气-液双作用行波热声发动机的数值模拟

提出了一种兼具传统热声发动机使用寿命长和斯特林发动机功率密度高等优点的气-液双作用行波热声发动机,将3台或4台热声发动机通过注有液体的U型谐振管连成气-液耦合振荡的环路,每台发动机都能工作在比较理想的行波声场。对无负载情况和外接不同负载情况下3机或4机串联成环路的气-液双作用行波热声发动机进行了模拟计算,同时模拟分析了发动机个别参数不一致时对系统性能产生的影响。     

Effect of different working gases on the performance of a small thermoacoustic Stirling engine

The performance of a small thermoacoustic Stirling heat engine (TASHE) was investigated with three kinds of working gases experimentally and numerically. The examined performances focused on the operating frequency, onset temperature, pressure amplitude and some temperature characteristics after onset. The working frequency with nitrogen, argon and helium as the working gas was 45 Hz, 42 Hz and 130 Hz, respectively. The engine worked with helium in a much wider range of mean pressure than with nitrogen and argon. There was an optimal mean pressure for the minimum onset temperature for each working media. Using nitrogen and argon as working gas rather than helium, another optimal mean pressure for the highest pressure ratio was obtained in the experiment. The loop dimension was indispensable in determining the frequency and the highest pressure ratio was observed in the resonator cavity.     

Experimental investigation on a thermoacoustic engine having a looped tube and resonator

The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of regenerator hydraulic radius, resonator length, and mean pressure on the characteristics of the tested thermoacoustic engine, which has a looped tube and resonator. Two different acoustic oscillations are observed in the tested engine [Yu ZB, Li Q, Chen X, Guo FZ, Xie XJ, Wu JH. Investigation on the oscillation modes in a thermoacoustic stirling prime mover: mode stability and mode transition. Cryogenics 2003;43(12):687-91]. In this paper, they are called two acoustic modes, high frequency mode (with a frequency independent of the resonator length) and low frequency mode (with a frequency depending on the resonator length). Experimental results indicate that the relative penetration depth (the ratio of penetration depth over hydraulic radius) plays an important role in the excitation and pressure amplitude of the two acoustic modes. For each tested regenerator hydraulic radius, there is a measured optimal relative penetration depth, which leads to the lowest onset temperature difference. Note that, in the tested engine, the measured optimal relative viscous penetration depths are in the range 3-5 (for low frequency mode). Furthermore, experimental results also show that the resonator length affects the presence of high frequency mode in this engine.     

Design and construction of a traveling wave thermoacoustic refrigerator

A traveling wave thermoacoustic refrigerator was designed, constructed, and tested. This refrigerator was composed of a linear motor, a branched tube, and a looped tube. A regenerator, composed of many screen meshes, was installed inside the looped tube. When the linear motor delivers an acoustic wave to the branched and looped tubes, heat pumping occurs along the regenerator. In this work, the regenerator radius and position were numerically optimized and the performance of the optimized refrigerator was measured. At the optimized values of regenerator radius and position, the refrigerator achieves a minimum cold temperature of 232 K and about 20% of the Carnot coefficient of performance at 265 K.     

回热器参数对热声发动机性能影响的理论及实验研究

针对本实验室的行波热声发动机系统,研究了回热器对系统的重要作用.利用建立在线性热声理论基础上的模块化程序预测了不同回热器下系统的工作性能,并结合实验进一步分析比较了不同回热器对系统性能的影响.实验结果表明,低目数丝网填充的回热器更容易使系统起振,同时,起振温度随着工作压力的增加而降低;相同的输入功率和充气压力下,压比和加热块温度都随着目数的增大而升高;相同输入功率和目数下,压比和加热块温度随充气压力的增大而降低;丝网目数对系统频率的影响很小.     

Experimental study of a thermoacoustically-driven traveling wave thermoacoustic refrigerator

New configurations of traveling wave thermoacoustic refrigerators driven by a traveling wave thermoacoustic engine were introduced and tested in this paper. First, the performance of the refrigerator with different-diameter inertance tubes was investigated experimentally. Then, investigation of substituting a flexible membrane attached to inertial mass for inertance tube was tested. The experimental results show that the substitution could improve the efficiency of the system and lead to a larger cooling power. So far, using helium gas as the working gas, the system could provide 340 W cooling power at the temperature of −20 °C with working frequency of 57 Hz and average pressure of 3.0 MPa. The total COP, i.e., cooling power divided by heating power, is 0.16.     

