An integrated SAR/GIS approach for investigating urban deformation phenomena: a case study of the city of Napoli,Italy

A classification method for polarimetric SAR data analysis using a competitive neural network is considered. The network is trained by two LVQ algorithms. In addition, a specific feature vector as the input for the network employing the JM distance is determined. As a result of experiments using SIR-C data, average accuracy for classification results was 86.40%, where (i) the competitive neural network with 8-input and 40-output neurons was trained by LVQ1 and LVQ2.1, and (ii) the 8-dimensional feature vector with backscattering coefficients (dB) and pseudo-relative phases between HH and VV from L and C bands was used. It is shown that the proposed method outperforms other methods in average accuracy.     

基于样本熵和模式识别的脑电信号识别算法研究

脑-机接口BCI是一种实现人脑和外部设备通信的新兴技术。基于时频特性进行特征提取的传统方法无法体现EEG信号的非线性特征。为了进一步提高分类的准确率,首先采用小波阈值降噪的预处理方法提高了EEG信号的信噪比。然后结合非线性动力学的样本熵参数,对3种想象运动的脑电信号进行特征提取,保留了脑电信号的非线性特征。其中,运动想象MI脑电信号的研究一直都是BCI这一高速发展领域的重点目标。还研究了支持向量机、LVQ神经网络和BP神经网络3种分类器。通过实验结果对比发现,BP神经网络具有较高的识别率,更适用于脑电信号的分类识别。     

一种基于改进CP网络与HMM相结合的混合音素识别方法

提出了一种基于改进对偶传播（ＣＰ）神经网络与隐驰尔可夫模型（ＨＭＭ）相结合的混合音素识别方法．这一方法的特点是用一个具有有指导学习矢量量化（ＬＶＱ）和动态节点分配等特性的改进的ＣＰ网络生成离散ＨＭＭ音素识别系统中的码书。因此,用这一方法构造的混合音素识别系统中的码书实际上是一个由有指导ＬＶＱ算法训练的具有很强分类能力的高性能分类器,这就意味着在用ＨＭＭ对语音信号进行建模之前,由码书产生的观测序列中     

Edge detection using a neural network

Artificial neural networks have been shown to perform well in many image processing applications such as coding, pattern recognition and texture segmentation. In a typical multi-layer model of this class, neurons in each layer are linked by synaptic weights to a receptive field region in the layer below it. The input image itself is linked to the lowest layer. We propose here a two stage encoder-detector network for edge detection. The single layer encoder stage, trained in a competitive mode, compresses data from an input receptive field and drives a back-propagation-trained detector network whose two outputs represent components of an edge vector. Experimental results show that for the case of step edges in noisy images, the performance of the neural edge detector is comparable to that of the Canny detector.     

Side-channel attacks and learning-vector quantization

The security of cryptographic systems is a major concern for cryptosystem designers, even though cryptography algorithms have been improved. Side-channel attacks, by taking advantage of physical vulnerabilities of cryptosystems, aim to gain secret information. Several approaches have been proposed to analyze side-channel information, among which machine learning is known as a promising method. Machine learning in terms of neural networks learns the signature (power consumption and electromagnetic emission) of an instruction, and then recognizes it automatically. In this paper, a novel experimental investigation was conducted on field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), to explore the efficiency of side-channel information characterization based on a learning vector quantization (LVQ) neural network. The main characteristics of LVQ as a multi-class classifier are that it has the ability to learn complex non-linear input-output relationships, use sequential training procedures, and adapt to the data. Experimental results show the performance of multi-class classification based on LVQ as a powerful and promising approach of side-channel data characterization.     

Intelligent System for Adapting to a User’s Characteristics

In this paper, we propose an intelligent system that adapts itself to a user’s characteristics or habits. The proposed intelligent system is composed of two Learning Vector Quantisation (LVQ) networks, commonly used in the fields of pattern recognition and signal processing. From the external condition of the plant, the first LVQ network learns to recognise the pattern of the sensed signal, and then aids the second LVQ to learn the user’s characteristics or habits so as to automatically produce the user’s favoured output. To verify the usefulness of the proposed method, we simulated and experimented with a variable illuminator. Both simulation and experimental results showed that the proposed intelligent system learns to automatically produce the illuminator output that the user most favours for the circumstances.     

