A Survey of Energy Efficient Network Protocols for Wireless Networks

Wireless networking has witnessed an explosion of interest from consumers in recent years for its applications in mobile and personal communications. As wireless networks become an integral component of the modern communication infrastructure, energy efficiency will be an important design consideration due to the limited battery life of mobile terminals. Power conservation techniques are commonly used in the hardware design of such systems. Since the network interface is a significant consumer of power, considerable research has been devoted to low-power design of the entire network protocol stack of wireless networks in an effort to enhance energy efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive summary of recent work addressing energy efficient and low-power design within all layers of the wireless network protocol stack.     

Low Power Downlink MAC Protocols for Infrastructure Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper addresses low power medium access control (MAC) protocols for the downlink channel of infrastructure wireless sensor networks. Access points are assumed to be energy unconstrained. The trade-off between the power consumption of the sensor nodes and the transmission delay is analyzed, focusing on low traffic. We describe WiseMAC (Wireless Sensor MAC), a new protocol for the downlink of infrastructure wireless sensor networks. Another original contribution is the presentation and analysis of PTIP (Periodic Terminal Initiated Polling). Here, polling is used in the reversed direction as compared to common polling protocols. WiseMAC and PTIP are compared with PSM (Power Save Mode), the power save protocol used in both the IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee standards. Analytical expressions are derived for the power consumption and the transmission delay for each protocol, as a function of the wake-up period. It is shown that WiseMAC provides, with low bit rate radio transceivers, a significantly lower power consumption than PSM. Although less energy efficient than WiseMAC and PSM, it is shown that PTIP can, thanks to its implementation simplicity, become attractive for applications tolerating large transmission delays.Amre El-Hoiydi received the electrical engineer degree from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ), Switzerland, in 1994. In 1995, he was a teaching assistant at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), working on mobility management for low earth orbit mobile satellite communication systems. In 1996, he joined CSEM (Neuchâtel, Switzerland). Since then, he has been working on several research and development projects dealing with various aspects of wireless communications. In the ACTS RAINBOW and FRAMES projects, he was involved with the network and air interface aspects of 3rd generation cellular systems. In the ESPRIT INFOGATE and IST OPENROUTER projects, he worked on electronic design and embedded programming of Linux based wireless LAN gateways. His current research focus is low power communication protocols for wireless sensor networks.Jean-Dominique Decotignie is head of the real-time and networking group at the Swiss Center for Electronics and Microsystems (CSEM) in Neuchâtel. He is professor at the School of Computer and Communication Sciences of EPFL (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne) and teaches real-time systems as well as hardware and software design. From 1977 to 1982, he has worked at EPFL and the University of Tokyo in the area of optical communications. In 1983, he joined the Industrial Computer Engineering Lab. at EPFL where he became Assistant Professor in 1992. From 1989 to 1992, he has been the head of an interdisciplinary project on Computer Integrated Manufacturing at EPFL. Since January 1997, he is with CSEM. His current research interests include industrial and real-time local area networks, distributed control systems and software engineering for real-time systems as well as real-time wireless networks.     

无线传感器网络可靠数据传输协议的研究

数据的可靠传输是一个成熟的网络应该给用户所提供的基本服务。在能量受限和带宽受限的无线传感器网络(wireless sensor networks)中,同样需要可靠的数据传输。首先分析了TCP应用于无线传感器网络的不足,然后介绍了目前可靠数据传输协议的主要研究进展和关键技术,重点阐述了PSFQ、ESRT和RMST协议的应用场景和基本原理,分析了不同协议各自的优缺点,最后展望了可靠数据传输的研究方向和发展前景。     

电力系统远动传输规约实验软件的设计

本文介绍了一种用于电力系统远动传输规约教学实验的软件系统。该系统利用Visual C++编写完成,模拟了主站和分站之间利用循环式、问答式传输规约进行数据传输的过程,学生可通过上机操作学习不同规约中数据帧(报文)的生成与传输过程,有效改善了专业课的教学效果。     

无线传感器网络的建模分析

无线传感器网络由大量具有传感、计算和通讯能力的节点组成。针对不同的应用目的、工作环境和要求,提出了进行传感器网络建模需要考虑的几个要素。通过对网络基本要素的描述,能够很方便地对传感器网络进行建模。利用这些要素的特征对网络性能进行深入细致地分析以便选择或设计合适的路由协议和数据融合的方法。研究的重点是网络路由协议及其数据融合技术,也适用于其他协议的设计和建模。     

Reparable Key Distribution Protocols for Internet Environments

It has claimed that any practical way to achieve perfect reparability for key distribution protocol (KDP) could only be futile. Fortunately, this paper presents reparable KDPs for internet environments with the use of the concept of timestamps.     

Reparable Key Distribution Protocols for Internet Environments

1 Introduction A secure key distribution protocol (KDP) is considered to be reparable from the compromised secret keys if the security breaches owing to the compromised keys are removed by just replacing those compromised keys by new secure keys. The firs…     

数据中心网络中的无线通信技术

文章认为将无线通信引入数据中心网络(DCN)是构建DCN的一种新选择,可以免除布线烦扰,从而方便维护无线节点;可以便捷地在服务器间建立链接,从而避免多跳传输额外代价;还可以动态改变DCN中的拓扑结构,有效减少"瓶颈"节点的流量。文章介绍了一种将无线通信与有线通信相结合来构建数据中心网络的新颖方法,并从物理构建和全局优化两个方面对相关新技术进行了分析。这些技术包括60GHz无线频段通信技术、3D波束成形、节点布置方法、基于遗传算法的信道分配等。通过这些技术的研究成果,可看出无线通信技术可大幅度提高数据中心网络性能,具有广阔的应用前景与理论研究价值。摘要:     

Connection Management Protocols for Dynamic Lightpath Provisioning in Future WDM Networks

This paper investigates and compares the performance of two GMPLS-based distributed control and management protocols for dynamic lightpath provisioning in future IP networks. The first protocol is a global information-based link state approach that consists of both an integrated RWA algorithm and a signaling algorithm. Two triggering mechanisms for the LSAs update procedures are considered; one is periodic-based and the other is threshold-based. The second protocol is a local-information based fixed alternate link routing approach where the signaling protocol is closely integrated with the RWA protocols.     

