基于案例推理的电源车故障诊断研究与应用

随着现代航空工业技术的日益发展与国防对飞机性能要求的不断提高,飞机正在向全电方面靠拢,这使得航空电源系统成为飞机最重要的系统部件之一,对飞机供电电源的要求也高于普通电源。本文针对飞机地面电源维护工作中的故障问题,提出了根据故障信息来判断并进行电源车故障研究的方法,运用CBR推理机理与逻辑分析的方法,形成一个故障诊断软件,为基层部队提供科学高效的故障排除方法,从而达到提高飞行良好率和四站部队保障技术水平的目的。     

基于STAMP的民航进餐推车人因设计

目的 为解决空乘人员因工作负荷大、工作环境颠簸易发生碰撞事故等导致患肌肉骨骼病概率逐年上涨的问题,对民航进餐推车造型设计过程进行研究。方法 确定民航进餐推车系统中的安全约束,构建基于层级模式的民航进餐推车事故风险控制—人因模型;识别控制模型中潜在的不安全控制行为,采用层次分析法对这些行为的综合权重值进行计算并排序;运用虚拟仿真软件进行人因分析与设计优化,得到最优方案。结果 通过民航进餐推车设计实践,验证该方法的可行性与有效性。结论 在民航进餐推车设计过程的前期,引入STAMP模型和人因工程理论,可提升空乘人员在进餐推车服务过程中的安全性与舒适性,为研制符合空乘人员行为方式的新型民航进餐推车提供新的思路。     

Cabin safety and emergency evacuation: passenger experience of flight CI-120 accident

Aircraft evacuation effectiveness is a critical but challenging issue in the civil aviation industry. This paper explores the cabin safety perceptions of passengers from their emergency evacuation experiences in an actual aviation accident. A questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews were conducted with China Airlines flight CI-120 passengers. The qualitative and quantitative results provide insights into passengers’ views of cabin safety. The in-depth interview results show that passenger safety education requires more instructions about the use of emergency equipment. The data from the passenger perception questionnaire were analyzed using the factor analysis method; the findings indicate that crew assistance and emergency procedures are the most important factors. The results are likely to be of value to the aviation industry when taking into account passenger perceptions in implementing safety programs.     

Understanding pilot response to flight safety events using categorisation theory

Categorisation theory explains our ability to recognise events in terms of a similarity overlap between either a prototypical, ideal case or a stored exemplar derived from experience. Evidence from aviation accident reports indicate that pilots are not always able to recognise flight safety events in real-time and this can lead to undesirable pilot behaviour. Flight safety events may not always arise in recognisable formats, especially as rare and unusual cue combinations are possible. Correspondence with prototypes or exemplars may be weak, creating borderline cases and harming recognition. In this article we extend categorisation theory to develop a new framework which characterises flight safety events. We model three case studies using the new framework to demonstrate how categorisation theory can be used to understand flight safety events of different types. Finally, we propose a roadmap for future research and discuss how categorisation theory could be applied to training or the organisation of flight crew reference material to improve response to inflight events.     

基于脑力负荷的通航飞机座舱显示界面测评研究

在飞行过程中,飞行员需从座舱显示界面获取和处理很多视觉信息，大量的视觉信息会使飞行员脑力负荷过高，从而易导致飞行事故。为降低飞行员在飞行过程中的脑力负荷和提高飞行的安全性，需判断通航飞机座舱显示界面对飞行员脑力负荷的影响，并为通航飞机座舱显示界面优化设计提供依据。以塞斯纳172SP飞机为例，综合应用主观评价法、绩效评估法和生理测量法，对五边飞行过程中飞行员的脑力负荷进行评估。综合主观评分、飞行绩效、脑电（Electroencephalogram, EEG）指标、眼动指标的分析结果，得出了五边飞行不同飞行阶段的脑力负荷大小排序。采用眼动追踪技术对不同飞行阶段飞行员所关注的界面信息进行定位，确定飞机座舱显示界面上对脑力负荷影响较大的注视热区。结果显示飞行员在平飞阶段的脑力负荷较低，降落阶段的脑力负荷较高；显示界面侧滑指示器对脑力负荷的影响最大。综上可知结合脑力负荷测量和眼动指标可以有效地评价通航飞机座舱显示界面的性能。     