带声学放大器的行波热声发动机声阻抗特性

通过分析带有声学放大器的行波热声发电系统中直线发电机的电-力-声类比图,发现直线发电机的最佳工作状态与行波热声发动机的输出声阻抗特性相关。采用DeltaEC软件计算带有声学放大器的行波热声发动机(以下简称系统)的输出声阻抗特性。计算结果发现,输出声阻抗虚部Xa为.1×107Pa·s·m^-3时,系统的最大输出声功率545.47W,最大热声转换效率为7.2%;当输出声阻抗虚部Xa在.3.9×106~.1×107Pa·s·m^-3之间变化,实部Ra在1.37×106~2.31×107Pa·s·m^-3之间时,等效位移在1.89~6mm之间变化,符合直线发电机的位移要求;结合输出声阻抗对压力与体积流率的相位差及系统工作频率的影响,发现声阻抗实部Ra应在1.37×106~2.31×107Pa·s·m^-3之间,声阻抗虚部Xa在.7.5×106~.1.0×107Pa·s·m^-3之间时,系统具有较好的工作状态。     

Experimental investigation of transient nonlinear phenomena in an annular thermoacoustic prime-mover: observation of a double-threshold effect

Thermoacoustic engines have been subjected to numerous studies for the past 10 years. Our current research is focused on the transient regime in an annular thermoacoustic prime-mover. It appears that several nonlinear phenomena can play a role in the amplification and saturation regimes. Indeed, acoustically induced conductivity, forced convection due to acoustic streaming, minor loss phenomenon, and saturation due to harmonic generation can be quoted among the others. The experiments presented here show for the first time a double-threshold phenomenon during the amplification regime. The first threshold, which corresponds to the setting of the thermoacoustic instability, is followed by a saturation regime. Then after a time delay, without any changes in the control parameters, a second threshold corresponding to an additional amplification has been observed.     

Numerical investigation on a 300 Hz pulse tube cryocooler driven by a three-stage traveling-wave thermoacoustic heat engine

A 300 Hz pulse tube cryocooler (PTC) driven by a three-stage traveling-wave thermoacoustic heat engine (TSTHE) has been proposed and studied in this paper. In the configuration, three identical thermoacoustic heat engine units are evenly incorporated in a closed traveling-wave loop, in which three pulse tube cryocoolers are connected to the branch of each thermoacoustic heat engine. Compared with the conventional thermoacoustic heat engine which involves a traveling-wave loop and a long resonator, it has advantages of compact size and potentially high thermal efficiency. A TSTHE–PTC system was designed, optimized and studied in detail based on the thermoacoustic theory. Firstly, numerical simulation was conducted to design the system thus the optimum structure parameters of the system were obtained. With the operating condition of 4 MPa mean pressure and high working frequency, a cooling power of 7.75 W at 77 K and an overall relative Carnot efficiency of 11.78% were achieved. In order to better understand the energy conversion characteristics of the system, distributions of key parameters such as acoustic work, phase difference, dynamic pressure, volume flow rate and exergy loss were presented and discussed. Then, the coupling mechanism of the system was investigated. In addition, influence of coupling position on the system performance was further studied.     

CFD simulation of a 300 Hz thermoacoustic standing wave engine

High frequency operation of standing wave thermoacoustic heat engines is attractive for space applications due to compact size and high reliability. To expedite practical use, further improvement and optimization should be based on deep understanding and quantitative analysis. This article focuses on using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate nonlinear phenomena and processes of a 300 Hz standing wave thermoacoustic engine (SWTE). The calculated model was tested in detail, which indicated that the co-axially stacked tube model was suitable for the simulation of SWTEs. Two methods of imposing temperature gradient across the stack were studied, and the processes of mean pressure increasing, pressure wave amplification and saturation were obtained under the thermal boundary condition of applying heating power. The acoustic fields were given, and the flow vortices and their evolution in both ends of the stack and resonator were observed. Moreover, a comparison between the simulation and experiments was made, which demonstrated the validity and power of the CFD simulation for characterizing complicated nonlinear phenomenon involved in the self-excited SWTEs.     

