风力影响下湖泊湍流特征及其对湖泊污染沉积物影响研究

湖泊水体内的悬浮物浓度是衡量水质的重要参数,悬浮物浓度则受到湖底沉积物的悬浮沉降过程影响.本次试验测量风速影响下淡水湖泊中的切应力以及湍流动能等参数的变化,并建立风速与悬浮物浓度、切应力、湍流动能的拟合曲线,计算得到底泥起悬时的临界风速值为4.5 m/s,影响沉积物悬浮的切应力主要为波切应力,湍流动能与切应力和悬浮物浓...     

太湖湍流特征及其对表层沉积物起悬机制的影响

太湖是一个典型的浅水大湖泊且富营养化严重,动力扰动引起的水-土界面沉积物起悬与太湖蓝藻水华的暴发有密切联系。基于声学多普勒流速仪、OBS浊度仪、pH-ⅡHandheld手持式气象站等仪器监测得到的原位高频气象、水动力、水质同步数据,分析了湖泊水-土界面悬浮物浓度与风速、切应力及湍流特征的关系。研究结果表明:观测期间,湖心区底泥沉积物再悬浮过程中由波切应力起主导作用,观测的切应力临界值为0.08 N/m~2,临界风速为4 m/s。底泥再悬浮主要是由拟序结构中短时内间歇性猝发引起的,短时大振幅事件对底泥垂向扩散起关键作用。研究结果可为进一步研究与湍流密切相关的太湖内源释放发生机制提供参考。     

水动力作用下太湖底泥的再悬浮通量

对太湖梅梁湾水体开展了两次野外实验,利用沉积物捕获器收集沉积物,研究了太湖悬浮物的沉降特征,计算了悬浮物的沉降通量和再悬浮通量,并建立了其与风速的关系。结果表明：太湖无机颗粒沉降是悬浮物沉降的主要形式。太湖平均风速在8m/s以内时,总悬浮物、有机物颗粒和无机物颗粒的沉降通量和再悬浮通量均呈现随风速增大而增大的特性,风速大小直接影响悬浮物在垂向的分布及垂向的沉降通量分布,并且相关性较好。该结论说明Gansith公式法适合于计算太湖再悬浮通量。     

太湖湖流、波浪、沉积物的三维数值模拟

运用ECOMSED模拟风速为6.5 m/s定常东南风作用下太湖流场及波浪场,对模型的适用性及可靠性进行验证;在此基础上进行波流共同作用下沉积物再悬浮数值模拟,得出沉积物-水界面切应力及水体中悬浮物浓度分布。结果表明:太湖有效波高范围在9~29 cm之间,有效波高的空间分布与风速、风向和水深有很大的关系,同时波浪对切应力会产生很大影响,而切应力的分布决定了悬浮物浓度的分布,风浪及地形要素是导致太湖悬浮物浓度变化的重要因子。模拟结果与现有实验成果较吻合,说明运用该模型模拟太湖沉积物再悬浮的结果可靠。     

海湾水库突然混合临界风速的预测

以拟建的沐官岛海湾水库为研究对象,从内假潮促使底边界层咸水与表层淡水混合的角度探讨海湾水库突然混合的临界风速。利用Shintani改进的有效韦德伯恩数,结合沐官岛水库地形及分层位置,计算沐官岛水库突然混合的临界风速。风向为NNW时,水体表面最大吹程为3103. 45 m,湖面之上10 m处风速大于20. 5 m/s时,沐官岛水库水体突然混合,同样条件下长方体水库突然混合的临界风速为21.7 m/s;风向为SW时,水体表面最大吹程为3 620. 69 m,水体突然混合的临界风速为22. 7 m/s,同样条件下长方体水库临界风速为19. 6 m/s;风向为SW(由海吹向陆岸)时,虽然沐官岛水库水体表面最大吹程大于风向为NNW(由陆岸吹向海)时的最大吹程,库水却更难发生突然混合,并且在这两个不同的风向下,该水库临界风速与长方体水库临界风速的大小关系相反。     

