Characterisation of sparkling cider by the yeast type used in taking foam on the basis of polypeptide content and foam characteristics

This paper describes the characterisation of sparkling ciders from Asturias, northern Spain, by means of the analysis of their protein content and their foam characteristics. A capillary sieving electrophoretic method was used in the protein analysis to determine molecular mass and the Bradford method to determine total protein content. The foam parameters were measured using the Bikerman method.     

The Influence of Ethanol on the Foaming Properties of Beer Protein Fractions: A Comparison of Rudin and Microconductivity Methods of Foam Assessment

The effect of ethanol on the foaming properties of beer protein fractions was studied using a microconductivity method and nitrogen gas to generate the foam. Increasing the ethanol concentration resulted in a decrease in foam stability. Interfacial studies including thin film drainage and dilational elasticity measurements indicated that ethanol reduced the rigidity of the adsorbed protein layer resulting in accelerated drainage from the foam lamellae and increased probability of film rupture. These results conflict with data from the Rudin method (using nitrogen gas to generate the foam) which indicate that, at low concentration, ethanol improves foam stability. These apparently conflicting results may be explained by the foam positive effects of a decline in bubble size and increase in bulk viscosity observed for the Rudin method, contrasted with the negative influence of a reduction in surface viscosity observed for the microconductivity foam assessment method.     

聚碳酸酯中双酚A向乙醇溶液中迁移规律和扩散系数研究

选取聚碳酸酯塑料为研究对象,分析双酚A单体在不同体积分数乙醇溶液中溶出情况,考察其在75、60、40、20 ℃下的迁移行为,在此基础上,计算相应的扩散系数,并对材料基体特征参数Ap值进行估算。结果表明：在相同的加热时间和温度下,乙醇体积分数越高双酚A的迁移率越大;相同体积分数乙醇溶液中,双酚A迁移率随着接触时间的延长、接触温度的升高而增加;双酚A向溶液中的扩散系数（DP）大小依次为95%乙醇＞65%乙醇＞15%乙醇＞蒸馏水,根据DP从而估算聚碳酸酯的基体特征参数Ap值范围为－1.02～7.54。     

壳聚糖-六氢-β-酸可食性抑菌膜的制备及抑菌剂的释放

以膜的机械性能（抗拉强度和断裂伸长率）为指标,采用单因素和正交试验优化壳聚糖-六氢-β-酸可食性抑菌膜的制备工艺,进而考察抑菌剂六氢-β-酸在95%、75%和55%乙醇溶液中的释放规律。结果表明,壳聚糖质量浓度对膜的机械性能影响最大,壳聚糖质量浓度和甘油体积分数的交互作用次之,干燥温度的影响最小。在壳聚糖质量浓度1.75 g/100 mL、干燥温度40 ℃、甘油体积分数1.4%优化条件下,制备的壳聚糖-六氢-β-酸可食性抑菌膜的机械性能最好,其抗拉强度为29.26 MPa,断裂伸长率为81.29%。释放实验表明,六氢-β-酸的释放随着时间的延长和温度的升高而逐渐增大,直至达到平衡。根据Peppas和Peleg方程得出六氢-β-酸在95%乙醇溶液中的释放过程为Fick扩散,而75%和55%乙醇溶液中符合Peleg方程。扩散系数随着温度的升高而逐渐增大,且在55%乙醇溶液中最为明显,说明释放溶剂中含水量和温度是影响六氢-β-酸扩散的重要因素。     

Surface tension and foam stability of commercial calcium and sodium caseinates

The static and dynamic surface tension of sodium and calcium caseinates was compared with their foam behavior. The surface tension behavior of sodium and calcium caseinates was similar but the foaming properties differed. Caseinates presented moderate surface activity lowering the surface tension of water to 40 mN/m. The surface pressure vs. composition data were analyzed using a new surface equation of state and obtained 0.1% (w/v) critical concentration and the molecular surface area; in the case of calcium caseinate was larger compared to sodium caseinate. Caseinates were evaluated at the critical concentration by means of dynamic surface tension to compare their behavior; calcium caseinate took longer time to reach equilibrium conditions. Their foam behavior was transient type with maximum foamability around the critical concentration; sodium caseinate presented better foaming properties than calcium caseinate.     

