A Biomimetic Transpiration Textile for Highly Efficient Personal Drying and Cooling

Efficient sweat release and heat dissipation are required for functional textiles that improve comfort and productivity while being worn in daily life. However, the porous structure of textiles exhibits an opposite effect on water transport and heat transfer capacities, leading to a longstanding bottleneck for the design of multifunctional drying and cooling textiles. Here, a biomimetic transpiration textile based on the hierarchical and interconnected network of vascular plants is demonstrated for highly efficient personal drying and cooling. The transpiration-inspired design offers a textile with distinct advantages, including a desired one-way water transport index (1072%), rapid water evaporation rate (0.36 g h⁻¹), and outstanding through-plane (0.182 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹) and in-plane (1.137 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹) thermal conductivities. Moreover, based on the optimized performance, plausible mechanisms are proposed and calculated to provide insight into the water transport and heat transfer within the hierarchical and interconnected network, which provide promising benefits to the development of multifunctional drying and cooling textiles. Overall, the successful synthesis of this biomimetic transpiration textile provides a comfortable microclimate to the human body, thus satisfying the growing demand for better health, productivity, and sustainability.     

Vapor Exchange Induced Particles-Based Sponge for Scalable and Efficient Daytime Radiative Cooling

Passive daytime radiative cooling technology (DRCT) has recently gained significant attention for its ability to achieve sub-ambient temperature without energy consumption, making it an attractive option for space cooling. The cooling performance can be further improved if radiative cooling materials also exhibit high thermal insulation performance. However, synthesizing radiative cooling materials that possess low thermal conductivity while maintaining mechanical durability remains a challenge. Here, a vapor exchange method is developed to prepare particles-based poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) sponge materials for scalable and efficient daytime radiative cooling. By tailoring the particle diameter distribution, high solar reflection (94.5%), high infrared emissivity (0.956), and low thermal conductivity (0.048 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹) are achieved, resulting in a sub-ambient cooling of 9.8 °C under direct solar irradiation. Additionally, the sponge material exhibits good mechanical durability, sustaining deformation with a strain up to 40%, making it adaptable to diverse scenarios. A radiative cooling material with mechanical durability and thermal insulation can thus pave the way for large-scale applications of DRCT.     

Hump-Inspired Hierarchical Fabric for Personal Thermal Protection and Thermal Comfort Management

Personal protection is critical for firefighters to ensure their safety in an extreme fire environment. However, conventional firefighter uniforms tend to focus on thermal protection and have the bottleneck of lacking personal thermal management. The heat stress caused by poor thermal management inevitably detriments human body health. Here, a hump-inspired hierarchical fabric (HHF) composed of hierarchical insulation structure and directional water transport is demonstrated for personal thermal protection and thermal comfort management. The results show that the HHF exhibits enhanced thermal insulation ability and endows continuous one-way liquid flow through distributed sweat-wicking channels. Compared to conventional firefighter uniform fabrics, HHF shows simultaneously low thermal conductivity (0.0192 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹) in the cross-plane direction and high breathability and moisture permeability. It is observed that the temperature and relative humidity of the simulated skin covered-HHF uniform at extreme condition (≈80 °C) are ≈20.6 °C and ≈13.6% lower than that of conventional firefighter uniforms. It is expected that the HHF fabric with exceptional thermal performance can make a significant impact on future development of advanced protection uniform for firefighters.     

Phase-Separated Polyzwitterionic Hydrogels with Tunable Sponge-Like Structures for Stable Solar Steam Generation

Solar steam generation (SSG) through hydrogel-based evaporators has shown great promise for freshwater production. However, developing hydrogel-based evaporators with stable SSG performance in high-salinity brines remains challenging. Herein, phase-separated polyzwitterionic hydrogel-based evaporators are presented with sponge-like structures comprising interconnected pores for stable SSG performance, which are fabricated by photopolymerization of sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) in water-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixed solvents. It is shown that driven by competitive adsorption, the structures of the resulting poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA) hydrogels can be readily tuned by the volume ratio of DMSO to achieve phase separation. The optimized phase-separated PSBMA hydrogels, combining the unique anti-polyelectrolyte effects of polyzwitterionic hydrogels, demonstrate a rapid water transport capability in brines. After introducing photothermal polypyrrole particles on the surface of the phase-separated PSBMA hydrogel evaporators, a stable water evaporation rate of ≈2.024 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ and high solar-to-vapor efficiency of ≈97.5% in a 3.5 wt.% brine are obtained under simulated solar light irradiation (1.0 kW m⁻²). Surprisingly, the evaporation rates remain stable even under high-intensity solar irradiation (2.0 kW m⁻²). It is anticipated that the polyzwitterionic hydrogel evaporators with sponge-like porous structures will contribute to developing SSG technology for high-salinity seawater applications.     

