酱油生产中应用米曲霉和黑曲霉混合制曲的探索

该文考察了米曲霉和黑曲霉在单独制曲及混合制曲条件下,成曲的中性蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶、糖化酶及孢子数,探讨了酱油多菌种制曲的可行性.实验以豆粕、麸皮为原料,以AS3.042米曲霉、AS3.350黑曲霉为菌种,探讨了2种制曲方式及不同配比制曲效果的影响.结果表明,米、黑曲霉分开制曲比混合接种制曲所得成曲效果好,米、黑曲霉分别以33℃制曲42h、48h得成品曲,再以2∶1混合所得成曲可获得较佳的酶活力,曲料总蛋白酶活力2748U/g与对照值相当,而酸性蛋白酶及糖化酶活力分别达712U/g、1090U/g,较对照分别提高55.8％、25.4％.     

菌种接种方式对黄豆酱品质的影响

以沪酿3.042米曲霉、AS 3.35黑曲霉、AS 3.324甘薯曲霉、沪酿3.130毛霉、AS 3.972红曲霉、米根霉和枯草芽孢杆菌为菌种进行制曲、发酵,通过测定发酵7 d后蛋白酶活力和氨基酸态氮含量,研究单菌种制曲发酵、曲料混合发酵和多菌种混合制曲发酵方式对黄豆酱品质的影响。结果表明:曲料混合发酵产蛋白酶活力和氨基酸态氮含量效果最好,其次为多菌种混合制曲发酵和单菌种制曲发酵。曲料混合发酵和多菌种混合制曲发酵中,2菌种和3菌种组合产蛋白酶活力和氨基酸态氮含量整体较高,其中曲料混合发酵5号(沪酿3.042米曲霉、AS 3.35黑曲霉和枯草芽孢杆菌)产蛋白酶活力和氨基酸态氮含量最佳,分别达到713 U/mL和0.89 g/100 g。研究发现,沪酿3.042米曲霉成曲、AS 3.35黑曲霉成曲和枯草芽孢杆菌成曲按照曲料混合发酵方式接种更有利于得到品质较优黄豆酱。     

鸭蛋酱的双菌种制曲工艺

将鸭蛋蛋液用动物蛋白水解酶酶解后,添加黄豆、面粉制作鸭蛋酱,并通过正交试验对鸭蛋酱制曲的条件进行优化。采用米曲霉与黑曲霉混合菌种制曲,并通过对制曲过程中蛋白酶活力变化的分析,确定混合菌种发酵鸭蛋酱的最佳制曲温度、制曲时间、鸭蛋添加量及米曲霉与黑曲霉的配比。结果表明：最佳制曲条件是制曲温度30℃,鸭蛋添加量30%,米曲霉与黑曲霉的质量比为3:1,制曲时间48h,在此条件下,蛋白酶的活力最高,达到1465.81U/g。     

甜面酱成曲的挥发性成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取和气质联用方法,测定根霉、黑曲霉、米曲霉单独制曲及混合制曲所得成曲的挥发性成分。结果表明,在产生挥发成分的种类上,米曲霉〉黑曲霉〉根霉,对单菌种制曲而言,米曲霉产醇类和酮类物质能力较强,黑曲霉产酚类和烃类物质较强,根霉产酯类和醛类物质较强;对比单菌种制曲和混合制曲,发现采用混合制曲不利于酯类、醇类、酮类、酚类和烃类物质的产生;仅米曲霉和根霉混合制曲在醛类物质的产生上略有优势,因此单菌种制曲更利于挥发性成分的产生。     

响应面法优化银杏豆酱的制曲工艺

为了制备银杏豆酱,以黄豆、面粉、银杏为原料,选用米曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）As3.042进行制曲。以蛋白酶活力为评价指标,对原料（银杏∶面粉）质量比、米曲霉添加量、制曲时间、制曲温度进行单因素试验优化,并在单因素试验的基础上对银杏豆酱的制曲工艺进行响应面优化。结果表明,银杏豆酱的最优制曲工艺条件为银杏与面粉质量比4∶1、米曲霉添加量0.9%、制曲时间44 h、制曲温度30℃。在此优化条件下,成曲蛋白酶活力为305.96 U/g。     

