丁香花蕾油的分子蒸馏分离及GC-MS分析

采用分子蒸馏技术对丁香花蕾油进行纯化分离,轻组分Ⅰ、轻组分Ⅱ及重组分Ⅱ的得率分别为8.4%、77.9%及5.8%。采用GC-MS法分析丁香花蕾油及其分子蒸馏所得各馏分的主要成分,结果均为β-石竹烯、丁香酚和乙酸丁香酚酯,它们的峰面积相对百分比之和都达到90%以上,各馏分具有各自的特征香气,可为配方、产品开发和调香提供指导。     

超临界CO_2萃取及水蒸气蒸馏得到的丁香花蕾油GC-MS分析及其在卷烟中的应用

以GC-MS法分析比较了超临界CO_2萃取(SFE-CO_2)和水蒸气蒸馏提取的两种丁香花蕾油的化学成分,并对它们的香气及在卷烟中的应用效果进行了评价。从超临界CO_2萃取和水蒸气蒸馏所得到的丁香花蕾油中分别检测出32和25种化合物,其中相同成分有12种。SFE-CO_2所得丁香花蕾油的香气以辛香、果香、木香为主,稍有花香,整体香气浓郁丰富;而水蒸气蒸馏所得丁香花蕾油的香气则以辛香、果香为主,整体香气清甜柔和。两种丁香花蕾油在卷烟中的合适用量为30~50 mg/kg,SFE-CO_2所得丁香花蕾油有提升烟气质量、丰富烟香的作用。丁香花蕾油的香气特点令其在卷烟中有良好的应用效果,可根据实际需求选择应用。     

丁香（Clove）

产品名称为“丁香花提取物(Xentia Clove Bud Extract)”，是由INEOS F1uor公司推出的。它是从丁香花蕾中蒸馏出来的油，其中乙酸丁香酚和丁香烯的含量水平超过了普通丁香花提取物的含量(一般丁香花萃取物的含量为2-4％)。该产品还通过了GRAS的认证。它是在pH中性，室温或低于室温的条件下，进行非水溶性萃取的，从而较高地保存了挥发性成分。另外，该产品还具有很高的香气强度，以及良好的水溶性。     

超临界CO2萃取丁香花蕾的工艺研究及对萃取物的GC—MS分析

本文应用超临界二氧化碳技术 ,研究了丁香花蕾的最佳萃取工艺。结合温度、压力、堆积密度、CO2 流量等因素对丁香花蕾提取物的萃出率的影响 ,采用四因素三水平的正交设计 ,得出丁香花蕾油萃取的最佳工艺条件为 :压力30MPa ,温度 4 5℃ ,CO2 流量 10L/h ,低堆积密度。作者还对萃取出的丁香花蕾油进行了GC—MS成分分析     

分子蒸馏法提高丁香花蕾油品质的工艺研究

乙酸丁香酚酯含量的高低是衡量丁香花蕾油品质的重要参考指标。采用分子蒸馏技术对丁香花蕾油进行纯化,得到乙酸丁香酚酯含量更高的产品。采用单因素试验确定蒸馏温度、进料速度、蒸馏压力及刮膜转速的操作范围,并用正交试验法优化分子蒸馏技术纯化丁香花蕾油的最佳工艺参数。得到的优化工艺参数为:蒸馏温度95℃、进料速度500 g/h、蒸馏压力100 Pa及刮膜转速400 r/min,在此工艺条件下,产品中乙酸丁香酚酯的质量分数由9.13%提高到49.23%,得油率为5.6%。该工艺稳定、可行,易于实现工业化生产。     

香精香料信息14则

1、用超临界二氧化碳从丁香花蕾提取精油：操作参数对丁香酚和乙酸丁香酚酯选择分离的影响 伊朗德黑兰化学化工研究中心学F．Yazdani等人在“Zeitchrift fuer Naturforschung，B：Chemical Sciences”2005，60（11），1197-1201页上用英发表的章报道作用超临界CO2流体提取丁香花蕾油。     

