住宅供暖散热器评析

通过分析评判散热器优劣标准以及铸铁散热器、钢制散热器、铜铝散热器、铝制散热器、塑料散热器等几种散热器优缺点,提出了我国现阶段散热器使用和发展遇到的问题。提出在此形势下,散热器发展过程中需要认真研究和解决的问题。     

采暖散热器现有标准和正在制订修订标准目录

采暖散热器现有标准1.G B/T13754-1992采暖散热器散热量测定方法2.JG/T3012.1-1994采暖散热器——钢制闭式串片散热器3.JG/T3012.2-1998采暖散热器——钢制翅片管对流散热器4.JG/T3047-1998采暖散热器——灰铸铁柱翼型散热器5.JG/T1-1999采暖散热器——钢制柱型散热器6.JG/T2-1999采暖散热器——钢制板型散热器7.JG/T6-1999采暖散热器系列参数、螺纹及配件8.JG3-2002采暖散热器——灰铸铁柱型散热器9.JG4-2002采暖散热器——灰铸铁翼型散热器10.JG143-2002采暖散热器——铝制柱翼型散热器11.JG/T148-2002钢管散热器12.G B19913…     

铜管铝合金踢脚板散热器和几种常见散热器的性能比较

通过散热器热工性能试验台对钢管柱型散热器、灰铸铁柱翼型散热器、铜管铝翅片散热器、铜铝复合柱翼型散热器和铜管铝合金踢脚板散热器这5种采暖散热器进行测试试验,计算出各个散热器的金属热强度、标准计算温差下的散热量.利用最小二乘法回归出散热量与计算温差的关系式和曲线,并分析比较铜管铝合金踢脚板散热器和其他4种散热器的散热量和市场价格,以及5种散热器在安装和装饰上的优缺点,综合比较铜管铝合金踢脚板散热器和其他4种采暖散热器的性能.指出了不同指标下铜管铝合金踢脚板散热器和其他4种散热器相比的优缺点.     

散热器节能环保靠材质——访青岛恒泰散热器有限公司总经理屈波

居业：就散热器行业而言。哪种材质的散热器最节能环保？这种材料现在的市场占有量大约有多少？ 屈波：目前,采暖散热器行业的发展方向以钢制为主,铸铁次之,其他兼之,用得最多的还是钢制散热器和铜铝复合散热器,但是现在行业内最为看好的是钢制散热器,这也是散热器行业的发展趋势。钢制散热器占目前市场的65％。     

国家标准《铸铁采暖散热器》介绍

该标准是国内第一个供暖散热器产品的国标。标准中规定了铸铁散热器的结构形式,定义了普通铸铁散热器和内腔无砂铸铁散热器,明确了各类铸铁散热器的最小工作压力,用金属热强度作为铸铁散热器的热工指标。     

多因素对散热器的要求及发展方向的探讨

近些年出现了多种新的供暖技术,对采暖散热器提出了新的要求.热计量对散热器的要求、地热水供暖、对散热器的抗腐蚀能力要求更高.中、高档住宅对散热器的要求、多元化的供暖方式促进散热器行业的发展,以及散热器的发展方向.     

如何选购散热器

目前市场上销售的主要由铁制散热器、铝制散热器、钢制散热器、复合材料型、铜制散热器五种。     

喷雾加湿器与家用散热器耦合作用研究

家用散热器是北方冬季采暖最普遍的末端装置,增强散热器的散热性能对减少供热能耗有重要意义。本文提出将喷雾加湿器与散热器组合利用,不仅有利于提高散热器的散热能力,而且加速了水雾的蒸发速度。本文搭建了散热器耦合喷雾加湿测试系统,研究了喷雾加湿对散热器性能的影响。实验结果表明,散热器近壁面环境温度与风速要远高于室内大空间温度,因此传统设计中以室内温度为基准不利于准确计算散热器的散热能力。喷雾加湿不仅能够降低散热器附近的局部环境温度,而且能够增大局部风速,提高散热器表面的传热系数,因此使散热器散热功率得到大幅提升,并且随着加湿量的增大,强化效果显著增强。该研究结果可为北方新型高效散热器的设计和应用提供参考。     

再谈住宅供暖散热器的开发

探讨了目前我国住宅建设的发展,住宅供暖方式和供暖系统的改变对散热器的要求,分析卫铸铁散热器,钢制散热器,铜铝散热器,铝制散热器,塑料散热器等的性能与应用,提出了对散热器开放的若干建设／。     

