Adaptive algorithms for signal processing in multichannel receiving systems with antenna arrays

An analytic review of adaptive algorithms for signal processing in multichannel receiving systems with antenna arrays is presented. Adaptive algorithms for detection of a desired signal in the presence of intense interferences with arbitrary laws of time modulation are synthesized and their efficiency is analyzed.     

Adaptive antenna arrays for the reverse link of CDMA cellularcommunication systems

The use of an antenna array in the reverse link of cellular communication systems is proposed. A recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm is used to adjust the weight coefficients of the array. The improvement in performance is quantified by comparison with the omnidirectional antenna system using realistic simulations     

Adaptive antenna arrays for weak interfering signals

The performance of adaptive antenna arrays in the presence of weak interfering signals (below noise level) is studied. It is shown that conventional adaptive arrays are unable to suppress such interfering signals. To overcome this problem, the feedback loops controlling the array weights are modified. In the modified feedback loops, the noise level in the feedback loops is reduced by reducing the correlation between the noise components of the two inputs to the loop correlator. Two techniques to decorrelate these noise components are discussed. It is shown that adaptive arrays with the modified feedback loops provide the desired interference suppression. An expression is given for the amount of noise decorrelation required to achieve a specified interference suppression.     

Adaptive power loading with BER-constraint for OFDM systems

for optimal BER and power distributions are derived in this article. Simulation results indicate the superiority of the proposed algorithm in terms of BER performance and algorithmic complexity.     

Diversity gain for cdma systems equipped with antenna arrays

If the angular spread is not zero, the diversity gain can be achieved in the antenna-array reception. In order to achieve the diversity gain, we propose a beamforming method that utilizes two beamforming weight vectors and apply this beamforming technique to code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems equipped with antenna arrays under a time-varying multipath-fading channel environment. In the proposed beamforming method, the channel vector has been estimated using two basis vectors that span the signal subspace. Since the proposed beamforming method utilizes two-dimensional (2D) signal subspace, it provides better performance than the conventional beamforming method, which utilizes one-dimensional signal subspace. Through simulation results, we can see that the performance is improved as the angular spread gets larger.     

Adaptive antenna systems

A system consisting of an antenna array and an adaptive processor can perform filtering in both the space and the frequency domains, thus reducing the sensitivity of the signal-receiving system to interfering directional noise sources. Variable weights of a signal processor can be automatically adjusted by a simple adaptive technique based on the least-mean-squares (LMS) algorithm. During the adaptive process an injected pilot signal simulates a received signal from a desired "look" direction. This allows the array to be "trained" so that its directivity pattern has a main lobe in the previously specified look direction. At the same time, the array processing system can reject any incident noises, whose directions of propagation are different from the desired look direction, by forming appropriate nulls in the antenna directivity pattern. The array adapts itself to form a main lobe, with its direction and bandwidth determined by the pilot signal, and to reject signals or noises occurring outside the main lobe as well as possible in the minimum mean-square error sense. Several examples illustrate the convergence of the LMS adaptation procedure toward the corresponding Wiener optimum solutions. Rates of adaptation and misadjustments of the solutions are predicted theoretically and checked experimentally. Substantial reductions in noise reception are demonstrated in computer-simulated experiments. The techniques described are applicable to signal-receiving arrays for use over a wide range of frequencies.     

OFDM系统中采用自适应天线阵列的下行分组调度算法研究和性能比较

基于OFDM下行系统,提出并比较了自适应天线阵列和分组调度算法结合的三种方式:(1)分组调度选择用户,自适应天线服务用户;(2)自适应天线参与选择用户,并且服务用户;(3)空分方式选择用户,自适应天线服务用户.仿真结果显示自适应天线阵列可以明显提高小区吞吐率等指标,并且(2)和(3)的性能优于(1).     

Adaptive antenna arrays and equalization techniques for highbit-rate QAM receivers

Adaptive antenna arrays provide wireless communication systems with larger service capacity and higher link quality through frequency reuse and cochannel-interference rejection. In practice, the propagation environment is nonideal with shadowing, severe stationary, and fast multipath fading. In this paper, the combination of adaptive antenna arrays and equalization techniques is employed to achieve reliable high-bit-rate wireless communications in a multipath, multiinterferer environment. A low-complexity receiver structure is investigated for the feasibility of portable wireless communications applications. The performance of the proposed receiver is analyzed in both outdoor and indoor multipath conditions. The simulations show that, although the adaptive beamformer is capable of cancelling long-delayed multipath reflections in the outdoor environment within its degrees of freedom, the adaptive equalizer is mandatory to compensate for the residual of the outdoor environment or the short-delayed multipath reflections of the indoor environment to achieve a high-quality link and high data rate. The digital circuits of the proposed receiver are estimated to perform 50 billion operations per second (GOPS) of digital signal processing functions, and the gate count is estimated to be 100 000 for a custom integrated circuit implementation     