野丁香的重新评价及利用

焦启源在《芳香植物及其利用》一书中,曾对丁香花在香料中的应用作了否定:“用石油醚浸提丁香花,出膏率为2.4‰～3.6‰,膏深绿色,芳香味差,与天然丁香花香味不同。熔点44℃,酸值15.8,酯值94.7,带有甜罗勒的香气,不适合香料工业应用要求”。国外就丁香作了一定的研究,应用中的香料品种,主要有:紫丁香(Syringa VulgarisL),白丁香(Samurensis Rupr; S Persi CaL),小叶丁香花浸膏及取自丁香花蕾(Clovebud),丁香花梗及叶,用水蒸汽蒸馏法蒸馏干花蕾或花或梗或叶所得精油。     

不同产地烟草精油的提取及化学组成分析

选取四川、贵州和福建三地烟草为原料,用水中蒸馏法提取烟草精油。采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)仪对不同产地烟草精油的组成及含量进行分析,比较了不同产地对产物产率及组成的影响。研究结果表明:产自福建、四川和贵州的烟草平均得率分别为0.1391%、0.0851%和0.1075%,相应的新植二烯分别为39.86%、36.12%和44.88%。对比分析显示:产自福建的烟草得油率最高,特征香气适中;产自贵州的烟草精油得油率适中,烟草香气突出,有明显甘草香气;产自四川的烟草精油得油率较低,香气较弱。     

丁香主产地的出口情况

科摩罗和马达加斯加的丁香出口商近来经历了该品的强劲需求，因为印尼产的丁香很难获取。据法国贸易商说，丁香市场曾有很长一段时间保持平静，当时印尼期望能在全球出售超过10万吨的丁香，然而突然之间印尼国内一些大的丁香用户购买了约75％的该作物，剩余的一些落在了投机者的手里。这一形势使得一些远东贸易商突然对科摩罗和马达加斯加的丁香产生了购买兴趣，进而推动了该品的市场价，即在两个星期的时间里该品的价格就上涨了1000美元／t。     

马达加斯加丁香种植者对今年收益持乐观态度

正根据马达加斯加《新闻报》报道,马达加斯加丁香收获季于今年11月开始。由于受飓风影响,预计今年产量会下降。此外,因丁香叶中含有大量丁香酚,适宜做丁香精油,目前种植者过度采集丁香叶,也会造成产量下降。尽管产量下降,马达加斯加丁香种植者对今年收益持乐观态度。预计丁香价格将从当前的18 000~20 000阿里亚里/kg(约合7.71~8.57美元)上涨到25 000阿里亚里/kg(约合10.71美元)。     

从’99IFEAT会议看亚澳的精油业

本文简要综述了印度、印尼、越南、斯里兰卡、不丹、澳大利亚、新西兰等国精油业的近况     

流行性乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗对国内外不同野毒株的免疫性

目的　研究乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗对国内外不同野毒株的免疫原性。方法　用小鼠保护力试验和空斑减少中和试验检测该疫苗对国内外不同野毒株攻击的保护作用及其免疫血清的中和能力。结果　小鼠免疫 1针后均能抵抗国内 11株和国外 11株乙脑病毒的攻击 ,保护率均可达 90 %以上 ;人体免疫血清对台湾 1株和国外 9株病毒均有明显的中和作用。结论　SA14 142株乙脑活疫苗具有广谱的免疫原性。     

公、母丁香乙醇提取物离体抑菌活性比较

采用生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定了公丁香和母丁香的乙醇提取物对5种病原菌（番茄灰霉病菌、水稻稻瘟病菌、黄瓜炭疽病菌、苹果轮纹病菌和玉米小斑病菌）的菌丝生长和3种病原菌（番茄灰霉病菌、稻瘟病菌和玉米小斑病菌）孢子萌发的影响。结果表明，提取物对两者均有一定的抑制作用：对于同一种病原菌来说，丁香的乙醇提取物对其孢子萌发的抑制效果好于对其菌丝生长的抑制效果；在相同的供试浓度下，公丁香的抑菌效果优于母丁香。     