米渣酱油多菌种制曲工艺研究

本研究以红曲霉、米曲霉、黑曲霉为菌种，以米渣、麸皮为原料，进行混合制曲，通过对制曲过程中糖化酶和酸、中性蛋白酶活力的变化分析，确定了混合菌种发酵米渣的最佳菌种配比、接种量及制曲时间，得出：米渣接入红曲霉培养4d后，最佳接种量及菌种配比为5％米曲霉＋5％黑曲霉混合菌种，制曲时间为2d。并通过四因素三水平正交设计方法确定了最佳pH、初始水分含量、原料配比、温度等制曲条件，其结果是：温度为31℃；米渣：麸皮=6：4；初始水分含量为35％及pH为5，在此条件下，糖化酶为4212U／g干曲，酸、中性蛋白酶活力分别为2130U／g干曲及2521U／g干曲。     

豆瓣酱制曲工艺条件优化

以蚕豆瓣为主要原料,以蛋白酶活为评价指标,研究了米曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）和酱油曲霉（Aspergillus sojae）孢子粉对豆瓣制曲工艺的影响。通过单因素试验分别研究了面粉添加量、制曲温度、制曲时间、接种量对蚕豆曲蛋白酶活力的影响。在单因素试验基础上进行正交试验,对制曲工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,最佳制曲工艺参数为制曲温度28 ℃,制曲时间56 h,接种量2%,面粉添加量为10%,在此工艺条件下,蛋白酶活力为762 U/g。     

响应面法优化曲霉型豆豉的双菌种制曲工艺

为了提高豆豉成曲的蛋白酶活力,根据单因素试验结果,通过Box-Behnken响应面法优化豆豉双菌种制曲工艺。结果表明:在制曲温度29.9℃、制曲时间65.9h、接种量0.24%、米曲霉与黑曲霉菌种配比(质量比)1.40:1的条件下,中性蛋白酶酶活力为358.6U/g,酸性蛋白酶酶活力为105.5U/g,多项验证实验值在95%的置信区间内符合了预测值,说明双菌种制曲能有效提高豆豉成曲中的蛋白酶活力。     

多菌种制曲在原池浇淋酱油制曲工艺中的应用研究

采用原池浇淋工艺,添加糖化增香曲(HQ)、曲精(QJ)与米曲霉沪酿3.042进行混合制曲,以沪酿3.042米曲霉、曲精分别单独制曲进行对照实验,对制曲过程中中性蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶及理化指标的变化进行了研究。结果表明,曲精和糖化增香曲混合制曲,成曲的酸性蛋白酶活力比曲精单独制曲提高42.6%,但是多菌株组合混合制曲较单菌株制曲,成曲的中性蛋白酶酶活力没有增加,淀粉酶酶活力均不高,未检测到纤维素酶活。     

保靖酱油双菌种制曲工艺研究

保靖酱油采用传统酿造工艺,酱醅中含有大量微生物.试验从酱醅中分离黑曲霉、米曲霉,并通过不同条件下黑曲霉与米曲霉混合制曲的蛋白酶活力变化分析.探索制曲温度、制曲时间、曲料水分及接种比例等因素对制曲效果的影响.结果表明,最佳制曲条件为:接种比例为1∶1,制曲温度32 ℃,曲料含水量80%,制曲时间30 h.双菌种混合制曲既缩短了制曲时间、提高原料利用率,同时保留了传统酿造工艺特色.     