基于WT和LVQ网络的多姿态人脸识别

提出了基于小波变换和学习矢量量化网络相结合的新方法进行人脸识别。小波变换具有良好的多尺度特征表达能力，能将图像的大部分能量集中到最低分辨率子图像，可以很好地对图像降维和表征人脸图像的特征。LVQ算法是在有教师状态下对竞争层进行训练的一种学习算法。LVQ网络结构简单，但却表现出比BP网络更强的有效性和鲁棒性。实验表明该方法对表情和姿态变化的人脸具有良好的分类性能和识别效率。     

基于学习矢量量化网络的智能BIT故障诊断方法

将一种经过修正的基于学习矢量量化算法的竞争网络应用在多电飞机电气系统智能BIT故障诊断中,该网络在竞争层实现故障模式的自组织聚类,在输出层给出了具体的故障模式,通过与原算法进行比较,修正后的算法达到了很好的故障识别和分类效果.     

MLVQ网络聚类算法

讨论了关于改进LVQ聚类网络的理论与算法.为克服LVQ网络聚类算法对初值敏 感的问题广义学习矢量量化(GLVQ)网络算法对LVQ算法进行了改进,但GLVQ算法性能不 稳定.GLVQ-F是对GLVQ网络算法的修改,但GLVQ-F算法仍存在对初值的敏感问题.分 析了GLVQ-F网络算法对初值敏感的原因以及算法不稳定的理论缺陷,改进了算法理论并给 出了一种新的改进的网络算法(MLVQ).实验结果表明新的算法解决了原有算法所存在的问 题,而且性能稳定.     

Premature clustering phenomenon and new training algorithms for LVQ

Five existing LVQ algorithms are reviewed. The Premature Clustering Phenomenon, which downgrades the performance of LVQ is explained. By introducing and applying the “equalizing factor” as a remedy for the premature clustering phenomenon a breakthrough is achieved in improving the performance of the LVQ network, and its performance becomes competitive with that of the best known classifiers. For estimating the equalizing factor four different formulas are suggested, which result in four different versions of the LVQ4a algorithm. A new weight-updating formula for LVQ is presented, and the LVQ4b algorithm is presented as implementation of this new weight-updating formula in batch mode training. In addition, four variants of the LVQ4c algorithm are presented as the customized LVQ4b algorithm for pattern mode training.A meticulous analysis of their performances and that of five early training algorithms has been carried out and they have been compared against each other, on 16 databases of the Farsi optical character recognition problem.     

Invariant Gender Identification

Tolba, A. S., Invariant Gender Identification, Digital Signal Processing11 (2001) 222–240In this paper, we address the problem of gender identification using different neural network classifiers: a learning vector quantization (LVQ) network and a radial basis function (RBF) network. Our results indicate that it is more favorable to use either the LVQ network or the RBF network than any feature-based methods. We present results showing identification of gender with a hit rate of 100% in the case of a LVQ network and 98.04% in the case of an RBF network. When hair information was excluded, the best LVQ classifier resulted in 95.1% correct identification. We show that while the two models are nearly accurate, the RBF model learns the task considerably faster than the LVQ model. These results are favorable compared with eigen-decomposition-based techniques. The effect of head covers (e.g., a scarf) used by both men and women on system performance is studied.     

A hybrid learning network for shift, orientation, and scaling invariant pattern recognition.

A three-layer neural network is presented as a generic approach for visual pattern recognition invariant with respect to the geometric appearance such as translation, orientation and scale of the patterns. The invariant recognition is achieved by representing the geometric variations internally in the network by nodes in the input and middle layers, which are laterally connected and trained by a hybrid algorithm combining both competitive and Hebbian learning. As the result of the hybrid learning, each pattern will be represented by a particular subset of middle-layer nodes all specialized to respond to the same pattern but with different geometric appearances. The nodes in the output layer are then trained by competitive learning to recognize the different pattern internally represented by the middle-layer nodes, independent of their location, orientation and size. The proposed algorithm is generic and robust and can be applied to various practical recognition problems. Moreover, the network is relatively simple and biologically plausible and can serve as a computational model to account for the invariant object recognition in the biological visual system.     

