太阳能空调系统设计中人-机-环境关系的优化与分析

传统空调系统的使用需要花费大量的常规能源,由此给能源和环境带来很大压力.解决的途径之一是利用太阳能驱动空调机.随着太阳能应用技术的日益成熟,太阳能空调系统进入小康住宅的比例将会越来越高.然而,太阳能空调的大量使用也会带来一系列人-机-环境关系问题.本文运用人-机-环境系统工程理论,以谋求人、机、环境三大要素最佳综合效益为目标,对系统各要素及其相互关系进行了分析,指出了优化三要素之间关系的方向.     

Individual latent error detection: is there a time and a place for the recall of past errors?

A task carried out in error creates a latent condition that can result in a future undesirable outcome if the error is not detected later. The paper presents a study of the relatively under-researched phenomenon of post-task latent error detection. Focusing on UK naval aircraft maintenance, it was hypothesised that time, location and systems cues influence individual latent error detection amongst naval air engineers who experience the phenomenon. The systems view of human error is combined with a multi-process approach to post-task latent error research, for which findings suggest that distributed cognition across the entire socio-technical system may be influential in post-task latent error detection. Directions for future research will be of benefit to those interested in furthering safety resilience using a systems approach to minimise the consequences arising from latent error.

Relevance to human factors/ergonomics theoryThe nature and extent of post-task latent error detection is explored using a systems approach, for which distributed cognition across the entire socio-technical system appears influential. The aim of current research is to develop interventions to further mitigate for latent errors and thus advance the systems application of ergonomics theory.     

综合利用率评估的民机结构维修间隔确定方法

确定结构维修间隔是民机结构维修大纲中的关键内容之一,民机利用率对维修间隔制定的合理性有很大影响。基于环境损伤条件下的民机结构,通过分析不同利用率下影响金属结构环境损伤的指标的敏感性,提出了民机结构维修间隔与利用率匹配模型。在该模型中,应用序关系分析法-属性重要度相结合的组合赋权方法,对不同利用率下影响金属结构环境损伤的指标进行组合权重评估,确定金属结构环境损伤的总等级,并根据环境损伤等级-维修间隔回归方程确定了不同利用率下的民机结构维修间隔,最后采用灰色关联分析法验证了不同利用率下各指标评价值与理想值的关联度。以某型飞机中央盒段上壁板内表面维修间隔确定为例,对所提出的模型进行验证分析,利用模型得到的维修间隔与维修审查委员会报告（maintenance review board report,MRBR）规定相比偏小,鉴于该文件规定的为最低工程要求,从而确定该维修间隔满足要求,证明了模型的有效性。研究成果表明,建立的民机结构维修间隔与利用率匹配模型的适用性较强,可以有效解决国产飞机结构维修大纲中维修间隔确定时利用率考虑不足的问题,具有较高的工程应用价值。     

基于价值工程的民用飞机维修目标成本分配

基于价值工程相关理论,利用模糊综合评价方法确定民用飞机各系统或部件的功能评价值,进而确定民用飞机各系统的成本系数,进行目标成本分配。文章寻求民用飞机维修目标成本分配的新思路,对现实工作具有指导和借鉴意义。     

Method for determining maintenance interval of civil aircraft structure combined with assessment of utilization ratio

One of the core contents of the civil aircraft structure maintenance outline is determining the maintenance interval of structure. The utilization ratio has a great influence on the rationality of the maintenance interval. Based on the structure of civil aircraft under environmental damage,a matching model of maintenance interval and aircraft utilization ratio civil aircraft structure was established by analyzing the sensitivity of indicators that affect the environmental damage of metal structures under different utilization ratios. In this model, the combined-weighting method combined the rank-correlation analysis with the attribute-importance was applied to evaluate the combined weight of the indicators affecting the environmental damage of metal structures under different utilization ratios, and the total level of environmental damage of metal structures was determined. The maintenance interval of civil aircraft structure under different utilization ratios was determined based on the damage grade-maintenance interval regression equation. Finally, the grey correlation analysis method was used to verify the correlation between the evaluated value and ideal value of each factor under different utilization ratios. Taking the maintenance interval determination of the upper wall inner surface of the central box section in a certain aircraft as an example, the proposed model was verified and analyzed. The maintenance interval obtained by the model was inferior to the maintenance review board report (MRBR) regulations. In view of the minimum engineering requirements specified in this document, it was determined that the maintenance interval met the requirements, which proved the validity of the model. The research results indicate that the matching model of maintenance interval and utilization ratio of civil aircraft structure has strong applicability, and it can effectively remedy the problem of inadequate utilization ratio consideration in the maintenance interval of domestic aircraft structural maintenance outline, and has high engineering application value.     

