聚合条件对合成聚1-丁烯热塑性弹性体的影响

以1-丁烯(B t)为原料,负载钛(简称Ti)-三异丁基铝(简称Al)为催化体系,用本体聚合法合成了聚1-丁烯(PBt)热塑性弹性体(TPE)。考察了聚合条件对PBt TPE的影响,并用差示扫描量热法对聚合物进行了分析。结果表明,随着氢气压力的升高,单体转化率、催化效率呈下降趋势;随着Al/Ti(摩尔比)的增加,转化率和催化效率先升高后降低;随着Ti/Bt(摩尔比)的增加,转化率和催化效率逐渐升高;随着聚合温度的升高,转化率和催化效率先升高后降低;在氢气压力为0.2 MPa、Al/Ti为300、Ti/Bt为2×10-5、反应温度为30℃的聚合条件下,合成出转化率为80.0%的PBt TPE。随着氢气压力的升高,聚合物的特性黏数([η])和全同立构质量分数都呈下降趋势,氢气压力能较好地调节聚合物的相对分子质量;随着Al/Ti的增加,[η]逐渐下降,全同立构质量分数变化不明显;随着Ti/Bt的增加,[η]先升高后降低,最后趋于平稳,而全同立构质量分数略有降低后趋于平稳;随着聚合温度的升高,[η]和全同立构质量分数都呈下降趋势。反应温度为40℃时,PBt TPE的结晶度最高,为20.3%。     

负载钛催化丁烯-1本体聚合研究

研究了负载钛催化丁烯-1本体聚合的聚合规律,考察了聚合条件对转化率和聚合物性能的影响。实验结果表明采用负载钛催化剂本体聚合的方法合成的聚丁烯-1是一种热塑性弹性体,本反应适合采用反应挤出工艺方法,较佳的聚合条件为:n(Ti)/n(Bt)=2×10-5,n(Al)/n(Ti)=200,t=40℃。     

TiCl_4/MgCl_2-AlEt_3体系合成聚1-丁烯

以负载钛体系(简称Ti)为主催化剂,三乙基铝(简称Al)为助催化剂,加氢汽油为溶剂,用溶液聚合法合成了聚1-丁烯。研究了n(Ti)/n(Bt)、n(Al)/n(Ti)、反应温度、反应时间对转化率、催化效率、聚合物的特性粘数[η]及其全同立构含量的影响。结果表明,随n(Ti)/n(Bt)增加,转化率和催化效率都不断提高;随n(Al)/n(Ti)增加、反应温度升高,转化率和催化效率呈先上升后下降趋势;随n(Al)/n(Ti)、n(Ti)/n(Bt)增大和反应温度的升高,特性粘数逐渐下降,但其对全同立构含量影响较小。     

含内给电子体的负载钛催化剂催化1-丁烯本体聚合

以Al(i-Bu)3(简称Al)为助催化剂,采用含有内给电子体的负载钛催化剂(简称Ti)体系催化1-丁烯(Bt)本体聚合,合成了聚1-丁烯热塑性弹性体(PB-TPE),考察了Al/Ti(摩尔比)、聚合温度对转化率、产物全同结构含量和力学性能的影响,研究了产物的结晶行为和微观结构。结果表明,随着Al/Ti的增加,聚合产物的全同结构含量先升高后降低,当Ti/Bt(摩尔比)为3×10-5、Al/Ti为400时,全同结构质量分数可达到80%;随聚合温度的升高单体的转化率增大,在40℃时,转化率达86%,但全同结构含量明显降低。PB-TPE的玻璃化转变温度为-23.10℃,熔点为111.28℃,结晶度为29%。采用含内给电子体的Ti合成的PB-TPE的全同结构含量和结晶度较不含内给电子体的Ti合成的PB-TPE高,从而使其拉伸强度达14MPa。     

负载钛-三异丁基铝体系催化苯乙烯聚合Ⅰ.聚合条件对苯乙烯聚合的影响

考察了负载钛(简称Ti)-三异丁基铝(简称Al)催化体系聚合条件对苯乙烯(St)聚合的影响.实验表明随着n(Al)/n(Ti)的增加,催化剂效率先升高后降低,最高为12 kg/(mol·h).随着聚合温度升高,催化剂效率逐渐升高,但增幅逐渐减缓.最佳聚合条件St初始浓度为5 mol/L,Ti浓度为1.3 mmol/L,n(Al)/n(Ti)为30,聚合温度为60℃;同时,聚合物的相对分子质量和全同立构含量均随n(Al)/n(Ti)和聚合温度升高而降低,全同立构含量可通过调节n(Al)/n(Ti),使之在40.4%～90.0%.     