关于供暖散热器的一些热点问题——在2005年供热采暖制度改革与技术交流研讨会上的讲话

本文探讨了供暖散热器行业中的一些热点问题,如标准、内防腐、新型散热器、铸铁散热器、不锈钢散热器、塑料散热器、地面辐射供暖、电暖器、热管超导散热器、暖气不热、暖气超市、市场问题、出口形式、定点企业、协会工作等等。期望广泛关注,团结协作,促进散热器行业健康发展。     

Heat and cold stresses in different climate zones across China: A comparison between the 20th and 21st centuries

Summer and winter discomfort in terms of heat and cold stresses in the nine major architectural climate zones and sub-zones across China in the 21st century were investigated using predictions from general circulation models for the low and medium emissions scenarios. For the six severe cold and cold climate zones in the north, reductions in cumulative cold stress outweighed the increase in cumulative heat stress resulting in an overall decreasing trend in the annual cumulative stress, and vice versa for the other three warmer climate zones in the south. Compared with the 20th century, significant reduction in the cumulative cold stress was observed across the six zones in severe cold and cold climates, ranging from 15.8 in cold-III to 42.3 in severe cold-II. There were modest increases in the cumulative heat stress from 0.3 in cold-II to 12.3 in cold-III. For the warmer climates in the south, reduction in cumulative cold stress ranged from 7.6 in hot summer and warm winter (HSWW) to 10.3 in hot summer and cold winter, while cumulative heat stress increased from 9.9 in the mild zone to 30.6 in HSWW. A reduction in cold stress would result in less winter heating and an increase in heat stress more cooling requirement.     

Health assessment of artisanal gold miners in Indonesia

Small scale miners use mercury to extract gold from ore in many countries. An environmental and health assessment was performed in Indonesia in two regions, Galangan in Central Kalimantan and Talawaan in Northern Sulawesi. The environmental assessment showed severe mercury contamination of the sediments, and increased mercury levels in local fish. For the health investigation 281 volunteers were recruited and examined by a standardized questionnaire, a neurological examination and neuro-psychological tests. A medical score was used consisting of significant factors of mercury intoxication. Mercury exposed workers showed typical symptoms of mercury intoxication, such as movement disorders (ataxia, tremor, dysdiadochokinesia, etc.). Blood, urine and hair samples were taken from any participant and analyzed for mercury. The mercury concentration in the biomonitors was high, partly extreme high in the working population, increased in the population living in the same habitat and low in the control group. By a standard protocol which includes a combination of threshold values of mercury in the biomonitors and a medical sum score the diagnosis of chronic mercury intoxication was made for highly burdened workers (amalgam smelters) in 55% in Sulawesi and in 62% in Kalimantan. Less exposed mineral processors and the general population in the mining areas were also intoxicated to a high percentage.     

Urban environmental mercury in Changchun, a metropolitan city in Northeastern China: source, cycle, and fate

Mercury concentrations in each environmental compartment in Changchun City had obvious spatial and temporal trends. Particulate Hg (HgP) and total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations in air, total Hg (HgT) concentrations in precipitation and ratios of HgP to HgT (total Hg in air) in the atmosphere in heating season were higher than those in non-heating season, which resulted from civil heating. In contrast, reactive Hg (HgR) concentrations in precipitation were higher in non-heating season than those in heating season. TGM and SO2 in air had good agreement. HgP concentrations in the atmosphere were correlated with HgT concentrations in precipitation. Based on Hg concentrations in each environmental compartment, Hg exchange fluxes between environmental interfaces were estimated. Only 11.6% of Hg, emitted from coal combustion, deposited into land surface in urban district and the rest part participated in regional or global cycle, so urban district was the source of Hg global and regional cycle. Net fluxes of Hg into land surface and water were 34.26 kg year(-1) and 0.051 kg year(-1), respectively, which were clearly accumulated in the water and soil. Therefore considering urban local Hg cycle, each environmental compartment of urban ecosystem (water, air and soil) was the sink of Hg.     

在革新与现代主义之间:夏昌世与德国(英文)

夏昌世,中国第一代建筑师,1920年代在德国卡尔斯鲁厄留学。1932年,他在图宾根完成了博士论文之后重返祖国。1940年代后期,他在广州成为教授,1973年与妻子一同重返德国,并在那里生活直至1996年逝世。他的设计方法不仅受到那个时代欧洲现代主义运动氛围的熏陶,还来自他对中国传统景观与建筑艺术历史的研究。他是引领岭南区域形成岭南学派建筑的主导力量之一。同时,作为一建筑学教授,他在广州培养了新一代青年建筑师。     

