and Wildcat were less soluble in aqueous propanol and produced more froth when the dough was washed with deionised water. The froth proteins, separated by SDS-PAGE, predominantly contained strongly stained bands in the region corresponding to molecular weight <50 kDa. The rapid tests such as froth formation and alcohol solubility used in this study to discriminate various glutens were highly correlated with the mixograph parameters. These methods can be of practical value in evaluating gluten quality. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.     

谷朊粉对面包基础粉品质特性的影响

探讨不同添加量的谷朊粉对面包基础粉蛋白质的品质、流变特性及面包烘焙品质的影响。结果表明:谷朊粉可以明显增加面包基础粉的湿面筋含量、沉淀值和蛋白质含量,强化其流变学特性,有效改善面包烘焙品质,增大面包比容和高径比并改善其弹性和硬度。当谷朊粉添加量为10%时,面包烘焙品质最好。     

GLUTEN QUALITY PREDICTION AND CORRELATION STUDIES IN SPRING WHEATS

ABSTRACT

Gluten, “cohesive, viscoelastic, proteinaceous material prepared as a by‐product of the starch isolation from wheat flour” and the storage and dough‐forming protein of wheat flour, is the key to the unique ability of wheat to suit the production of leavened products. Wet gluten was only affected by wheat varieties, while dry gluten was affected by wheat varieties, crop years and their interaction. The wet and dry gluten ranged 8.0–43.13% and 2.58–14.55%, respectively, and were positively correlated with Zeleny value, sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation value and falling number. The gluten content was higher in Pavon, SA 42 and Faisalabad 85, while Zeleny value was higher in GA 02 and C 518, resulting in better gluten quality. Zeleny value was negatively correlated with crude protein content (r = –0.1857*). The lowest amount of wet and dry gluten was detected in Triticale and durum wheats as compared to common wheats. Zeleny value and sedimentation value may be used as indicators of gluten content and quality while working on wheats. The information thus collected will be valuable for cereal chemists and wheat breeders for improvements in their future breeding programs.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This research work will be a breakthrough and helpful for wheat breeders, growers, millers and bakers for their intended uses as every consumer demand specific wheat quality characteristics for their end products.

     

高筋小麦粉储藏技术的研究

以高筋小麦粉为研究对象,通过模拟在不同温度(15、25、35℃)、不同储藏方式(充N2、脱氧剂脱氧、真空、对照)下储藏高筋小麦粉,研究了储藏期间高筋小麦粉脂肪酸值、降落数值、湿面筋、面筋指数的变化规律。结果表明:高筋小麦粉的脂肪酸值、降落数值、湿面筋以及面筋指数都能较好地反映出高筋小麦粉储藏品质的变化。总体变化趋势表现为:随着储藏时间的延长,脂肪酸值和降落数值升高,湿面筋含量和面筋指数下降。在储藏期间温度的变化是最主要的影响因素,低温有延缓品质劣变的优点;其次为储藏方式,但相互之间差别不明显;同时发现气调储藏在高温环境中效果较好,所以高筋小麦粉应尽量保存在低温气调储藏条件下。     

玉米粉配比对玉米-小麦混合粉及其馒头品质的影响

采用不同的配比将玉米粉与小麦粉搭配,通过测定玉米-小麦混合粉指标和馒头指标,以研究玉米粉对混合粉及其馒头品质的影响。结果表明:随着玉米粉比例的增加,混合粉的吸水率、稳定时间、粉质指数呈逐渐减小的趋势;最大抗延伸性、拉伸面积、沉降值、湿面筋、面筋指数也逐渐降低;峰值黏度、稀懈值、回升值、降落数值等都有所下降,而糊化温度和弱化度有所上升。玉米粉的使用在一定程度上影响了面团的流变学性能,降低了面筋的品质,但是在比例不超过15%时影响并不十分明显,辅以一定的改良技术,不但可以生产出食用品质优良的馒头,而且可以改善馒头的营养特性。     

A comparison of the functional characteristics of wheat stored as grain with wheat stored in spike form

In this study, wheat grain and wheat spike with 12%, 14% and 16% moisture content were stored at 10, 20 and 30 °C for 0, 3, 6 and 9 months. After storage, wheat samples were investigated for hectolitre weight, gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation volume, enzyme activity, acidity, phytic acid and L colour value. Storage of wheat at different storage forms (spike and grain) and storage conditions showed considerable changes in grain quality. In general, the storage period of 3 months positively affected wheat quality. However, hectolitre weight, gluten, Zeleny sedimentation, enzyme activity, acidity and colour of wheat got worse at storage periods beyond 3 months. Hectolitre weight, wet and dry gluten, Zeleny sedimentation, phytic acid content and L Colour value of wheat stored in both spike and grain form significantly decreased during storage. However, the increase in grain moisture content, storage time and temperature resulted in significant increase in total titratable acidity and falling number values of wheat. Falling Number and phytic acid values of wheat stored in spike form were generally lower than wheat stored in grain form. Storage in spike form had a positive effect on especially wet gluten content of wheat stored at non-optimal storage conditions such as high grain moisture content and high temperature. Wet gluten of wheat stored in spike form was higher than that of wheat stored grain form after storage at 30 °C for 6 and 9 months. Wheat stored in spike form is more resistant than wheat stored in grain form against adverse storage conditions such as high moisture content and temperature and longer storage time.     

单甘酯和硬脂酰乳酸钙／钠对扬麦16面粉理化品质特性影响的研究

本研究测定了添加乳化剂单甘酯(GM)和硬脂酰乳酸钙/钠(CSL-SSL)后的扬麦16面粉的理化品质特性,如面筋含量、沉降值、降落值等。结果表明,单甘酯和硬脂酰乳酸钙钠对扬麦16面粉的面筋品质有较明显的影响,而对沉降值和降落值较小。单甘酯用量在0.15%时,强面筋和湿面筋含量达到最大;硬脂酰乳酸钙钠添加量在0.10%时强面筋数量达到最高,添加量在0.15%时,湿面筋和干面筋的含量均达到最高。单甘酯和硬脂酰乳酸钙钠对面筋指数几乎没有影响。硬脂酰乳酸钙钠对面粉中面筋品质的改良作用要优于单甘酯。