Modification of Crude Canola Lecithin for Food Use

Crude canola lecithin was fractionated by removal of neutral lipids with acetone followed by ethanol extraction with or without supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂). Two extraction steus of 60 min each at 35°C with 500 mL acetone were optimum for maximum yield of acetone solubles and maximum phospholipid (PL) concentration (66.7%) in the acetone insoluble (AI) fraction. AI were separated into 26.5% ethanol soluble and 68.7% ethanol insoluble fractions. PL concentration in the extract increased with increasing amounts of ethanol used. Yields were low for SC-CO₂/ethanol extraction, of which extracts from 55.2 MPa/ 70°C contained 32% PL (83% phosphatidyl choline).     

基于荧光光谱研究清香型白酒中乙醇-水缔合行为

以不同浓度的乙醇溶液为模型白酒,系统考察了酒度、贮存时间及汾酒中主要微量成分对模型白酒荧光光谱行为的影响,同时考察了汾酒的荧光光谱行为随酒度及贮存时间的变化规律。结果表明：清香型白酒中的乙醇-水缔合强度受到其中微量成分的影响,但决定其缔合强度的主要影响因素是酒度而不是贮存时间,该结论为进一步探明白酒的陈化机理提供了重要的理论和实验依据。     

菊粉在乙醇溶液中成胶行为规律的研究

为探索菊粉在乙醇溶液中成胶行为及凝胶质构变化规律,采用加热/冷藏的方法制配制菊粉凝胶,考察质量分数35%、45%和55%的菊粉溶液在体积分数0-40%乙醇溶液中的成胶行为,利用质构仪分析不同条件下凝胶的质构特性。试验发现随菊粉质量分数的增加其在乙醇溶液中的成胶能力增强;乙醇体积分数对菊粉成胶能力影响显著,当乙醇体积分数低于30%时,随着其体积分数的增加菊粉的成胶能力和持水性显著提高;当乙醇体积分数高于30%时,随着其体积分数的提高菊粉的成胶能力和持水性呈下降的趋势。质构仪分析表明,增加菊粉含量可显著提高凝胶的质构特性,而乙醇对凝胶质构有双向作用,随乙醇体积分数的增加,凝胶质构特性呈现先增大后减少的趋势,对硬度、强度、黏附力及黏着性的影响拐点为20%,而对凝聚性和咀嚼性的影响拐点为10%。     

IgG Antibody from Hen Egg Yolks: Purification by Ethanol Fractionation

A procedure was developed for large-scale preparation of IgG antibodies from egg yolks. The supernatant from egg yolks was obtained after an initial 9–fold dilution with water. The lipids in the supernatant were then almost completely eliminated from the water-soluble protein fraction containing the antibody, by precipitation with 60% ethanol and filtration. Yolk antibody was purified from the lipid-free water-soluble protein fraction by ethanol fractionation at final concentration 30% (pH unadjusted), and again at 25% (pH 7.4). The purified fraction was composed of >99% pure IgG. Recovery of antibody was calculated as 40%.     

Modelling of moisture diffusion in pores of banana foam mat using a 2-D stochastic pore network: Determination of moisture diffusion coefficient during adsorption process

The purpose of this research was to determine the diffusion coefficient of moisture in the pores of banana foam mat using stochastic pore network. A 2-D pore network was used to represent the pore voids inside the banana foam sample and the moisture movement inside the individual pore segments was described by Fick’s law. To determine the moisture diffusion coefficient, the adsorption experiments were carried out with standard static method using saturated salt solutions. Two banana foam densities of 0.21 and 0.26 g/cm³ were used to adsorb the water vapour. The interactions between moisture and pore structure were illustrated using a 3-D pictorial representation of network concentration gradients in spaces with colour representing the moisture content. The network model described the experimental results relatively well. The diffusion coefficient of moisture in pores was in order of 10^-9${10}^{-9}$ m²/s which was nine times higher than the effective diffusion coefficient calculated from the continuum model. The value of moisture diffusion coefficient was dependent on the temperature and independent of the foam densities and the relative humidity, except for the diffusivity determined from the condition at higher relative humidity of 70%.     