卫生间系统的产品残障设计研究

考虑特殊人群的需求,运用人机工学原理,从人-机-环境系统出发,对残障人卫生间器具进行了研究分析.借助典型产品的设计实例,剖析"残障群体-残障产品-使用环境"之间的相互关系,从生理、心理两方面探索无障碍卫生间产品系统设计中存在的主要人机问题,并从人性化和可用性角度提出卫生间器具残障设计中的人机原则.     

Training of the maintenance personnel to prevent failures in aircraft systems

The aircraft maintenance process plays a vital role in aviation safety. The quality of the maintenance process and the qualifications of the aircraft maintenance personnel are important factors in the safety of aircraft.In this study the aircraft maintenance training model has been developed by especially taking in to account the EASA Part 66 regulations. The progression of the aircraft maintenance personnel training was investigated and suggestions to improve training process were given so as to prevent failures in aircraft systems.     

基于EAHP-FCE方法的民机修理级别确定模型

针对民机维修工程分析中修理级别分析（level of repair analysis,LORA）的研究,在民机维修保障体制特点的基础上综合考虑经济性和非经济性两个因素,对各类影响民机修理级别的评价因素进行综合分析。应用可拓层次分析法（extension analytic hierarchy process, EAHP）与模糊综合评价法（fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, FCE）建立了一种民机修理级别综合评价模型,并采用灰色关联分析法对比验证了模糊评估结果。在模型求解中,利用区间数取代点的值构建判断矩阵,求解各层次指标权重,采用模糊综合评价法求得模糊关系;将指标权重与模糊评估矩阵进行线性结合以求解复杂的多因子包容方程,归一确定最优方案;通过关联系数分析法对比验证可行性方案与理想方案的关联度。通过实例对提出的模型进行了验证,结果表明方案V₃为最佳方案,即修理级别为基地级,与工程文件中的指导基本一致,说明该模型有效可行。所建立的民机修理级别确定模型完善了修理级别分析理论,能够为航空制造商和航空公司在飞机设计和使用阶段对飞机修理级别确定提供参考。     

基于DELMIA的民机内饰虚拟维修仿真与评价方法

目的 针对传统民机内饰维修困难且成本大的问题,构建民机虚拟维修仿真与评价体系,提出基于DELMIA的虚拟维修仿真与评价优化方法。方法 首先对维修任务仿真动作进行分解,并对维修操作阶段进行划分,根据不同阶段动作进行特性分析,完成操作区的划分;其次针对不同区域再次进行维修动作类型的划分,按照不同类型分别进行虚拟仿真操作;再次基于DELMIA仿真结果中提取的关键帧进行各指标分析,得到单项评估的结果;最后基于MATLAB平台完成上述多种人机因素的综合评估权重向量并计算出各关键帧结果,输出人机工效综合评估可视图和报告,给出可优化方向。结果 依靠项目支撑对某型号民机内饰行李箱维修仿真进行案例验证,表明该方法能够系统地完成民机内饰典型部件的维修仿真分析任务,并给出明确的维修优化方向。结论 新方法体系的提出有助于民机内饰虚拟维修仿真的效率及综合评估可靠性的提高。     

A Study on Simulation of Aircraft Maintenance and Support System

Maintenance and support are basic elements to realize the effectiveness of aircraft. Forbasic analysis of the characteristics of an aircraft maintenance and support system , a simulation method is presented in this paper, and the structure and realization of the simulation system is discussed.     