Noncoherent MLSE in DS-CDMA wireless systems with antenna arrays

This paper addresses the noncoherent detection problem for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) signals in the presence of antenna arrays at the base station. An ideal open-loop power control, which compensates for the long-term variations due to path loss and shadowing experienced by the mobile users, is assumed. Then, the noncoherent maximum-likelihood sequence-estimation problem is analyzed under the assumption of spatially white interference. The contribution of this paper is to extend previous results obtained by the author in for the case of multiantenna receivers, including the derivation and analysis of two suboptimal detectors based on an approximate maximization of the transmitted symbols likelihood. The first detector works as a traditional squared envelope combiner, which fully exploits the K diversity degrees provided by the multiple antenna system. In the second case, the receiver assumes a perfect knowledge of antenna response vector, so that spatial filtering of the received signal is made possible. Simulation and theoretical results are provided for a widely used circular ring of scatterers spatial channel model, which allows analysis in a wide range of different environmental conditions.     

A comparison of two systems for downlink communication with basestation antenna arrays

We compare the performance of the downlink of two systems with antenna arrays at the base stations. One system uses a third of the available spectrum per cell 1/3, but reuses the channels three times within each cell. The other system reuses all the spectrum in all cells 1/1, but does not reuse channels within a cell. Thus, the maximum number of users in the two systems is the same. In order to account for the interference, the 1/3 system directs antenna pattern nulls against same cell cochannel users, while the 1/1 system directs nulls against cochannel users in other cells. The performances of the two systems are compared as a function of the azimuth angular width (seen from the base) of the multipaths generated at the mobile, using simulations and analytical derivations. The results herein indicate that the system with 1/1 reuse has a higher performance than the system with 1/3 reuse if fast intercell handover is used or if high dynamic range power control, nulling and synchronization is employed     

Comparison of downlink transmission strategies for distributed antenna systems with multi-antenna arrays

In multi-user distributed antenna systems(DAS),the scenario where each distributed antenna port is a multi-antenna array has not been comprehensively studied.In this article,four simple extended methods for downlink transmission are analyzed and compared in this scenario,two of which are based on the block diagonalization(BD) algorithm,namely joint BD and intra BD method.The other two methods are joint time division multiplexing(TDM) method and central antenna system(CAS) method.These four methods are evalu...     

Adaptive antenna arrays for reducing the delay spread in indoorradio channels

The performance in terms of channel delay-spread reduction resulting from the use of adaptive antenna arrays are evaluated in a typical indoor environment. The propagation channel is simulated by means of a 3-D ray-tracing program. The impact of the geometric structure of the arrays as well as of the system bit-rate is discussed     

A spatial-temporal decorrelating receiver for CDMA systems withbase-station antenna arrays

We investigate multiuser signal detection with a base-station antenna array for a synchronous DS-CDMA uplink using nonorthogonal codes in Rayleigh fading channels. We have developed a new formulation for a spatial-temporal decorrelating detector using the maximum-likelihood criteria. The detector is shown to be near-far resistant. We propose to implement the spatial-temporal decorrelating receiver iteratively by applying the space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm. Simulation results show that the SAGE-based decorrelating receiver significantly outperforms the conventional single-user receiver and with performance close to that of a spatial-temporal decorrelating receiver with known channel parameters. We have observed that adding base-station antennas can actually improve convergence of the proposed iterative receiver     

A semiblind method for transmit antenna arrays in CDMA systems

Using a transmit antenna array (TAA), the downlink beamforming is able to improve the performance of wireless communication systems. We propose a semiblind downlink beamforming method based on channel reciprocity of the wireless channels for code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems equipped with TAA. In the proposed semiblind method, it is shown that the feedback delay can result in performance degradation under a time-varying fading channel environment. Hence, the performance of the semiblind method is satisfactory only when the maximum Doppler frequency is low or the feedback delay is not significant. To overcome this difficulty, the channel prediction is considered. Using the channel predictor, the semiblind method can provide a reasonable performance for a moderate maximum Doppler frequency (about a few hundred hertz). For theoretical performance analysis, upper, and lower bounds of the bit error probability under a fading channel environment are derived     