基于提升小波变换与学习矢量量化网络的鉴别分析方法

提出了一种基于提升小波变换（LWT）和学习矢量量化网络（LVQ）相结合的鉴别分析方法。提升小波又叫作第二代小波,比传统的第一代小波变换更为快速有效,利用它的多分辨率特性,可以获取输入图像的低频信息并使图像降维。LVQ算法是在有教师状态下对竞争层进行训练的一种学习算法。LVQ网络结构简单,但却表现出比BP网络更强的有效性和鲁棒性。在ORL标准人脸库及现实人脸图像上的实验结果表明该方法具有很好的鉴别分析能力。     

用于模式分类的动态有指导前向传播网络

以改进的仅前向型对传网络(CPN)为基础,研究一种用于模式分类的神经网络——动态有指导前向传播网络(DSFPN)。其隐层用修正的第2种学习矢量量化算法,以增量训练策略,进行有指导训练。在训练过程中,根据适合度产生新的隐层神经元,使隐层动态增长。Cone-Torus平面点分类和非特定人孤立数字语音识别的实验结果表明了DSFPN的优越性能,其训练时间比多层感知器少2个数量级,训练速度比改进的CPN更快,最好测试正确率分别达92.25%和98.7%,高于另外2种神经网络。     

基于EMD和LVQ的信号特征提取及分类方法

针对非平稳、非线性、微弱信号难以分析和处理的特点,本文提出了一种基于经验模式分解和学习向量量化神经网络的信号处理和分类方法,并在生物信号处理领域(左、右手运动想象的脑电信号)进行了研究和应用.首先通过经验模式分解算法对脑电信号分解,然后选取主要固有模态函数分量并计算其绝对均值作为特征值,最后使用学习向量量化网络进行分类,并分别与支持向量机和误差反向传播神经网络分类算法进行了对比研究.实验结果表明,所提出的算法分类正确率达到了87％,相比于其余两种对比算法在特定的信号处理领域优越,具有一定的参考和研究价值.     

Automatic recognition of vigilance state by using a wavelet-based artificial neural network

In this study, 5-s long sequences of full-spectrum electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were used for classifying alert versus drowsy states in an arbitrary subject. EEG signals were obtained from 30 healthy subjects and the results were classified using a wavelet-based neural network. The wavelet-based neural network model, employing the multilayer perceptron (MLP), was used for the classification of EEG signals. A multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) trained with the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm was used to discriminate the alertness level of the subject. In order to determine the MLPNN inputs, spectral analysis of EEG signals was performed using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) technique. The MLPNN was trained, cross-validated, and tested with training, cross-validation, and testing sets, respectively. The correct classification rate was 93.3% alert, 96.6% drowsy, and 90% sleep. The classification results showed that the MLPNN trained with the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm was effective for discriminating the vigilance state of the subject.     

结合概率型神经网络(PNN)和学习矢量量化(LVQ)算法的文本分类方法

针对文本自动分类问题,提出一种基于概率型神经网络(PNN)和学习矢量量化(LVQ)相结合的文本分类算法,该方法借助TFIDF方法提取文本特征及特征值,形成文本分类特征向量,利用概率型神经网络构建分类模型,并利用LVQ学习算法对神经网络模型竞争层网络进行学习,使相应模式向量相互靠拢,远离其他模式,从而实现文本分类.实验结果表明,提出的该方法在文本分类中表现了很好的效果,不仅具有很好的分类准确率,还表现出很好的学习效率.     

Nonlinear enhancement of noisy speech, using continuous attractor dynamics formed in recurrent neural networks

Here, formation of continuous attractor dynamics in a nonlinear recurrent neural network is used to achieve a nonlinear speech denoising method, in order to implement robust phoneme recognition and information retrieval. Formation of attractor dynamics in recurrent neural network is first carried out by training the clean speech subspace as the continuous attractor. Then, it is used to recognize noisy speech with both stationary and nonstationary noise. In this work, the efficiency of a nonlinear feedforward network is compared to the same one with a recurrent connection in its hidden layer. The structure and training of this recurrent connection, is designed in such a way that the network learns to denoise the signal step by step, using properties of attractors it has formed, along with phone recognition. Using these connections, the recognition accuracy is improved 21% for the stationary signal and 14% for the nonstationary one with 0db SNR, in respect to a reference model which is a feedforward neural network.     

A multilayered self-organizing artificial neural network forinvariant pattern recognition

An artificial neural network that self-organizes to recognize various images presented as a training set is described. One application of the network uses multiple functionally disjoint stages to provide pattern recognition that is invariant to translations of the object in the image plane. The general form of the network uses three stages that perform the functionally disjoint tasks of preprocessing, invariance, and recognition. The preprocessing stage is a single layer of processing elements that performs dynamic thresholding and intensity scaling. The invariance stage is a multilayered connectionist implementation of a modified Walsh-Hadamard transform used for generating an invariant representation of the image. The recognition stage is a multilayered self-organizing neural network that learns to recognize the representation of the input image generated by the invariance stage. The network can successfully self-organize to recognize objects without regard to the location of the object in the image field and has some resistance to noise and distortions