The effects of risk perception and flight experience on airline pilots’ locus of control with regard to safety operation behaviors

The primary objective of this paper was to integrate two research traditions, social cognition approach and individual state approach, and to understand the relationships between locus of control (LOC), risk perception, flight time, and safety operation behavior (SOB) among Chinese airline pilots. The study sample consisted of 193 commercial airline pilots from China Southern Airlines Ltd. The results showed that internal locus of control directly affected pilot safety operation behavior. Risk perception seemed to mediate the relationship between locus of control and safety operation behaviors, and total flight time moderated internal locus of control. Thus, locus of control primarily influences safety operation behavior indirectly by affecting risk perception. The total effect of internal locus of control on safety behaviors is larger than that of external locus of control. Furthermore, the safety benefit of flight experience is more pronounced among pilots with high internal loci of control in the early and middle flight building stages. Practical implications for aviation safety and directions for future research are also discussed.     

Anomaly detection of aircraft lead-acid battery

The lead-acid battery has been widely used in various fields. In civil aviation aircraft, it plays a vital role in the power system to maintain normal operation during the flight mission. Thus, an effective abnormal detection system for monitoring and diagnosing the status of aircraft lead-acid battery is essential to ensure its safety and reliability. This paper aims to effectively identify aircraft battery faulty using unsupervised anomaly detection techniques. It introduces state-of-the-art anomaly detection algorithms and evaluates their performance on a large real civil aviation battery data. The experimental results show that the latest isolation-based anomaly detectors, iForest and iNNE, have outstanding performance on this task and have promising applicability as efficient methods for guaranteeing the lead-acid battery quality and reliability in civil aviation aircraft.     

飞行机组人为差错风险分析方法研究

提出了一个新的飞行机组人为差错风险评估方法F HECA,识别和分析航空公司的机组人为差错风险。该方法在对机组人为差错类型进行总结和分类的基础上,选取人为差错严重度作为评价指标,将该指标中的3个变量人为差错概率、人为差错后果严重度、人为差错影响概率与灰色综合评价法结合,定量评估机组人为差错的严重度,实现机组人为差错风险评估。通过实例分析验证此方法可用于分析机组人为差错风险,为飞行训练和飞行操作手册内容的改进提供技术支持,是民航人为因素研究中可借鉴的一种方法。     

Aviation safety and maintenance under major organizational changes, investigating non-existing accidents

The objective of this paper is to discuss the following questions: Do concurrent organizational changes have a direct impact on aviation maintenance and safety, if so, how can this be measured? These questions were part of the investigation carried out by the Accident Investigation Board, Norway (AIBN). The AIBN investigated whether Norwegian aviation safety had been affected due to major organizational changes between 2000 and 2004. The main concern was the reduction in safety margins and its consequences.This paper presents a summary of the techniques used and explains how they were applied in three airlines and by two offshore helicopter operators. The paper also discusses the development of safety related indicators in the aviation industry. In addition, there is a summary of the lessons learned and safety recommendations. The Norwegian Ministry of Transport has required all players in the aviation industry to follow up the findings and recommendations of the AIBN study.     

Aviation occupant survival factors: An empirical study of the SQ006 accident

We present an empirical study of Singapore Airline (SIA) flight SQ006 to illustrate the critical factors that influence airplane occupant survivability. The Fuzzy Delphi Method was used to identify and rank the survival factors that may reduce injury and fatality in potentially survivable accidents. This is the first attempt by a group from both the public and private sectors in Taiwan to focus on cabin-safety issues related to survival factors. We designed a comprehensive survey based on our discussions with aviation safety experts. We next designed an array of important cabin-safety dimensions and then investigated and selected the critical survival factors for each dimension.Our findings reveal important cabin safety and survivability information that should provide a valuable reference for developing and evaluating aviation safety programs. We also believe that the results will be practical for designing cabin-safety education material for air travelers. Finally, the major contribution of this research is that it has identified 47 critical factors that influence accident survivability; therefore, it may encourage improvements that will promote more successful cabin-safety management.     