Efficient detectors for MIMO-OFDM systems under spatial correlation antenna arrays

This work analyzes the performance of implementable detectors for the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique under specific and realistic operation system conditions, including antenna correlation and array configuration. A time-domain channel model was used to evaluate the system performance under realistic communication channel and system scenarios, including different channel correlation, modulation order, and antenna array configurations. Several MIMO-OFDM detectors were analyzed for the purpose of achieving high performance combined with high capacity systems and manageable computational complexity. Numerical Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the channel selectivity effect, while the impact of the number of antennas, adoption of linear against heuristic-based detection schemes, and the spatial correlation effect under linear and planar antenna arrays are analyzed in the MIMO-OFDM context.     

Adaptive resource allocation for multiaccess MIMO/OFDM systems with matched filtering

In this letter, we propose an adaptive resource-allocation algorithm for multiaccess multiple-input multiple-output/orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems. The proposed algorithm endeavors to maximize the system power efficiency, given that the users' quality of service (QoS) requirements, specified by bit-error rate and data rate, are satisfied. Subcarrier allocation, power distribution, and modulation for multiple users are jointly optimized according to users' channel states and QoS requirements. To avoid the joint optimization of resource allocation and beamforming, matched-filter-based receivers are employed at the base station, with cochannel interference being mitigated through dynamic subchannel allocation. A neighborhood search scheme is further developed to obtain a good allocation solution with reasonable computational efforts. Our results show that the proposed algorithm is able to achieve significant enhancement in the system power efficiency due to the successful exploitation of multiuser diversity, as well as channel variations in the time, frequency, and space domains.     

A linear receiver for direct-sequence spread-spectrummultiple-access systems with antenna arrays and blind adaptation

A linear receiver for direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access communication systems under the aperiodic random sequence model is considered. The receiver consists of the conventional matched filter followed by a tapped delay line with the provision of incorporating the use of antenna arrays. It has the ability of suppressing multiple-access interference (MAI) and narrowband interference in some weighted proportions, as well as combining multipath components without explicit estimation of any channel conditions. Under some specific simplified channel models, the receiver reduces to the minimum variance distortionless response beamformer, the RAKE receiver, a notch filter, or an MAI suppressor. The interference rejection capability is made possible through a suitable choice of weights in the tapped delay line. The optimal weights can be obtained by straightforward but computationally complex eigenanalysis. In order to reduce the computational complexity, a simple blind adaptive algorithm is also developed     

Mutual information assessment of LOS MIMO systems with reconfigurable antenna arrays

In presence of line-of-sight （LOS） propagation, multiple-input multiple-output （MIMO） systems can achieve maximum capacity over the whole signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） region by deploying reconfigurable antenna arrays. In this paper, the moment generating function （MGF） formulas of the mutual information （MI） is obtained for LOS MIMO systems with reconfigurable arrays. Then the exact expression of the mean MI is derived in an easily evaluated form. The results show an excellent match between the theoretical curves and the Monte-Carlo simulations.     

Adaptive interference suppression in multiuser wireless OFDMsystems using antenna arrays

This paper considers the problem of mitigating fading and interference in wireless orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) multiple access communication systems. Applications include cellular mobile radio, wireless local loop, and wireless local area networks. The effect of interchannel interference (ICI) arising from time-selective fading and frequency offsets and co-channel interference (CCI) is analyzed. A loop-timing method that enables a synchronous uplink between multiple mobile transceivers and a base-station is described. Adaptive antenna arrays are utilized at the base for uplink reception, and optimum array combining based on the maximum SINR criterion is used for each subchannel over slowly time-varying channels. For operation over fast time-varying channels, a novel two-stage adaptive array architecture that incorporates combined spatial diversity and constraint-based beamforming is presented. While ICI alone is most effectively overcome by spatial diversity, combined beamforming and diversity are most effective to combat CCI in the presence of fading. The overall method is suitable for real-time implementation and can be used in conjunction with traditional coding schemes to increase the link-margin     

单天线功率受限的自适应调制V-BLAST系统

提出了一种在单天线峰值瞬时功率和总平均功率都受限条件下的改进注水法和离散调制的比特、功率分配方法,并应用于自适应调制V-BLAST系统.如果由注水法得到的分配结果中某发射天线的瞬时功率高于峰值功率限制,就修正该天线的分配比特数和功率使之满足限制要求,剩余的功率再由注水法分配到其他天线上.仿真结果表明,提出的算法很好地满足了目标要求,而且单天线功率受限使比特率有所下降.