Chemoenzymatic synthesis and characterization of urethane oils for surface coatings

Two-step chemoenzymatic synthesis of urethane oils has been studied. Initially, the partial esters were prepared by lipase-catalyzed transesterification of soybean and linseed oils with n-butanol. Partial esters were further reacted with different diisocyanates to obtain urethane oils. The composition of the partial esters was varied with reaction time in the transesterification step. Among all the lipases, the lipozyme was found to be the most suitable lipase for the transesterification reaction, yielding 80–85%. All of the urethane oils were of low molecular weights irrespective of the type of oil used in their preparation. Urethane oils, based on MDI, exhibited the best scratch resistance. All of the urethane oils showed good acid and alkali resistance and excellent solvent resistance. These oils also satisfactorily passed the impact resistance and the flexibility tests. Department of Chemistry, Vidyanagari, Mumbai-400 098, India.     

World Oils and Fats Production from 1960 to 1990 Rapid Changes in its Composition and Global Distribution

After increases of 10.4 mill.T in the sixties, 18.4 mill.T in the seventies and an estimated 21.2 mill.T during this decade, world production of the 17 major oils and fats is likely to reach 79 mill.T in 1990. The increase by 172% over the three decades has been driven by population growth and generally rising per caput requirements. During the past two decades most of the increase was in soybean oil. Helped by sharply growing meal demand, it was able to double its share of the total to 23% in 1980. The only other oils able to increase their shares to any noteworthy extent were sunflower oil in the seventies (to 9%) as well as palm oil and rapeseed oil in the eighties (to 8 and 6%, respectively). The biggest losers during the past two decades in terms of market shares were animal fats, olive oil, groundnut oil, coconut oil and the drying oils. In the current decade the increase in the market shares of palm oil and rapeseed oil is accelerating (to 14 and 9%) and that of sunflower oil is resumed (to 10%). This plus the slowing growth of meal demand is likely to make soybean oil one of the biggest losers, its share probably dropping below 20% by 1990. The biggest losses, however, are expected for animal fats. The global distribution of production, too, has been shifting rapidly – especially since 1980. The direction of the shift is mainly from Europe and North America to Asia. By 1990 the combined share of Malaysia and Indonesia is expected to rise to 14% (from 7.4% in 1980), of China to 10 (7)% and of India to 6.4 (53)%. As against this, the combined share of the US and Canada is likely to fall to 16.8 (from 21.4)%, of West Europe to 15.9(18.7)% and of the UdSSR to 7 (8.2)%.     

Present and future position of palm and palm kernel oils in world supply and trade

The major production of palm oil has shifted from Nigeria to Malaysia following the program of encouragement instituted by the Malaysian government in the 1950’s. Since then oil palm developments have risen dramatically to an estimated 6.6 million tons of palm and palm kernel oils in 1984. This is expected to expand to over 20 million tons in the year 2000. Before that time Indonesia will also become a major producer of palm oil. Palm and palm kernel oils are expected to become the major world fat and oil export, reaching 44% of world totals by 2000.     

Lignans and tocopherols in Indian sesame cultivars

Lignan (sesamol, sesamin, and sesamolin) profile was determined in different cultivars (botanically identified or market samples) of sesame seeds and commercial oils procured from different parts of India. The wide variation observed in total lignans from 21 sesame seed and 9 commercial oils was attributed to variations in sesamin and sesamolin contents. Lignan content was high (18 g sesamin/kg, 10 g sesamolin/kg) in seasame cultivars obtained from the northeastern states of India. In two of the commercial oils having the Agmark label, the total lignan content was ∼12 g/kg (7.3 g sesamin, 4.7 g sesamolin), 50% of the maximum permissible levels of unsaponifiable matter. In both the seeds and commercial oils, γ-tocopherol was the only representative of tocopherol isomers identified. Sesamin and sesamolin were isolated and crystallized from high-lignan cultivars, and their purity was confirmed by HPLC and spectral (UV and fluorescence) analysis.     