Alteration of arsenopyrite in soils under different vegetation covers

The weathering of arsenopyrite (FeAsS) has been monitored in soils using an in situ experimental approach. Arsenopyrite in nylon experimental bags was placed in individual horizons in soils in spruce (litter, horizons A, B, and C), beech (litter, horizons A, B, and C) and unforested (horizons A, B, and C) areas and left in contact with the soil for a period of 1 year. The individual areas on the ridge of the Krušné hory Mts., Czech Republic, had the same lithology, climatic and environmental conditions. Scorodite (FeAsO₄·2H₂O) was identified as a principal secondary mineral of arsenic (As) formed directly on the surface of the arsenopyrite. Scorodite was formed in all the areas in all soil horizons. The amount of scorodite formed decreased in the series beech, spruce and unforested areas. In forested areas, there was a larger amount of scorodite on arsenopyrites exposed in organic horizons (litter, A horizon). The greater rate of arsenopyrite alteration in organic horizons in the beech stand compared to spruce stand is probably a result of faster mineralization of organic material with resulting production of nitrate and better seepage conditions of soil in this area. Speciation of As determined using the sequential extraction technique demonstrated that As was bonded in the soils primarily in the residual fractions prior to the experiment. The As content in the mobile fractions increased in the organic horizon in the forested areas after the experiments.     

从息壤到土工合成材料

据说息壤是一种可以自生自长的土,远古的先民们曾用它防治洪水。对这种传说中的岩土材料进行了考据,根据河狸坝与我国古代的治河工程,指出所谓息壤应当是古代人们利用草、木、竹、石、土创造出来的加筋土,用以拦截阻挡洪水。秦汉时期称为茨防,宋代称为埽工。回顾了我国土工加筋及其在河工中应用的长远历史,指出土工合成材料在保护环境、保护资源和我国经济可持续发展中应用的广阔前景。     

Accumulation of cadmium in livers and kidneys in Greenlanders

In the Arctic, the traditional diet exposes its people to a very high intake of cadmium because it is highly concentrated in the liver and kidneys of commonly eaten marine mammals. In one study in Greenland, the cadmium intake was estimated to 182 microg/day/person in the fall and 346 in the spring. To determine whether the cadmium is accumulated in humans, we analyzed autopsy samples of liver and kidneys from 95 ethnic Greenlanders (aged 19-89) who died from a wide range of causes. The cadmium concentration in liver (overall mean 1.97 microg/g wet wt) appeared to be unrelated to any particular age group, whereas the concentrations in the kidneys peaked in Greenlanders between 40 and 50 years of age (peak concentration 22.3 microg/g wet wt). Despite the high cadmium levels in the typical Greenlander diet, we found that the cadmium concentrations in livers and kidneys were comparable to those reported from Denmark, Sweden, Australia and Great Britain. Furthermore, even though the mean cadmium intake from the diet was estimated to be 13-25 times higher in Greenlanders than in Danes, we found similar cadmium levels in the kidneys of both. Seal livers and kidneys are the main source of cadmium in the diet of Greenlanders, but these tissues are not eaten in Denmark. Thus, our results suggest that the accumulation of cadmium from Greenlander's marine diet is very low.     

北宋书院园林的景观特征分析

北宋四大书院,即长沙岳麓书院、九江白鹿洞书院、登封嵩阳书院和商丘应天书院,在我国教育史上占有重要地位,它们是封建社会特有的教育组织.本文从选址、建筑布局以及人文景观等方面,总结说明北宋书院的景观特征及其形成原因.它们选址或依山或傍水,以期营造宁静的学习氛围;建筑布局受等级观念影响,基本符合中国古典园林特征,呈中轴对称的...     

The potential for gender equality in architecture: an Anglo-Spanish comparison

The practice of architecture is very similar in different national settings despite what may be very different sociological and cultural origins of the profession, the attendant variances in how work is organized and distinctions in equality and gender roles. The aim of this paper is to examine the quest for equality in architecture for women in the UK and Spain reporting the findings of a comparative study into women architects’ careers in the two countries. Within the qualitative paradigm, semi-structured in-depth interviews were carried out with a total of 55 women architects in the UK and Spain. Findings indicate surprising differences in levels and terms of equality for women in the two countries and marked differences in women’s experiences of working as an architect. Women have come to the profession in Spain much later than their British counterparts and, somewhat surprisingly, are present in greater numbers. However, despite there being more of a ‘critical mass’ this has not served to improve their situation; they report much higher levels of discrimination and find it difficult to progress in their careers. Conclusions argue for a stronger approach by the professional bodies to help improve the position of women.     

加拿大公众参与规划及其启示

对加拿大公众参与的理论基础、价值理念、发展历程和主要技术手段进行了总结.接着,以新斯科舍省“志愿规划”和哈利法克斯地区“社区远景规划”为例,分析了加拿大公众参与规划的典型模式.最后,针对我国公众参与规划现状,提出了加拿大公众参与理论和实践对我国的启示与借鉴.