A Lotus-Petiole-Inspired Hierarchical Design with Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Management for Enhanced Solar Water Purification

Solar-driven vapor generation offers an affordable and sustainable approach to solve global freshwater scarcity. Creating interfacial solar evaporators capable of increasing water production rates matching human water requirements is highly desirable but challenging due to the slow water transportation dynamics and unavoidable oil-fouling. Herein, a bio-inspired lotus-petiole-mimetic microstructured graphene/poly(N-acryloyl glycinamide) solar evaporator with integrated hydrophilic and hydrophobic microregions is developed. Through accurate control of the supramolecular interactions, the optimized solar evaporator incorporating unique structural features and wettability shows high light harvesting, enhanced water activation, and reduced energy demand for water vaporization, enabling a groundbreaking comprehensive performance along evaporation rate up to 3.4 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ and energy conversion efficiency of ≈93% under one sun irradiation (1 kW m⁻²). Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the abundant hydrogen bonding sites of the polymeric networks can thermodynamically modulate the escape behavior of water molecules. Notably, neither decrease in evaporation rate nor fouling on solar evaporators is observed during the prolonged purification process toward nano/submicrometer emulsions, oily brines, actual seawater, and domestic wastewater. This study provides distinctive insights into water evaporation behaviors at a molecular level and pioneers a rational strategy to design high-yield freshwater-generation systems for wastewater containing complex contaminants.     

Bioinspired Fractal Design of Waste Biomass-Derived Solar–Thermal Materials for Highly Efficient Solar Evaporation

Solar evaporation is considered a promising technology to address the issue of fresh water scarcity. Although many efforts have been directed towards increasing the solar–thermal conversion efficiency, there remain challenges to develop efficient and cost-effective solar–thermal materials from readily available raw materials. Furthermore, further structural modification of the original biomass structure, particularly at multiple length scales, are seldom reported, which may further improve the solar–thermal performance of these material systems. Herein, a novel low-cost system is developed based on a common bio-waste, pomelo peels (PPs), through a bioinspired fractal structural design strategy, fractal carbonized pomelo peels (FCPP). This FCPP system shows an extremely high solar spectrum absorption of ≈98%, and marvelous evaporation rate of 1.95 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ with a solar–thermal efficiency of 92.4%. In addition, the mechanisms of the evaporation enhancement by fractal structural design are identified by numerical and experimental methods. Moreover, using FCPP in solar desalination shows great superiority in terms of cost and its potential in sewage treatment is also studied. The present work is an insightful attempt on providing a novel proposal to develop bio-waste-derived solar–thermal materials and construct biomimetic structures for efficient solar evaporation and applications.     

Reversible Water Transportation Diode: Temperature‐Adaptive Smart Janus Textile for Moisture/Thermal Management

“Air‐conditioning” textiles with thermal‐ or moisture‐managing functions are of high interest for not only improving human comfort but also reducing energy consumption. However, making the textile sensitive to the surrounding environment and exhibit adaptive thermal/moisture management still remains a great challenge. Herein, a double‐sided synergetic Janus textile is developed, featuring reversible diode‐like water transportation and adjustable thermal convection upon temperature change. The incorporated responsive polymer networks with inverse transitions on the opposite sides provide synergistic surface energy gradients and capillary gradients that generate drying and cooling effects (with 50% faster water evaporation and 1.2–2.3 °C cooler than with cotton fabric) in hot weather while offering thermal preservation (120 s longer needed to be cooled down and maximumly 3.3 °C warmer than with cotton fabric) in a cold environment. This method could provide ideas for the development of more adaptive textiles and clothing to address maximum personal comfort in demanding situations.     