基于系统设计与通用设计的公共自助产品设计研究

主要探讨在老龄化背景下如何更有效的发挥城市公共自助产品在人—机—环境大系统中的作用,基于系统设计和通用设计理论,论述了公共自助产品内、外系统的设计思想以及提出了通用性的Affordance准则应用思路,强调环境产品设施与人的对话。     

Multi-objective decision-making model based on CBM for an aircraft fleet with reliability constraint

Modern production management patterns, in which multi-unit (e.g. an aircraft fleet) are managed in a holistic manner, have brought new challenges for multi-unit maintenance decision-making. To schedule a good maintenance plan, not only does the individual aircraft maintenance have to be considered, but also the maintenance of the other aircraft in fleet have to be taken into account. Condition-based maintenance (CBM) is a maintenance scheme which recommends maintenance decisions according to equipment status collected by condition monitor over a period of time. Evaluating risk is necessary for scheduling appropriate maintenance, avoiding aircraft losses and maintaining the repairable components at a high-reliable state. In this paper, a novel two-models-fusion framework is proposed to predict the reliability of aircraft structures subjected to fatigue loads. Furthermore, we established a fleet maintenance decision-making model based on CBM for the maintenance of fatigue structures. The model concentrates on both minimising fleet maintenance cost and maximising fleet availability, overcoming the shortcomings of traditional fleet CBM research, which has simply focused on one or the other of these parameters. Finally, a case study regarding a fleet of 10 aircraft is conducted, and the results indicated that the proposed model efficiently generates outcomes that meet the schedule requirements.     

ARALL: A materials challenge for the next generation of aircraft

The development of new aircraft is significantly influenced by the introduction of new structural materials. A driving force behind such developments is the perpetual incentive of reducing the aircraft operating costs of which the most important aspects are fule consumption and maintenance.

The structural weight of the aircraft has a high impact on the fuel consumption. Reduction of the weight can be achieved by the introduction of advanced structural design techniques together with new materials which have low density and high (static and dynamic) stress level capabilities. Maintenance costs can be reduced mainly by enlarging the inspection periods of the aircraft. These two aspects, together with the new damage tolerance requirements (FAR and JAR) and durability questions in view of increasing aircraft lives, make the design of an aircraft with low operating costs very complex and difficult.

In this whole process the selection of materials becomes a critical issue. This is illustrated by considering three potential families of materials:

1. - aluminium alloys (both new and conventional)

2. - composites

3. - aramid aluminium laminate (ARALL).

Special attention is given to the development and possible applications of the ARALL material.     

Hierarchical Colored Timed Petri Nets for Maintenance Process Modeling of Civil Aircraft

Civil aircraft maintenance process simulation model is an effective method for analyzing the maintainability of a civil aircraft. First, we present the Hierarchical Colored Timed Petri Nets for maintenance process modeling of civil aircraft. Then, we expound a general method of civil aircraft maintenance activities, determine the maintenance level for decomposition, and propose the methods of describing logic of relations between the maintenance activities based on Petri Net. Finally, a time Colored Petri multi-level network modeling and simulation procedures and steps are given with the maintenance example of the landing gear burst tire of a certain type of aircraft. The feasibility of the method is proved by the example.     

A Novel Edge Computing Based Area Navigation Scheme

The area navigation system, discussed in this paper, is composed of ground responders and a navigation terminal and can position a high-velocity aircraft and measure its velocity. This navigation system is silent at ordinary times. It sends out a request signal when positioning is required for an aircraft, and then the ground responders send a signal for resolving the aircraft. Combining the direct sequence spread spectrum and frequency hopping, the concealed communication mode is used in the whole communication process, with short communication pulses as much as possible, so the system has strong concealment and anti-interference characteristics. As the transmission delay is apparent in the response communication mode, there is a big error where the common navigation algorithm is used for the positioning and velocity measurement of a high-velocity aircraft. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed, which can eliminate the influence of response communication delay on the positioning of a high-velocity moving target to realize the precise positioning and velocity measurement of a high-velocity aircraft.     