内外源共同作用对太湖营养盐贡献量研究

本文根据环太湖25条主要入湖河流的监测结果对入湖水量及污染物输入量进行分析,计算了不同季节外源对太湖营养物质的贡献量。分别于春、夏、秋、冬4个季节对太湖梅梁湾水体开展5次野外试验,利用沉积物捕获器收集沉积物,采用Gansith公式法计算沉积物的再悬浮通量,并建立其与风速的关系;对代表不同风浪作用下的太湖悬浮物进行7次静沉降试验,计算悬浮物的静沉降通量,并建立其与风速关系。以3.7m/s为界对底泥悬浮沉降过程进行分解和概化,并利用近10年的风速资料估算太湖年均内源释放量。计算结果表明,全年外源负荷和内源释放对太湖营养盐的贡献总量COD为24.23万t、总氮为3.80万t、总磷为2 045.20t,其中内源所占比例分别为20.47%,20.44%和13.47%外源、内源对太湖的贡献量在不同季节有较大差异,夏季贡献量最大,春季次之。风浪作用下的COD、TN释放量只相当于外源输入量的25.7%,而TP释放量仅相当于外源输入量的15.6%。外源输入量对营养盐的贡献占据相当高的比重,太湖河道入湖污染负荷的增加是太湖水质恶化的根本原因。     

壳聚糖改性黏土作用下湖泛致黑悬浮物的沉降特性研究

为了探讨湖泛致黑物质在壳聚糖改性黏土作用下的絮凝沉降以及再悬浮的规律,利用柱状水槽再悬浮发生模拟装置,选取壳聚糖改性黏土(1 g/L硅藻土+0.2 g/L壳聚糖)作为絮凝剂,进行了风浪扰动作用下太湖湖泛的絮凝及再悬浮过程的室内模拟试验。结果表明:当模拟流速产生的切应力超过0.042 N/m~2时,低浊度组中的黏土絮体产生了明显的再悬浮现象;当流速产生的切应力超过0.109 N/m~2时,高浊度组发生再悬浮。对比太湖不同风速所产生的切应力,发现4 m/s以下的太湖风情产生的湖流切应力不会使黏土絮体发生再悬浮。研究旨在为太湖湖泛的应急处置提供参考。     

黄河口水下三角洲冬季床面变化初步观测研究

黄河携带大量泥沙入海,底床沉积物在波、潮、流等水动力条件作用下会不断地发生再悬浮与输运,形成黄河三角洲海底面的动态变化过程。利用自主研发的电阻率探杆三脚架,观测了水动力作用下海床面的侵蚀与淤积过程。研究结果显示,研究区涨落潮过程中海水浊度的变化主要受波高的影响,近底床位置海水浊度的变化趋势是涨潮过程中海水浊度上升,落潮过程中海水浊度降低。侵蚀或淤积是海床面泥沙的再悬浮与悬沙沉降共同作用的结果。研究区冬季的海床面变化以侵蚀为主,当沉降作用强于侵蚀淤积作用时,即使海床所受切应力大于沉积物临界切应力,海床仍发生淤积。     

太湖波动特征分析

浅水湖泊中，富营养化程度除了依赖于外源输入外，内源释放亦是举足轻重，而底泥中的内源释放主要源于风强迫作用下形成的水面波动和底层湖流产生的剪切作用．并且波浪产生的切应力远大于底层湖流产生的切应力。此外．湖岸边界处的波浪作用够侵蚀岸堤，造成泥沙堆积而由此导致航道淤积．波浪作用引起的对水体中营养盐的水平和垂直输送会造成整个湖体中不同地区的水质差异．这也是太湖蓝藻水华爆发具有季节性和区域性的原因之一。本文基于在太湖北部、中部和南部利用波浪仪所观测的数次波浪数据．分别计算了平均波、有效波和1/10大波的周期、波高和波长及其由波浪产生的切应力，并利用验证后的浅水波浪模式．对太湖中冬、夏季盛行风作用下的易悬浮区域做了计算，发现夏季东南风作用下．西北沿岸带由其水浅和风的吹程较大而易引起的底泥悬浮．而冬季受西北风影响时易悬浮区域位于太湖东南部。     

太湖沉积物空间分布的动力学机制分析

基于太湖站十年的风速风向资料，根据风向统计频率权重，利用非结构有限元的FVCOM模式，计算了太湖湖流的辐合区及垂直速度的空间分布。结果表明：太湖流场的主要辐合区集中在北部湾区、西部沿岸、东太湖湾区的北部及平台山以南的区域，东部沿岸相对较为分散；该分布与中下层的垂直速度分布基本一致；流场辐合区及下沉区的分布与太湖沉积物分布非常吻合，说明风场驱动下的流场辐合及下沉是决定太湖沉积物空间分布的关键因子之一。本研究有助于了解太湖沉积物对营养盐及水下光场空间分布的影响机理。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。