Physiochemical Properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Jatropha curcas</Emphasis> Seed Oil from Different Origins and Candidate Plus Plants (CPPs)

The physicochemical properties of Jatropha seed oil from 9 geographical origins and 24 candidate plus plants (CPPs) were evaluated. The yield of seed oil obtained by Soxhlet extraction using n-hexane as solvent varied from 40.0% (Malaysia) to 48.4% (Vietnam) among seeds from different origins and 32.1% (CPP-17) to 48.8% (CPP-01) (w/w) among CPPs. Density, specific gravity, and refractive index of oil showed very little differences among all the seed sources. Oil from Borneo had the highest free fatty acid (FFA) content (2.3%) and a South African sample had the lowest FFA (0.4%), as oleic acids. Seed oil of CPP-13 had the highest FFA content (1.2%) and seed oil of CPP-17 the lowest (0.3%). Most of the CPPs in this study had an FFA content of less than 1%. Jatropha seed oil of Philippine origin had the highest iodine value (187.3 mg/g oil) and seed oil from Borneo the lowest (83.5 mg/g oil). The lowest saponification values were obtained from seed oil of Philippine origin (189.5 mg KOH/g) and CPP-22 (183.3 mg KOH/g oil) from Malaysia. The maximum higher heating value (40.3 MJ/kg) was obtained from seed oil from Borneo. The cetane numbers range from 25.4 (Indonesia) to 56.0 (Borneo) among the oils of base material and 46.4 (CPP-15) to 53.7 (CPP-06) among CPPs. This study gives basic information of relevance for biodiesel production using Jatropha seeds from various origins.     

A New Strategy for Quantitative Proportions in Complex Systems of Blended Oils by Triacyglycerols and Chemometrics Tools

Many oils sold in China and India are a blend of various oils to improve performance, stability, and nutritional characteristics, which are required in their respective markets. Quantitative analysis of the proportions of constitutive components is fundamental to the conformity and adulteration checking of edible blended oil products. A multi linear regression model with constrained linear least squares and exhaustion calculation was applied in this study. The source of the varieties in the model is a database (614 pure oils) of triacylglycerols (TAGs) collected by GC–FID and HPLC–RID. There were 20 groups of binary and ternary blended oils consisting of two or three oils out of five kinds, namely soybean, corn, peanut, rapeseed, and sunflower, which were analyzed and processed separately. Results showed that the method was able to predict the proportions of constitutive components in the edible blended oils, given that relative errors required less than 20%, the accuracy was 98.2% for the binary system if the proportion of each oil in blended oils was more than 20%, while the accuracy was 84.7% for the ternary system if the proportion of each oil in blended oils was more than 10%. The quantitative method is based on a simple analysis to determine the TAGs composition and thus it is useful for quick segregation and quality control of blended oils in routine analysis.     

Conventional and Non-conventional Edible Oils: An Indian Perspective

The Indian dietary pattern has undergone major changes over the past 40 years. Many of these changes involve modification in dietary intake of fats and oils. In developing countries like India, vegetable oils are replacing animal fats because of the cost and health concerns. A wide range of vegetable oils are available in the market but the choice of healthy cooking oil has been a controversial subject since ideas keep on changing as new evidence accumulates. One of the factors holding back the increased use of value-added healthy oils in India is that most potential consumers are genuinely not aware of their health benefits. Edible oil consumption is primarily a community-driven phenomenon in India. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the current scenario of edible oils in India, their composition, health benefits, food applications, stability issues and future aspects as buying the right oil for health has become of great importance.