使用热泵的地热水供热系统

目前普遍存在地热水不合理使用现象，文中介绍使用热泵和回灌的新型地热水供热系统及热力计算，认为可解决地热水浪费和地热供热事业可持续发展问题。     

地热水回灌井内换热新技术

当前地热水开采使用中浪费水资源与热能的现象不容忽视。文章介绍使用回灌井和井内换热器的新型地热不供热系统,对解决地热水浪和地热供热事业可持续发展具有现实意义。     

地热水高温热泵及风机盘管系统的优化

针对60～85℃地热水的高温热泵及风机盘管供热空调系统,建立系统模型的目标函数;采用MATLAB软件求解出满足约束条件下的各级温度参数以及地热水第一、二级利用的最佳回水温度;从理论上分析了负荷侧供水温度对高温热泵价格和性能系数的影响。     

发展地热供暖的循环经济

抽取地热水到地面，经换热器放出热量给室内供暖循环系统，放热后的地热水再回到地下循环。实现循环供热必须有两个前提条件：一是地热资源供应能实现持续循环；二是市场运作能实现经济循环，目前在中国有地热资源的地区已经得到市场的认可。中国有地热资源的地区与巨大的供热市场相结合可以有许多开拓地热供暖的机会。随着地面辐射地板采暖等相关技术的实施，使更多温度较低的地热资源有机会得到利用，以实现有回灌系统的地热供暖循环经济的形成和发展。     

北京圣世苑培训中心地热热泵供暖系统研究

该系统充分利用现有的地热井(69℃，120t／h)，采用高温水源热泵的供暖技术，解决了15万m’供暖面积的基本需求。本设计方案旨在彻底解决原有供热系统中地热尾水的余热不能充分合理利用，以及地热水排放温度过高等问题，从而达到节能、环保、节约运行费用的目的。     

冰岛低温地热水供热系统碳酸钙沉积的成因

借助化学模型ＷＡＴＣＨ及ＶＤＡＴＡ程序，研究了冰岛低温地热水供热系统的碳酸钙沉积现象。结果表明，在地热水中允许存在一定的碳酸钙过饱和度，而不发生碳酸钙垢的沉积。饱和指数０．２７为冰岛低温地热水中允许的碳酸钙过饱和度。即地热水中可以含有１．９倍理论量的碳酸钙。研究还发现，深层地热水与地表水的共混是导致本研究工作中Ｈｒｉｓｅｙ５号地热井碳酸钙高度过饱和，进一步引起碳酸钙沉积发生的主要原因     

高效利用地热水的系统型式及其经济分析

讨论了解决当前地热水严重浪费问题的几种技术方案。分析了三种系统型式：用于普通热水锅炉给水的系统；有蒸气锅炉和溴化锂吸收式热泵的复合系统；有电动蒸汽压缩式热泵的系统。证明地热水供热系统中使用热泵具有节能与经济意义。     

关于五龙背地热水结垢问题的探讨

地热水结垢是影响地热直接利用系统正常运行的重要问题之一。五龙背地热田的多眼热水井均存在不同程度的结垢问题，本文分析了五龙背地热田的水文地质条件，以及地热水水质对结垢的影响因素及趋势，结合实际提出若干防垢措施。     

水源热泵和地热在住宅小区中的综合应用

在我国,地热资源比较丰富,地热井出水温度一般高达80°C以上,可直接供室内采暧,但此方案存在以下缺陷.首先,由于地热井出水量的限制,使采暖面积受到制约.其次地热水经过系统循环后直接排放,能源利用率低,且由于地热水水质原因造成系统设备及管路大量腐蚀,提高了供热成本.为解决上述问题,我公司开发了SBLGR-134a系列机组.     

爱达荷州哈格曼峡谷花圃

温室位于斯涅克河沿岸。花圃利用2眼地热井。1眼井深约150m，温度41℃，流量25m^3／S。另1眼井深约300m，流量16m^3／s，温度约55℃。温室于1970年开始运行，1974年钻成41℃的地热井后，该温室改用地热供热。目前有20座温室，每座约500m^2，地热水进行梯级利用。55℃     

Thermal analysis of indirect geothermal district heating systems

Low- and moderate-temperature geothermal resources have been discovered in many areas of the world, and are being used increasingly for district heating. Due to the corrosive action of some geothermal waters, heat exchangers are used to avoid circulating the geothermal fluid directly through the district heating systems, in what are called Indirect Geothermal District Heating Systems (IGDHS). In this case, the geothermal water acts as a heat source directly heating the network fluid through a heat exchanger. However, it is different from that of conventional systems in which hot water from a fossil fuel boiler is used directly. In the former (IGDHS), the geothermal water is regarded as a heat source with constant temperature, and in the latter the boiler is considered a heat source with variable heat flux. This paper presents a thermal analysis of a simple IGDHS, and discusses the selection of heat exchangers and optimum operating conditions.     

