基于线性二次高斯的四旋翼飞行器姿态控制

以自主研发的四旋翼飞行器为研究对象,主要讨论姿态控制器的设计方法。首先根据动力学原理和系统辨识得到姿态角系统的近似线性数学模型。其次,为获取姿态控制所必需的姿态角信息,提出采用高性价比的陀螺仪结合加速度计,并利用卡尔曼滤波器推测姿态角的方法。最后,根据所得模型和卡尔曼滤波器设计了线性二次高斯控制器。实验结果表明,设计的控制器具有良好的稳态和跟踪性能,从而验证了姿态角推测方法及控制器的可行性。     

四旋翼飞行器模糊PID姿态控制

在四旋翼飞行器控制姿态优化问题的研究中,为更好的实现对四旋翼飞行器的姿态控制,在Matlab环境下利用6-DOF运动方程模块搭建了四旋翼飞行器的非线性模型.选取四旋翼飞行器的姿态角作为控制对象,借助Matlab模糊工具箱设计了模糊PID控制器并依据专家经验编辑了相应的模糊规则;同时设计了常规PID控制器并选取了最佳的PID控制参数,对两种控制器控制下的四旋翼飞行器姿态进行了相同条件下的Matlab仿真.仿真结果表明,模糊PID控制器相比常规PID控制器具有更优良的动态性能及鲁棒性.对实际四旋翼飞行器的姿态控制具有一定的指导意义.     

基于Mahony滤波器和PID控制器的四旋翼飞行器姿态控制

四旋翼飞行器由于其简单的气动布局和复杂的动力学模型在控制领域引起了研究热潮,姿态估计与控制器设计一直是实现四旋翼飞行器稳定飞行的难点。为实现精确的四旋翼飞行器姿态估计,首先分析了IMU传感器示值组成和误差存在的原因,然后在方向余弦矩阵(DCM)和重正交化的基础上,具体给出了Mahony滤波器的实现流程。通过与扩展卡尔曼滤波器对比表明,该算法不仅能保证很高的姿态估计精度,而且计算时间小于扩展卡尔曼滤波器,有助于提高系统姿态估计的实时性。结合Mahony滤波后的姿态信息,采用嵌套PI-PID控制策略设计了控制器。最后,将姿态估计算法和控制算法应用到实验平台上,可以实现四旋翼飞行器悬停和角度跟踪功能。     

基于Mahony滤波器和PID控制器的四旋翼飞行器姿态控制

四旋翼飞行器由于其简单的气动布局和复杂的动力学模型在控制领域引起了研究热潮,姿态估计与控制器设计一直是实现四旋翼飞行器稳定飞行的难点。为实现精确的四旋翼飞行器姿态估计,首先分析了IMU传感器示值组成和误差存在的原因,然后在方向余弦矩阵（DCM）和重正交化的基础上,具体给出了Mahony滤波器的实现流程。通过与扩展卡尔曼滤波器对比表明,该算法不仅能保证很高的姿态估计精度,而且计算时间小于扩展卡尔曼滤波器,有助于提高系统姿态估计的实时性。结合Mahony滤波后的姿态信息,采用嵌套PI-PID控制策略设计了控制器。最后,将姿态估计算法和控制算法应用到实验平台上,可以实现四旋翼飞行器悬停和角度跟踪功能。     

高超声速飞行器姿态自适应解耦控制方法研究

研究飞行器优化姿态控制问题,高超声速飞行器具有的快时变、非线性、强耦合特性给姿态控制系统设计带来一定难度.针对飞行器的特性分析,将姿态动力学模型分解为姿态角与角速度跟踪的内、外两回路,采用动态逆方法设计了双回路控制系统结构,从而在实现完全解耦的同时有效降低了设计难度.同时针对动态逆方法过于依赖精确数学模型的局限性,设计PID神经网络控制器,利用神经网络的无限逼近能力调整自身网络权重矩阵参数值,使控制器对不确定因素与未知干扰具有一定的自适应能力.在标称和拉偏情况下进行仿真,结果表明,控制姿态角的跟踪超调量可在1.5％以内,侧滑角的耦合量不足1度,满足对飞行器控制优化的要求.     