A copula-based quantified airworthiness modelling for civil aircraft engines

The aircraft engine serves as the core system of an aircraft and operates under extreme conditions, requiring high reliability and absolute safety. The design, manufacturing, and after-sales services of aircraft engines are complex processes. To ensure safety and performance, maintenance checks are performed periodically and hierarchically throughout the engine’s life-cycle. Among these checks, shop visit (SV) heavy maintenance checks play a crucial role but are also costly, especially when they occur unexpectedly and unplanned. Analysis of the maintenance logbook, recording aviation operations, reveals a significant occurrence of unplanned SVs, which may be attributed to the existing maintenance policy based on a single time-definition. To address this issue, this paper seeks to establish a novel approach to quantifying airworthiness through copula modelling, which combines two time-definitions: the flying hour (FH) and the flying cycle (FC). This approach is unique in the aviation industry. By employing the Gumbel copula with the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution as the marginal distribution, and utilizing non-parametric association measurement parameter estimation, the quantified airworthiness of civil aircraft engine fleets across multiple product lines can be effectively modeled. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing maintenance policies and enhancing the reliability and safety of aircraft engines.     

包装企业作业环境人机工程模糊综合评价研究及实现

包装企业作业环境的舒适程度直接影响到劳动者的健康和安全,影响到人-机器-环境系统的综合效能.文中在基于模糊多级评价的理论基础上建立了切实可行的评价模型并根据此模型给出了评价实例.     

Application of Dempster-Shafer Theory in Aircraft Maintenance Time Assessment: A Case Study

Abstract:

The goal of this case study is to demonstrate the use of the Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence as a decision aid to predict aircraft maintenance times during Turkish Air Force wartime tactical operations. A questionnaire was administered to aircraft maintenance experts to investigate maintenance times of major aircraft failure modes (ignition, fuel, and electrical). An example examining jet engine aircraft failure is presented to demonstrate use of the developed approach. The results of this methodology provide a useful and specific application area for the Dempster-Shafer Theory to aid a decision maker in making wartime tactical decisions.     

Estimating and ranking the impact of human error roots on power grid maintenance group based on a combination of mathematical expectation,Shannon entropy,and TOPSIS

Due to the importance of electrical grid reliability, analysis and evaluation of human error in the maintenance of electrical networks should be also considered seriously. The root causes of these errors must be identified and prioritized to plan for human error reduction. One of the objectives of the present study is to identify and predict these roots for power transmission maintenance groups from organizational, job position, communication, individual, and supervision aspects along with the relationships between these factors. In particular, this paper demonstrates that supervisor behavior as an external factor has a significant effect on maintenance personnel error. For this reason, special attention has been paid to identifying and controlling human factors from a supervisory point of view in this study. This paper also provides a method for detecting the extent of the expected influence of these roots on each personnel, since human error has a random nature. This is done based on the law of mathematical expectation. Finally, a method is suggested to rank roots based on greater effectiveness and evaluate personnel with higher error expectations. The proposed method is a combination of intermediate methods, Shannon entropy, and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). The origins of the four human errors between 2014 and 2018 related to the two experts of Fars Electricity Maintenance Contractor Company are compared by the proposed method.     

弹性飞机的混合 最优PID控制器参数优化

基于弹性飞机的降阶模型设计控制器时需要考虑模型降阶带来的降阶误差,这就需要设计的控制器具有较强的鲁棒性。为此,以某弹性飞机12阶模型为例,研究了基于弹性飞机降阶模型的混合 最优PID控制器的参数优化。首先基于平衡截断法得到了6阶降阶模型。然后,根据全阶模型和降阶模型的频域降阶误差选取了合适的鲁棒加权函数。之后,给出了闭环系统跟踪误差 范数的一种简化计算方法用于 优化指标的计算。最后基于差分进化算法进行了混合 最优PID控制器的参数寻化。仿真结果表明,与 混合灵敏度控制器相比,优化得到的混合 最优PID控制器具有更强的鲁棒性,能同时镇定参数和非参数两种不确定性。对弹性形变模态也有较好的抑制作用,刚性模态也取得了很好的响应效果。