米曲霉优良菌株的筛选及在制曲发酵西瓜黄豆酱中的应用

为获得蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性优良的米曲霉菌株,采用牛津杯双层平板法初筛、制曲分析酶活性复筛的方法,从制酱用成品曲中获得1?株淀粉酶活性优良菌株CS3.04和1?株蛋白酶活性优良菌株CS3.22,结合形态特征,ITS?rRNA序列分析鉴定为米曲霉。将2?株米曲霉分别进行单一菌种制曲及混合菌种制曲发酵西瓜黄豆酱,与商业米曲霉菌株制曲发酵进行对比,结果显示：不同制曲方式发酵西瓜黄豆酱的理化指标变化趋势保持一致,混合菌种制曲发酵样品的还原糖及氨态氮含量最高,分别为107.37、6.76?g/kg,比接种商业米曲霉菌株制曲发酵的样品分别提高了11.02%、5.56%;采用液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术定性及定量分析西瓜黄豆酱的挥发性风味物质,发现混合菌种制曲发酵具有产醛类、醇类、酮类及短链酯类物质的优势,而接种CS3.04单一菌种制曲发酵更有利于产酸类及酚类物质;混合菌种制曲发酵样品整体感官评分优于单一菌种制曲发酵,且在香气与滋味上占有优势。混合菌种制曲发酵工艺因CS3.04和CS3.22的酶系互补作用,有效地提升了西瓜黄豆酱的品质。     

复合菌株发酵对鱼露中生物胺含量的影响

文中研究了以米曲霉为种曲发酵鱼露的工艺,在此基础上,接人木糖葡萄球菌、植物乳杆菌及其复合菌株共同发酵,分析了单一菌株和复合菌株对鱼露中生物胺(组胺、腐胺、酪胺、亚精胺)生成量的影响.结果表明,单一的木糖葡萄球菌及其与植物乳杆菌的复合菌株都可以降低鱼露中生物胺的含量,其中,在米曲霉生长的稳定期时接入复合菌株时效果最好,与对照组相比总胺降低了61.9%.     

Changes in selected physical property and enzyme activity of rice and barley koji during fermentation and storage

Koji are solid-state fermentation products made by inoculating steamed grains with the spores of fungi, particularly Aspergillus spp. This research was undertaken to identify the fermentation and storage conditions optimal for the production and maintenance of selected hydrolytic enzymes, such as α-amlyase and protease, in koji. Steamed rice and barley were inoculated with 2 × 10 (11) Aspergillus oryzae spores per kilogram of grains and fermented for 118 h in a growth chamber at 28 to 32 °C with controlled relative humidities. Samples were drawn periodically during fermentation and storage at -20, 4, or 32 °C, and α-amylase and protease activity, mold counts, a(w), moisture contents, and pH of collected samples were determined. It was observed that the a(w), moisture contents, and pH of the koji were influenced by the duration of fermentation and temperature of storage. The α-amylase activity of both koji increased as the populations of A. oryzae increased during the exponential growth phase. The enzyme activity of barley koji was significantly higher than that of rice koji, reaching a peak activity of 211.87 or 116.57 U at 46 and 58 h, respectively, into the fermentation process. The enzyme activity in both products started to decrease once the mold culture entered the stationary growth phase. The protease activities of both koji were low and remained relatively stable during fermentation and storage. These results suggest that rice and barley koji can be used as sources of α-amylase and desired enzyme activity can be achieved by controlling the fermentation and storage conditions. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Amylases and proteases are 2 important hydrolytic enzymes. In the food industry, these enzymes are used to break down starches and proteins while reducing the viscosity of foods. Although amylases and proteases are found in plants and animals, commercial enzymes are often produced using bacteria or molds through solid state fermentation, which is designed to use natural microbial process to produce enzymes in a controlled environment. A properly produced and maintained koji with a high hydrolytic enzyme activity can serve as an important source of the enzymes for the food industry.     