基于UM6惯导模块的四旋翼飞行器姿态控制

针对目前四旋翼飞行器姿态控制过程中姿态解算精度不高的问题,选用成本低、精度相对较高的UM6-LT惯导模块,该模块内置嵌入式ARM处理器,直接通过数字接口输出姿态角。首先分别在电机静止和转动状态下测试了该模块的稳定精度,其次通过协方差调节其内置的扩展卡尔曼滤波器参数。最后结合XBee无线传输模块,使用PID算法,在X650value实验平台下进行飞行试验。结果表明,UM6-LT惯导模块的姿态解算精度可以满足四旋翼飞行器姿态控制要求。     

四轴飞行器姿态控制系统设计

四轴飞行器具有不稳定、非线性、强耦合等特性,姿态控制是四轴飞行器飞行控制系统的核心;通过分析四轴飞行器的飞行原理,根据其数学模型和系统的功能要求,设计了四轴飞行器的姿态控制系统;该系统采用stm32系列32位处理器作为主控制器,使用ADIS16355惯性测量单元等传感器用于姿态信息检测;系统基于模块化设计的思想,各传感器都使用数字接口进行数据交换,结构简单;使用PID控制算法进行姿态角的闭环控制,实验结果表明,飞行器能较好的稳定在实验平台上,系统满足四轴飞行器室内飞行姿态控制的要求.     

四旋翼无人飞行器实验平台设计及姿态控制研究

为了实现四旋翼无人飞行器姿态的稳定控制并验证控制算法的性能,设计了一种可用于四旋翼无人飞行器姿态控制算法研究及控制性能测试的物理实验平台;首先,利用牛顿-欧拉法建立了四旋翼无人飞行器的六自由度动力学模型;其次,对姿态传感器数据进行融合,利用互补滤波算法实现对四旋翼飞行器姿态进行快速准确解算;然后,在MATLAB环境下搭建了四旋翼飞行器仿真模型,并设计改进的PID控制器对飞行姿态进行了仿真;最后,搭建了一个四旋翼无人飞行器姿态控制的物理实验平台,进行了飞行器姿态控制算法的性能测试;实验结果表明了四旋翼无人飞行器实验平台设计的合理性和正确性,是一种快速有效的飞行器姿态控制算法性能测试实验平台。     

四旋翼飞行器控制系统设计

四旋翼飞行器姿态控制是四旋翼飞行器控制系统的核心. 通过分析四旋翼飞行器的飞行原理,模型建立,设计了四旋翼飞行器的姿态控制系统;在该系统中采用STM32系列处理器作为主控芯片,MPU6050三轴加速度集和三轴陀螺仪惯性测量单元、磁力计等传感器用于姿态信息检测. 本文中传感器使用结构简单的数字接口对数据进行交换,运用模块化的思想对系统进行设计. 使用PID控制算法进行姿态角的闭环控制,最终实验结果表明,在实验平台上四旋翼飞行器飞行效果稳定,系统满足四旋翼飞行器飞行姿态控制的要求.     

高超声速飞行器神经网络动态逆姿态控制器设计

以一类通用高超声速飞行器纵向模型为研究对象,推导了飞行器纵向姿态运动方程。考虑受到飞行器附加攻角扰动以及气动参数不确定性的影响,对运动方程中速率变化快慢不同的攻角和俯仰速率分别引入精确线性化动态逆反馈,并利用神经网络对系统逆反馈误差进行补偿,有效地抑制了模型参数摄动,实现了对攻角指令的精确跟踪。将设计的控制器对高超声速非线性模型进行系统闭环仿真,仿真结果说明所设计的姿态控制器具有抗参数摄动的性能,能够满足高超声速飞行器复杂飞行条件下的姿态控制要求,具有较强的鲁棒性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.