The frequency dependent regenerator cold section and hot section positional reversal in a coaxial type thermoacoustic Stirling heat pump

We have constructed and tested two travelling wave thermoacoustic heat pumps using a coaxial configuration with the regenerator positioned in the annulus. We discovered a frequency dependent positional reversal of the cold section and hot section of the regenerator within the test frequency range. By decomposing the measured pressure wave within the annulus, we obtained the positive (w₊) and negative (w₋) propagating travelling waves. It has been revealed the change of frequency is accompanied by a change in magnitudes of w₊ and w₋ which is in part influenced by the presence of travelling wave attenuation through the regenerator. The resulting change of dominant travelling wave on a given end of the regenerator will then change the direction of thermoacoustic heat pumping at that end. This will alter the regenerator temperature distribution and may reverse the cold and hot sections of the regenerator. As the reversal does not require additional moving parts, merely a change in frequency, this feature in coaxial travelling wave devices has tremendous potential for applications which require both heating and cooling operation.     

行波热声发电系统自激振荡的非线性动力学研究

利用非线性热声网络模型建立了一种行波热声发电系统的简化动力学演化方程,考察了系统自激振荡过程。重点探究非线性热声效应的影响,并与仅考虑线性热声效应的情况进行对比。结果表明,当仅考虑线性热声效应时,振荡曲线不断增大,无法达到稳定值;而考虑非线性热声效应时,自激振荡最后达到稳定幅值。进一步研究得出,系统电机的非线性阻尼系数越大,系统稳定后的振荡幅值越小。对不同电机非线性阻尼系数时系统产生的振荡曲线作频谱分析,计算结果和实际情况相近。最后考察了回热器未达临界温度梯度时系统的自激振荡过程。     

Experimental investigation of a thermoacoustic refrigerator driven by a standing wave twin thermoacoustic prime mover

The objective of this study is to analyse the performance of thermoacoustic refrigerator (TAR) measured in terms of hot end temperature and temperature difference across refrigerator stack with two different spacing namely 0.4 mm and 0.8 mm and stack used in refrigerating section was made of low thermal conductivity materials namely Mylar sheet and photographic film & the experiments were carried out at 1 MPa pressure using helium as working fluid. High powered acoustic wave with frequency of 460 Hz and pressure amplitude of $?$0.07 MPa was obtained from twin thermoacoustic prime mover (TAPM) and this acoustic wave produced temperature difference of 16 °C across the Mylar sheet stack made of 0.4 mm spacing in refrigerator section. From this study, it has been inferred that twin TAPM can act as efficient drive for TAR.     

正交试验法在高频级联型热声发动机研究中的应用

为了研究级联型热声发动机级间运行参数组合方式对系统性能的影响，采用综合的正交试验法，以驻波级回热器热端的起振温度为例，通过正交试验极差分析和方差分析得知充气压力是最敏感的影响因素，其次是行波级的加热功率，再次是驻波级加热功率。试验表明，随着充气压力的升高，起振温度逐渐降低；随着行波级加热功率的增加，起振温度先降低后升高；随着驻波级加热功率的增加，起振温度趋于降低。正交试验法是研究多因素、多水平的一种优化试验方案的方法，采用综合的正交试验法会使试验研究更为有效。     

热声斯特林发动机热动力学特性的CFD研究——第一部分:热声自激振荡演化过程

采用商业计算流体动力学(CFD)软件Fluent6.0对热声斯特林发动机热动力学特性进行了热声自激振荡演化过程的数值模拟研究.主要研究了边界条件、初始条件和数值离散方法对模拟瞬态、可压缩、非线性的热声系统的重要影响,同时给出了两种在回热器内部建立温度梯度的方法,比较了它们对应的不同自激振荡演化过程.模拟结果表明,在高于功产生的临界温度梯度时,波动压力振幅被显著放大.本研究初步验证了该CFD研究的有效性.     