校园地热源采暖方案的探讨

介绍了西安工程技术学院新校区已经建成的一期建设工程的地热源供暖系统的设计方案和流程及其运行情况。对新校区今后还将建设的6万m~2建筑供暖的设计方案进行了探讨,方案准备采用在原有的地热井基础上加新地热井和在原有的地热井基础上增加水源热泵的两种地热源供暖,在与燃用天然气热水锅炉和集中供热方案进行经济性比较后发现,增加新地热井方案的经济性最好,结合水源热泵方案经济性也较好。最后进一步提出了两种地热源供暖系统方案的具体设想。     

地热水作为低温辐射供暖热源的特点及节能效果

结合工程实践，针对以地热一次回水作为热源进行地板辐射供暖的特点及其节能效果进行论述和评价。     

Geothermal rice drying unit in Kotchany, Macedonia

A geothermal field in Kotchany (Macedonia) has very advantageous characteristics for direct application purposes. Low content of minerals, moderate temperature (78°C) and substantial available geothermal water flow (up to 300 l/s) enabled the establishment of a district heating scheme comprising mainly agricultural and industrial uses.A rice drying unit of 10 t/h capacity was installed 8 years ago, using the geothermal water as the primary heat source. A temperature drop of 75/50°C enables the adaptation of conventional drying technology, already proven in practice in the surrounding rice growing region. Water to air heat exchanger and all necessary equipment and materials are of local production, made of copper and carbon steel.The use of such drying units is strongly recommended for the concrete district heating scheme because it offers a very simple geothermal application and enables improvement in the annual heating load factor without high investments in geothermal water distribution lines.     

Geothermal energy in Turkey: the sustainable future

Turkey is an energy importing nation with more than half of our energy requirements met by imported fuels. Air pollution is becoming a significant environmental concern in the country. In this regard, geothermal energy and other renewable energy sources are becoming attractive solution for clean and sustainable energy future for Turkey. Turkey is the seventh richest country in the world in geothermal energy potential. The main uses of geothermal energy are space heating and domestic hot water supply, greenhouse heating, industrial processes, heat pumps and electricity generation. The district heating system applications started with large-scale, city-based geothermal district heating systems in Turkey, whereas the geothermal district heating centre and distribution networks have been designed according to the geothermal district heating system (GDHS) parameters. This constitutes an important advantage of GDHS investments in the country in terms of the technical and economical aspects. In Turkey, approximately 61,000 residences are currently heated by geothermal fluids. A total of 665 MW_t is utilized for space heating of residential, public and private property, and 565,000 m² of greenhouses. The proven geothermal heat capacity, according to data from existing geothermal wells and natural discharges, is 3132 MWt. Present applications have shown that geothermal energy is clean and much cheaper compared to the other fossil and renewable energy sources for Turkey.     

油区地热能综合利用方案分析——以福山油田为例*

油田区域地热资源十分丰富,并且存在大量的用热需求。在油田地区综合开发地热能,不仅可以解决油田伴热、社区供暖/制冷等问题,还可以降低环境污染,减少二氧化碳的排放,有利于油田的持续稳定发展。基于海南福山油田的地热资源条件及用能需求,将油田生产伴热、热泵尾水升温和地热驱动吸收式制冷技术相结合,设计了多种油田地热能综合利用方案,并计算比较了各个方案的经济收益,进一步分析了地热水温度和流量对各个方案适用性的影响,研究结果可为其他油田区域地热资源的综合开发利用提供参考。     

Barriers and enablers to geothermal district heating system development in the United States

According to the US Energy Information Administration, space and hot water heating represented about 20% of total US energy demand in 2006. Given that most of this demand is met by burning natural gas, propane, and fuel oil, an enormous opportunity exists for directly utilizing indigenous geothermal energy as a cleaner, nearly emissions-free renewable alternative. Although the US is rich in geothermal energy resources, they have been frequently undervalued in America's portfolio of options as a means of offsetting fossil fuel emissions while providing a local, reliable energy source for communities. Currently, there are only 21 operating GDHS in the US with a capacity of about 100 MW thermal. Interviews with current US district heating operators were used to collect data on and analyze the development of these systems. This article presents the current structure of the US regulatory and market environment for GDHS along with a comparative study of district heating in Iceland where geothermal energy is extensively utilized. It goes on to review the barriers and enablers to utilizing geothermal district heating systems (GDHS) in the US for space and hot water heating and provides policy recommendations on how to advance this energy sector in the US.     

公共建筑储热式地热供暖系统多目标协同优化

储热技术是解决办公建筑地热供暖系统供需难以良好匹配及提高地热能利用率的有效手段之一,然而储热装置的引入将增加供暖系统的投资与维护成本,在一定程度上使系统发展受限。以位于河北省沧州地区的某办公建筑为研究对象,构建了储热式地热供暖系统模型,以综合成本、地热能利用率与碳排放量为优化目标,对系统设备选型及运行策略开展协同优化设计。研究表明,与基准系统相比,增设储热水箱可以明显改善地热供暖系统的性能;合理地控制储热水箱储、放热与热泵机组运行是降低系统成本与碳排放量、提高地热能利用率的关键。在此基础上,确定了储热式地热供暖系统的最优运行策略以及对应的设备选型优化参数。最优运行策略下相较于基准系统综合成本降低30.24%,日均地热能利用率提高11.12%,碳排放量减少46.65%。     

Low-temperature geothermal energy use in Iceland

The results are given of a recent survey of the utilization of geothermal energy produced in low-temperature areas in Iceland. About 70% of Icelanders enjoyed geothermal district heating in 1979 and in the next 3–5 years this percentage should increase to about 80%. Most of the district heating systems receive hot water from low-temperature (reservoir temperature less than 150°C) geothermal areas. In late 1980 the thermal power above 15°C used for district heating amounted to 850 MW while the total low-temperature use was about 950 MW-thermal.     

Design and performance of direct heat exchange geothermal district heating schemes

A variety of geothermal district heating scheme designs have been studied, differences of configuration have been identified and the design principles used to obtain maximum geothermal heat supply have been defined. The main principle is that return temperatures to the heat exchange must be as low as possible and to achieve this the network must be operated with variable temperature and flow in response to fluctuating demands. The location of back-up boilers, the type of sub-station and the inclusion of domestic water heating normally have small effects on performance. However, in some cases, water heating can have a detrimental effect.