SPINS: Security Protocols for Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks will be widely deployed in the near future. While much research has focused on making these networks feasible and useful, security has received little attention. We present a suite of security protocols optimized for sensor networks: SPINS. SPINS has two secure building blocks: SNEP and TESLA. SNEP includes: data confidentiality, two-party data authentication, and evidence of data freshness. TESLA provides authenticated broadcast for severely resource-constrained environments. We implemented the above protocols, and show that they are practical even on minimal hardware: the performance of the protocol suite easily matches the data rate of our network. Additionally, we demonstrate that the suite can be used for building higher level protocols.     

Performance Evaluation of Polling Protocols for Data Transmission on Wireless Communication Networks

The growing interest in mobile computing and communication devices leads to the necessity of wireless broadband network. Data transmission over such networks requires suitable error control schemes to guarantee high data reliability as well as efficient bandwidth utilization.In this paper we propose an accurate yet simple analytical approach to evaluate the performance of wireless networks using gated and exhaustive polling protocols combined with the Stop and Wait (SW) or Go Back N (GBN) ARQ schemes [Bertsekas and Gallager, 2]. Moreover, simulation results concerning the performance of polling protocols combined with the Selective Repeat (SR) ARQ scheme are also shown for comparison purposes.Protocol performance is estimated under very general assumptions, such as: AWGN or fading channels, arbitrary value of the round trip delay and arbitrary distribution of the traffic load (i.e., both symmetric or asymmetric system have been considered).     

Query Localization Techniques for On-Demand Routing Protocols in Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks are characterized by multi-hop wireless links, absence of any cellular infrastructure, and frequent host mobility. Design of efficient routing protocols in such networks is a challenging issue. A class of routing protocols called on-demand protocols has recently found attention because of their low routing overhead. We propose a technique that can reduce the routing overhead even further. The on-demand protocols depend on query floods to discover routes whenever a new route is needed. Our technique utilizes prior routing histories to localize the query flood to a limited region of the network. Simulation results demonstrate excellent reduction of routing overheads with this mechanism. This also contributes to a reduced level of network congestion and better end-to-end delay performance of data packets.     

多跳无线网络MAC协议的研究进展

该文简要介绍了多跳无线网络的结构及其MAC协议的分类,简述了近几年来国内外对多跳无线网络MAC协议研究的几个新进展。这些协议均有各自的特点,适用于不同种类的无线网络。最后展望了多跳无线网络MAC协议的发展前景。     

宽带数据链网络协议的分析

介绍了宽带数据链网络特点,分析了美军宽带数据链SCDL、MP-CDL和TTNT等网络中网络协议的应用及其发展方向,研究了宽带数据链网络各层协议的基本要求,提出了宽带数据链网络协议的研究思路.     

无线传感器网络MAC协议的研究及仿真

无线传感器网络是一项新兴的无线网络技术,而媒体访问控制(MAC)协议是无线传感器网络协议的重要组成部分,它的性能好坏直接关系到无线信道的利用效率和整个网络的性能.介绍了典型的CSMA协议的工作原理,并在P-坚持CSMA协议基础上提出了改进方法.用NS2仿真工具对改进后的协议进行了性能测试,仿真结果表明,改进后的协议在节点数不太多的情况下性能明显得到提高.     

战术数据链时隙分配协议综述

现代战场环境的复杂性决定了战术数据链时隙分配协议的多样性,而时隙分配算法对数据链系统的报文投递率、传输时延、吞吐量等性能指标有着较大的影响。针对国内外数据链网络中各种时隙分配协议进行了归纳与总结,对较为经典的固定式、争用式与动态式时隙分配协议进行了介绍,并分析了不同算法的优缺点。最后,给出了数据链网络管理系统下一步的研究方向。     

数据广播传输协议与MHP

分析了数据广播传输协议数据轮播与对象轮播技术的差异,以及与MHP中间件之间的关系,提出了选择传输协议和实现的建议。     

Rapid Access Protocols for Discontinuous Transmission in DS-CDMA Systems

In this paper, three reverse link access protocols (AP) enabling discontinuous transmission (DTX) in DS-CDMA personal communication systems are introduced and discussed. The first protocol is synchronous (SDTX-AP), and it uses a so-called synchronous reservation channel to accommodate access requests in a time slotted frame structure. The second uses an asynchronous approach (ADTX-AP) with a spread slotted ALOHA protocol for access requests; access request messages consist of a synchronizing preamble and a user identifier appendix. The third one employs a synchronous structure of overlapping slots, offset in time by a minimum interval (mini-slot) necessary to enable resolution of overlapping access probes sent by different mobile users (MSDTX-AP). Instead of using different spreading codes for different mobile transmitters, all transmitters are assigned the same spreading code to send their access request messages on the access reservation channel. Analysis considers the mean access delay and throughput of the protocols in a multipath fading channel. Numerical results indicate that at high values of offered traffic of access requests mean access delays of ADTX-AP and SDTX-AP are comparable. The mean access delay for the MSDTX-AP depends on the number of minislots or users within each frame, but its throughput is much higher than that of either SDTX-AP or ADTX-AP.