极寒条件下航空机务服数字化设计应用研究

目的 研究服装数字化技术在航空机务服设计中的应用。方法 运用文献研究法、案例分析法及实验法,对航空机务服数字化设计应用研究的相关情况进行概述,研究服装数字化技术在航空机务服设计中应用的可行性及其优势。结果 以航空机务服设计过程为例,证实服装数字化技术适用于工作服的定制化设计生产,将在研究航空机务服设计各环节的基础上,进行设计模块的数字化技术研究。结论 随着人们对服装设计生产制造过程的数字化、自动化、智能化的需求不断增长,服装二维及三维的相关数字化技术也渐趋成熟。服装数字化技术在工作服定制化服务中具有良好的发展前景,通过服装数字化技术设计的极寒条件下的工作服能够满足航空机务员的需求,保障了航空机务员户外工作的顺利开展,进而维护了航空的飞行安全。     

Promoting learning, memory, and transfer in a time-constrained, high hazard environment

Two methods of metacognitive reflection for promoting compliance with an aviation safety rule were tested in a transfer design. Two groups of pilots (n = 10) conducted a simulated flight entailing a search for a target on the ground. During this flight, only 35% of the pilots stayed above an altitude of 500 ft, the minimum allowed by relevant regulations. Following the flight, one group completed a self-explanation questionnaire, in which they explained their actions during the initial flight and what they would do in future flights. The other group completed a relapse-prevention questionnaire, in which they identified the circumstances leading to safety lapses and their future avoidance. A third group (n = 10) formed a rest control; they conducted a familiarization flight without a ground target or debriefing. One week later, all pilots conducted a series of test flights with the same or different ground targets as the initial flight. The self-explanation group showed 100% compliance when the ground target remained the same, but less so (<70%) when the ground target was different. The relapse-prevention group and control groups both showed low levels of compliance across all test flights (<30%). The results are discussed from theoretical and applied perspectives.     

Shape memory wire improves sealing of aircraft doors

In aviation safety, providing maximum security for door seals is a crucial part of the specification. Other factors include ease of passenger entry and egress. Such doors require opening and closing only whilst on the ground. Other types of doors are required which can be opened in flight such as weapons bay doors on military aircraft not to mention doors for the undercarriage. But present generation aircraft seals have many deficiencies. To try to overcome these shortcomings Northrop Grumman has patented a new seal based on the special characteristics of a material new to the sealing industry, that of ‘shape memory alloys’.     

An examination of consumer bias against female and minority commercial pilots

Several studies have examined biases towards gender and ethnic minorities in professional settings, such as medical practices, academia, and aviation. Our research aims to understand consumers' attitudes towards ethnic minorities and female pilots. A better understanding of the impact of customers' perceptions on these minority groups could improve commercial flight operations and support increasing air travel demands. Specifically, this study investigated consumer perceptions of gender and ethnic bias towards commercial airline pilots and flight students in the United States. In a two-experiment design, participants in Study 1 viewed pictures of current female and male commercial pilots of various races. Participants then rated their opinions on the quality of the pilot (e.g. professionalism, flight safety, smoothness of flight, and their confidence in the pilot). In Study 2, participants viewed pictures of student pilots and rated the individual's likeliness to succeed in flight training. The results indicated that participants favored White male pilots in all conditions and that female and ethnic pilots were generally viewed as less favorable. These findings suggest that overt biases are present towards pilots with implications demonstrating that biases influence the hiring processes for female and minority pilots.     