驻波热声发动机板叠温度分布的红外观察

为了深入研究热声板叠中的能量流动和分布,采用红外热像仪对自行设计搭建的驻波热声发动机板叠进行了温度场观测,重点分析了起消振过程中板叠的轴向和径向温度分布变化.实验结果表明:在起振时,板叠轴向中部的无量纲温度会出现突然升高并随之保持平稳.通过分析不同板叠安装角度下的板叠温度分布,首次发现自然对流会使起振前板叠的径向温度分...     

某型氢氧火箭发动机射前预冷改进方案试验研究

为了简化射前操作流程,提高火箭发射可靠性,开展了针对某燃气发生器循环氢氧火箭发动机的射前预冷方案改进研究。研究使用了两台真实发动机,在向下倾斜45°的试验台上进行了8次真实介质下的预冷试验,其中6次进行了模拟任务剖面的预冷和点火试验。试验表明,某型氢氧火箭发动机射前预冷由增压预冷改进为大流量自流预冷的方案是可行的,改进后预冷时间能够满足发射流程的要求,可以最大程度上避免液氧供应管路发生"间歇泉"不稳定现象。通过模拟任务剖面进行预冷试验,表明发动机点火前氢、氧系统均能达到预冷好条件,但氧涡轮端轴承后温度比改进前偏高。6次点火试验表明,改进后的射前预冷方案未对发动机点火、起动过程造成明显影响。     

液阻悬置惯性通道阻尼特性的实验与计算分析

以一轿车动力总成惯性通道型液阻悬置为研究对象,讨论了线性与非线性集总参数模型和模型中物理参数的特点及应用范围;应用流体力学有限元分析的方法,计算得到了惯性通道两端压力差与其中液体流动流量的关系,设计并制作了实验台,对计算结果进行了验证.利用惯性通道中液体流动的动量方程和惯性通道两端的压力差与其流量的关系,采用最小二乘方法,得到了惯性通道中液体流动的阻尼参数.该方法得到的阻尼参数,在较大激振频率和激振振幅范围内反应了惯性通道的阻尼特性.利用非线性的集总参数模型和本文方法得到的惯性通道阻尼特性参数,对一液阻悬置的动态特性进行了计算分析,计算结果和实验结果具有较好的一致性.     

Experimental study and discrete element method simulation of Geldart Group A particles in a small-scale fluidized bed

Geldart Group A particles are of great importance in various chemical processes because of advantages such as ease of fluidization, large surface area, and many other unique properties. It is very challenging to model the fluidization behavior of such particles as widely reported in the literature. In this study, a pseudo-2D experimental column with a width of 5 cm, a height of 45 cm, and a depth of 0.32 cm was developed for detailed measurements of fluidized bed hydrodynamics of fine particles to facilitate the validation of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling. The hydrodynamics of sieved FCC particles (Sauter mean diameter of 148 µm and density of 1300 kg/m³) and NETL-32D sorbents (Sauter mean diameter of 100 µm and density of 480 kg/m³) were investigated mainly through the visualization by a high-speed camera. Numerical simulations were then conducted by using NETL’s open source code MFIX-DEM. Both qualitative and quantitative information including bed expansion, bubble characteristics, and solid movement were compared between the numerical simulations and the experimental measurement. The cohesive van der Waals force was incorporated in the MFIX-DEM simulations and its influences on the flow hydrodynamics were studied.     

Experimental and numerical study of heavy gas dispersion in a ventilated room

In order to better evaluate the consequences of an accidental release of heavy gas, such as uranium hexafluoride (UF(6)), in some installations in the nuclear fuel cycle, an experimental and numerical study was conducted by IRSN on heavy gas dispersion in a ventilated room. This study was based on about 20 injection configurations of a large quantity of a heavy tracer gas, sulphur hexafluoride (SF(6)), inside two ventilated rooms of different sizes. Stratification of the tracer gas was detected in all the configurations studied, even at low concentrations. Numerical simulations performed with the multidimensional CFX code enabled the stratification and the concentration levels reached in the rooms to be predicted overall, and the higher the air flow rate, the more satisfactory the comparison between simulation and experiment.