米曲霉1228制曲条件的优化及酱油酿造的研究

以米曲霉1228为发酵菌种,豆粕和麸皮为原料制曲,通过单因素试验和正交试验,优化制曲工艺条件;采用低盐固态发酵工艺,进行酱油酿造试验。结果表明:豆粕与麸皮以6:4配比,采用90%加水量和0.5%接种量制曲32 h,成曲的中性蛋白酶酶活为1473 U/g;发酵20 d后,测得酱油的氨基酸态氮含量为6.90 mg/mL,可溶性无盐固形物含量为163.60 mg/mL,酱油色泽棕红,酱香浓郁。     

糖化增香曲在发酵酱油和酱制品中的应用探讨

糖化增香曲是用于酿造酱油及酱制品的复合曲种,针对传统制曲菌种单一、酶活力不全等问题,利用现代生物工程技术,筛选、遗传诱变、纯化出复合菌种,具有较强的糖化力、酯化力和增色能力,可明显改善产品口感、色泽、香味,并显著提高酱油、酱制品的全氮和氨基酸态氮含量。该文论述了糖化增香曲的研发过程及原理,并在低盐固态发酵法的酱油生产和酱制品生产中使用糖化增香曲及复合制曲技术进行了应用试验,提高了产品质量及出品率。     

多菌种发酵是提高酱油、食醋质量的重要途径

酿造酱油可采用2-3株曲霉菌复合制曲或分开制曲混合发酵，在发酵期添加鲁氏酵母、球拟酵母及少量乳酸菌，以提高酱油风味。酿造食酷在单一的黑曲霉(麸曲)中添加根霉、米曲霉或As3．350黑曲霉，中后期添加乳酸菌与酵母菌共酵，提高食醋中含氮量及增加不挥发酸的比例，并重视陈酿后熟阶段，改善食醋风味。提出应进一步研究传统大曲、麦曲、酱醪、醋醅，从中分离筛选出更多更好的有益菌种，并采用现代技术革新生产工艺，使酿造调味品生产高效、产品优质。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌SWJS22和米曲霉混合制曲在酱油发酵中的应用

以解淀粉芽孢杆菌SWJS22和米曲霉为发酵菌株,考察米曲霉单独制曲发酵、米曲酶和解淀粉芽孢杆菌曲料混合发酵以及双菌种混合制曲发酵对酱油理化指标及风味的影响。结果表明:曲料混合发酵的酱油氨基酸转化率有较大提高,色率和色深物质均低于米曲霉单独制曲发酵的酱油和双菌种混合制曲发酵的酱油,曲料混合发酵酱油和双菌种混合制曲发酵的酱油谷氨酸含量有明显提高。采用气相色谱-质谱对比分析3种不同曲料发酵酱油的风味物质,结果表明:3种酱油的风味物质种类差别不明显,重要风味成分在3种酱油中均有检出,曲料混合发酵的酱油酸类物质的含量最低。     

Effects of koji fermented phenolic compounds on the oxidative stability of fish miso

In the present study, Aspergillus oryzae-inoculated koji inhibited lipid oxidation in fermented fish paste rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids following a long fermentation period. The fermentation of koji by A. oryzae liberated several bioactive phenolic compounds, including kojic acid and ferulic acid, which were the most abundant. A linear correlation between several phenolic compounds and their bioactive properties, including their radical-scavenging activity, reducing power, metal-chelating activity, and ability to inhibit linoleic acid oxidation was observed. This suggested an important role of koji phenolics in the oxidative stability of fermented fish paste. The activities of different carbohydrate-cleaving enzymes, including α-amylase, cellulase, and β-glucosidase, were positively correlated with the liberation of several phenolic compounds through koji fermentation. Thus, the application of koji offers a novel strategy to enhance the oxidative stability of newly developed fermented fish miso. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Application of traditional Japanese koji fermentation technique to develop an aroma enriched fish meat bases seasoning has been established. Aspergillus oryzae-inoculated koji releases several carbohydrate-cleaving enzymes, including α-amylase, cellulose, and β-glucosidase, which led to the liberation of several phenolic compounds during fermentation. Improvement of oxidative stability of the fermented fish meat paste by koji phenolics suggests a useful strategy to uplift the value of different trash fish meat-based seasoning through proper utilization of the present technique.