汽车碰撞假人制度体系研究

假人是进行产品和人交互安全性试验的必要消耗产品,也是汽车碰撞安全试验的主要工具之一。除了上述领域,由于假人的生物拟真特性,还可用于航空、航天、军事或其他与人体伤害有关的领域。本文对国外汽车安全领域的碰撞假人制度体系进行了初步研究,并提出了我国构建汽车碰撞假人制度体系的基本思路。     

Measurement of cosmic-ray neutron dose onboard a polar route flight from New York to Seoul

Exposure to cosmic radiation in operation of a jet aircraft is considered to be a part of the occupational exposure. Cosmic radiation doses received in aviation are generally evaluated by numerical model simulations. The precision of the model calculation should be verified by measurements. From the viewpoint of radiological protection, neutrons are the most contributing radiation component and have to be precisely measured. Neutron measurements were thus performed in a long-haul flight using a relatively new transportable neutron monitor (WENDI-II) which responds fairly well to the cosmic-ray neutrons. The in-flight measurement was carried out on 5-6 November 2009 on a polar route flight from New York/John F. Kennedy airport to Seoul/Incheon airport. The flying time was ~14 h. The observations obtained as 1 cm ambient dose equivalent were compared with model calculations using a computer program developed by the authors for the calculation of aviation route doses 'JISCARD EX'. Good agreements between the measured and calculated values were observed over the polar route where the geomagnetic cut-off rigidity is the lowest.     

国外航空钛合金的发展应用及其特点分析

评述了国外航空钛合金的发展，应用和特点，并对我国航空钛合金的研究和发展提出了建议。     

Characteristics of alcohol-related fatal general aviation crashes

BACKGROUND: The effects of alcohol on piloting performance have been studied extensively. Information describing alcohol-related aviation crashes, however, is scant. METHODS: We developed a data system for fatally injured pilots in Maryland, New Mexico, and North Carolina by linking autopsy data from the state medical examiner offices and crash investigation reports from the National Transportation Safety Board. Alcohol-related crashes are defined as those in which the pilot had a blood alcohol concentration of 20 mg/dL or greater. Differences between alcohol- and non-alcohol-related crashes were assessed with regard to pilot characteristics, crash circumstances, and human factors. RESULTS: The National Transportation Safety Board recorded 313 general aviation crashes fatal to the pilot in the three states between 1985 and 2000. Of these crashes, 255 (81%) were matched successfully with medical examiner records. Alcohol testing results were available for 233 of the fatally injured pilots. Of those tested for alcohol, 25 (11%) had blood alcohol concentrations > or =20 mg/dL (mean=75 +/- 64 mg/dL). The majority of alcohol-related crashes (52%) occurred at night (7p.m. to 6a.m.), compared with 28% of other crashes (P < 0.01). Alcohol-related crashes were significantly more likely than other crashes to have involved continued flight under visual flight rules (VFR) into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) (32% versus 12%, P < 0.01), and flawed decisions (64% versus 41%, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Distinctive epidemiological patterns are exhibited in alcohol-related fatal general aviation crashes. Alcohol appears to play a particularly important role in crashes involving flight under VFR into IMC.     

航空弹药实弹打靶安全距离评估方法

为解决基层单位实弹打靶时观测台安全距离评估面临的实际问题,实现现场安全距离评估的准确性,以实弹打靶安全距离评估需求为背景,给出了各种安全距离评估方法,包括估算法、工程近似法、数据拟合法。结果表明:估算法简单快捷,为预先评估的简单实用手段;与工程近似法比较,数据拟合法结果准确,数据安全,适合对各类航空弹药(粗短型或细长型)进行安全距离评估,为精确评估的主要手段。通过对实际弹药的分析评估,破片飞散最大距离2.7 km,小于3.5 km安全距离要求,观测台安全。     

航空弹药实弹打靶安全距离评估方法

为解决基层单位实弹打靶时观测台安全距离评估面临的实际问题,实现现场安全距离评估的准确性,以实弹打靶安全距离评估需求为背景,给出了各种安全距离评估方法,包括估算法、工程近似法、数据拟合法。结果表明:估算法简单快捷,为预先评估的简单实用手段;与工程近似法比较,数据拟合法结果准确,数据安全,适合对各类航空弹药(粗短型或细长型)进行安全距离评估,为精确评估的主要手段。通过对实际弹药的分析评估,破片飞散最大距离2.7km,小于3.5km安全距离要求,观测台安全。