RELEASE OF PROPYL PARABEN FROM A POLYMER COATING INTO WATER AND FOOD SIMULATING SOLVENTS FOR ANTIMICROBIAL PACKAGING APPLICATIONS

The release phenomena of propyl paraben from a polymer coating to water and three food simulating solvents (10% aqueous ethanol, 50% aqueous ethanol, n-heptane) were studied for antimicrobial packaging applications. The effects of food simulating solvent, initial concentration in the coating and temperature on the propyl paraben release were examined. The initial concentration of propyl paraben in the coating ranged from 1.26 × 10⁴ to 10.52 × 10⁴ g/m³ and the temperature from 5.5 to 30C. For water, the release was controlled by Fickian diffusion with constant diffusion coefficient (7±11 × 10^-11 cm²/s at 30C), and independent of the initial concentration. For 10% ethanol, the release followed again the Fickian model with constant diffusion coefficient (30±40 × 10^-11 cm²/s at 30C). For 50% ethanol and n-heptane, the release was instantaneous and not controlled by Fickian diffusion. For the release into water, the activation energy for diffusion from the Arrhenius relationship was around 88 kJ/mole.     

Maintaining yeast viability in continuous primary beer fermentation

Continuous fermentation is a long known and vastly studied process. The use of immobilized cell technology (ICT) is exploited in a significant number of studies owing to the associated high volumetric productivity, time savings and low capital demand. This work was aimed at solving one of the most relevant obstacles to implementing ICT on a large scale in beer fermentations, namely the control of biomass and the maintenance of cell viability in a gas‐lift bioreactor. For this purpose, foam fractionation by skimming was proposed as a tool for control of continuous biomass concentration. The consequences of foaming on lignocellulosic yeast carrier losses were assessed and discussed. A steady consumption of sugars from wort, as well as consistent ethanol production, were achieved. The viability of the suspended cells in the reactor was compared with that of the cell population in the foam using flow cytometry. Results suggest that foam might be used as a promising tool to skim non‐viable biomass out of the gas‐lift reactor, thus ensuring the maintenance of a cell culture with optimum viability. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

基于黏度研究清香型白酒中乙醇-水缔合行为

以不同体积分数的乙醇水溶液为模型白酒,系统考察了酒度(乙醇体积分数)、贮存时间及汾酒中主要微量成分对模型白酒黏度的影响,以此来揭示清香型白酒中乙醇和水的缔合行为,为进一步探讨白酒陈化机理提供理论依据,同时考察汾酒的黏度随酒度及贮存时间的变化规律。结果表明：清香型白酒中乙醇-水缔合强度与其中的微量成分有一定的关系,但决定其缔合强度的主要影响因素是酒度。     

INFLUENCE OF NATIVE LIPIDS ON THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF WHEAT FLOUR DOUGH AND GLUTEN

We report on the viscoelastic properties of dough and gluten (prepared by ultracentrifugation) after the flour lipids had been removed by solvents differing in polarity (chloroform, ethanol and diethylether). The extracted lipids were fractionated by thin layer chromatography. The flours differed in lipid composition after the extraction. Ethanol removed more polar lipids than the other solvents. Removal of lipids (0.6–0.9% on flour weight) altered the viscoelastic properties of dough significantly, whereas those of gluten were only marginally affected. The storage modulus (G′) of dough increased with used solvent polarity. The highest value of G′ was observed for the dough made with the flour where the lipids were removed by ethanol. This was consistent with a marked decrease in the frequency dependence of G′ of dough when the lipids were removed.     

Influence of plasticizers on the water sorption isotherms and water vapor permeability of chicken feather keratin films

Biodegradable films from many protein sources have in recent decades attracted a lot of attention for their potential use in food protection because they have several advantages over synthetic films, including those related to the environment. The effects of type and concentration of plasticizers on microstructure, sorption isotherms and water vapor permeability (WVP) of films obtained from chicken feather keratin (CFK) were investigated. Keratins were extracted with an aqueous solutions of urea, 2-mercaptoethanol and surfactant. The protein was dosed and the maximum concentration achieved was 12 g/100 ml. The protein concentration in the keratin film solution was standardized at 7 g/100 ml for the preparation of the films by casting. The results showed that increasing the plasticizer concentration caused a decrease in barrier properties and favored water adsorption by the polymeric network, increasing the moisture content of the films. The monolayer moisture content was 8.76 times higher for films made with glycerol than films made without plasticizer and 12 times higher than films plasticized with PEG 4000. The same behavior was observed for the water solubility coefficient, which increased with increasing plasticizer concentration.     

PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY OF SUGARS IN WORT AND BEER ON ANION EXCHANGE RESINS

Partition chromatography on anion exchange resins in the sulphate form in 85% ethanol at 75°C was used for the separation of monosaccharides in beer and wort. The eluate was analysed automatically by the orcinol method. Simultaneous analysis by a periodate-formaldehyde method permitted determination of glycerol. Oligomers, except for those precipitated by 65% ethanol, were separated and characterized by chromatography in this medium. Sharp separations of disaccharides were made at an intermediate concentration. Species which were not separated on this resin were resolved on a cation exchanger in its lithium form. The identification of oligomers was facilitated by the fact that for oligomers having the same type of glycosidic bonds there exists a straight line relationship between the logarithm of the distribution coefficient and the number of monosaccharide residues.     

Foaming properties of oilseed proteins

Oilseeds are important sources of edible proteins. Their varieties varied in oil and protein content; sesame and rapeseeds had the highest oil content, but soybean and glandless cottonseeds had the highest protein content. Foaming properties of oilseed proteins are important for the domestic market to be used in the preparation of various food products. Whole rapeseed had the highest foam capacity followed by soybean, sunflower, safflower, glandless cottonseed, peanut and finally sesame. The extraction of lipids from oilseeds caused a significant improvement in their foam capacity and foam stability. High positive correlation was found between soluble proteins and foam capacity of oilseeds. The foam capacity was high at pH 7, and decreased below it reaching a minimum at pH 4. The foam stability also varied with pH; being maximum at the isoelectric point and minimum at pH 7. The foam capacity of oilseed protein isolates decreased with the prolongation of heating time at 100 °C.     

Functional Properties of Flax Seed Mucilage

Flax seed (Linwn usitatissimum L.) mucilage was prepared by extraction of seeds with water followed by evaporation, precipitation with ethanol and freeze drying of extract. Proximate composition, solubility, foamability and moisture sorption characteristics were determined. The mucilage contained less carbohydrates, more minerals and more protein than commercial locust bean and guar gums. Its solubility, however, was higher than locust bean and guar gums, and lower than gum arabic. Flax seed mucilage exhibited good foam stability properties in aqueous solutions at 1.0% (w/v). Very diluted solutions exhibited Newtonian-like behavior while shear thinning was shown at concentrations above 0.2% (w/v). The viscosity was maximum at a pH range 6.0–8.0 and it was reduced in solutions containing NaCl.     

Foaming in simulated radioactive waste

Radioactive waste treatment process usually involves concentration of radionuclides before waste can be immobilized by storing it in stable solid form. Foaming is observed at various stages of waste processing like SRAT (sludge receipt and adjustment tank) and melter operations. This kind of foaming greatly limits the process efficiency. The foam encountered can be characterized as a three-phase foam that incorporates finely divided solids (colloidal particles). The solid particles stabilize foaminess in two ways: by adsorption of biphilic particles at the surfaces of foam lamella and by layering of particles trapped inside the foam lamella. During bubble generation and rise, solid particles organize themselves into a layered structure due to confinement inside the foam lamella, and this structure provides a barrier against the coalescence of the bubbles, thereby causing foaming. Our novel capillary force balance apparatus was used to examine the particle-particle interactions, which affect particle layer formation in the foam lamella. Moreover, foaminess shows a maximum with increasing solid particle concentration. To explain the maximum in foaminess, a study was carried out on the simulated sludge, a non-radioactive simulant of the radioactive waste sludge at SRS, to identify the parameters that affect the foaming in a system characterized by the absence of surface-active agents. This three-phase foam does not show any foam stability unlike surfactant-stabilized foam. The parameters investigated were solid particle concentration, heating flux, and electrolyte concentration. The maximum in foaminess was found to be a net result of two countereffects that arise due to particle-particle interactions: structural stabilization and depletion destabilization. It was found that higher electrolyte concentration causes a reduction in foaminess and leads to a smaller bubble size. Higher heating fluxes lead to greater foaminess due to an increased rate of foam lamella generation in the sludge system.