钛系催化剂陈化方式和条件对合成高乙烯基聚丁二烯橡胶的影响

本工艺以Ti(OC4H9)4-Al(i-C4H9)3为催化剂合成乙烯基聚丁二烯，采用催化剂陈化方式，考察了陈化温度和时间等条件对聚合的影响。结果表明，本体系高温陈化后可提高催化活性，降低Al用量；Ti－Bd－Al三元陈化的催化活性高于Ti－Al二元陈化；最佳陈化条件为n（Ti）：n（Bd）：n（Al）＝1：20：20，70℃陈化1h；与未陈化和低温陈化聚合的产物相比，高温陈化产品的分子量和1，2－结构含量较高，凝胶含量较低。     

陈化对1-丁烯聚合的影响

采用自制的TiCl4／MgCl2-Al（i-Bu）3负载钛催化体系合成了聚1-丁烯热塑性弹性体。在250~500mL聚合瓶中研究了陈化对1-丁烯聚合的影响规律,考察了催化剂摩尔比、陈化与否、陈化温度和陈化时间对单体转化率的影响。结果表明：当n（Al）／n（Ti）较低时陈化可显著提高1-丁烯转化率;当n（Al）／n（Ti）较高时对提高单体转化率效果不明显,与不陈化的情况无明显差别;相同n（Al）／n（Ti）、n（Ti）／n（1-丁烯）,陈化时间均为10min时,陈化温度为30℃时单体转化率最高;2h以内陈化时间对单体转化率无明显影响,继续延长陈化时间则单体转化率下降较快。     

TiCl4／MgCl2-AIEt3体系合成聚1-丁烯

以负载钛体系（简称Ti）为主催化剂,三乙基铝（简称Al为助催化剂,加氢汽油为溶剂,用溶液聚合法合成了聚1-丁烯。研究了n（Ti）／n（Bt）、n（Al）／n（Ti）、反应温度、反应时间对转化率、催化效率、聚合物的特性粘数[η]及其全同立构含量的影响。结果表明,随n（Ti）／n（Bt）增加,转化率和催化效率都不断提高;随n（Al）／n（Ti）增加、反应温度升高,转化率和催化效率呈先上升后下降趋势;随n（Al）／n（Ti）、n（Ti）／n（Bt）增大和反应温度的升高,特性粘数逐渐下降,但其对全同立构含量影响较小。     

负载钛-三乙基铝体系催化异戊二烯聚合

以负载钛(TiCl4/MgCl2)为主催化剂、三乙基铝为助催化剂催化异戊二烯聚合,研究了n(Ti)/n(Ip)、n(Al)/n(Ti)及温度等对单体转化率和催化效率的影响。采用FTIR和1H-NMR对聚合产物的微观结构进行测试表征,DSC测定聚合产物的熔点和结晶度。结果表明,所得聚合产物为反式-1,4-结构摩尔分数达98%的异戊橡胶;聚合体系的单体转化率随n(Ti)/n(Ip)的增大而升高,催化效率则先升高后降低;随n(Al)/n(Ti)和聚合温度的增大,催化效率和单体转化率均先升高后降低,最佳n(Al)/n(Ti)值为110~120,最佳聚合温度为20~25℃。     

负载TiCl3(OC4H9)催化剂引发异戊二烯聚合研究

以负载TiCl3(OC4H9)催化剂引发异戊二烯聚合,研究n(Al):n(Ti)、n(Ti):n(IP)、聚合温度及聚合工艺对聚合活性的影响,以FT-IR表征了聚合物结构。结果表明:在n(Al):n(Ti)=80时催化剂具有最高的催化活性,随着n(Ti):n(IP)升高聚合转化率升高,低温预聚有利于催化效率增加。聚合所得产物为β晶型的反1,4-聚异戊二烯结晶聚合物。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。