Interstitial Cu: An Effective Strategy for High Carrier Mobility and High Thermoelectric Performance in GeTe

Dense point defects can strengthen phonon scattering to reduce the lattice thermal conductivity and induce outstanding thermoelectric performance in GeTe-based materials. However, extra point defects inevitably enlarge carrier scattering and deteriorate carrier mobility. Herein, it is found that the interstitial Cu in GeTe can result in synergistic effects, which include: 1) strengthened phonon scattering, leading to ultralow lattice thermal conductivity of 0.48 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ at 623 K; 2) weakened carrier scattering, contributing to high carrier mobility of 80 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ at 300 K; 3) optimized carrier concentration of 1.22 × 10²⁰ cm⁻³. Correspondingly, a high figure-of-merit of ≈2.3 at 623 K can be obtained in the Ge_0.93Ti_0.01Bi_0.06Te-0.01Cu, which corresponds to a maximum energy conversion efficiency of ≈10% at a temperature difference of 423 K. This study systematically investigates the doping behavior of the interstitial Cu in GeTe-based thermoelectric materials for the first time and demonstrates that the localized interstitial Cu is a new strategy to enhance the thermoelectric performance of GeTe-based thermoelectric materials.     

Fouling-Proof Cooling (FP-Cool) Fabric Hybrid with Enhanced Sweat-Elimination and Heat-Dissipation for Personal Thermal Regulation

Passive cooling fabric that facilitates sweat-wicking and evaporation is highly desirable for promoting human body's thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption. However, highly hydrophilic sweat-wicking fabric fails to repel external fouling due to the contradiction between hydrophilicity and lyophobicity. Moreover, conventional passive cooling fabrics show limited evaporation capacity when they reach the adsorption limit in intense perspiration scenarios. Herein, a fouling-proof cooling (FP-Cool) fabric with an interactive functional structure design for highly-efficient personal thermal regulation is proposed by constructing spatially distributed superoleophobic Janus channels on an optimized heat conductive superomniphobic fabric. The dominant superomniphobicity and superoleophobic Janus feature endow the outer FP-Cool fabric with durable performance (up to 3000 cycles’ abrasion) to repel oil/water-based contaminations. The Janus channels rapidly pull sweat out of the inner fabric for efficient evaporation, ensuring a dry sense of skin. The FP-Cool fabric preserves 40% higher thermal conductivity, and over 50% higher evaporation rate than conventional fabrics. In the sweat evaporation test, the FP-Cool fabric shows up to 100% reduction in sweat gain ratio to cotton fabric. The concept would have implications for intelligent textiles design, and the synthesis strategy can be applied in various applications such as oil-water separation and microfluidics control.     

Dual-Zone Photothermal Evaporator for Antisalt Accumulation and Highly Efficient Solar Steam Generation

Interfacial solar steam generation offers a promising and cost-effective way for saline water desalination. However, salt accumulation and deposition on photothermal materials during saline and brine evaporation is detrimental to the stability and sustainability of solar evaporation. Although several antisalt strategies are developed, it is difficult to simultaneously achieve high evaporation rates ( > 2.0 kg m⁻² h⁻¹) and energy efficiencies. In this study, a self-rotating photothermal evaporator with dual evaporation zones (i.e., high-temperature and low-temperature evaporation zones) is developed. This photothermal evaporator is sensitive to weight imbalance ( < 15 mg) thus is able to quickly respond to salt accumulation by rotation to refresh the evaporation surface, while the dual evaporation zones optimize the energy nexus during solar evaporation, simultaneously realizing excellent salt-resistant performance and high evaporation rate (2.6 kg m⁻² h⁻¹), which can significantly contribute to the real-world application of solar steam generation technology.     

A Bionic-Gill 3D Hydrogel Evaporator with Multidirectional Crossflow Salt Mitigation and Aquaculture Applications

In recent years, interfacial solar-driven steam generation has gained huge attention as a sustainable and energy-efficient technology. However, salt scaling on and inside the evaporator structure induced by insufficient ion distribution control will lower the evaporation performance and hinder the stability and durability of evaporators. Herein, inspired by the highly efficient salt-expelling property of the gill filaments of large yellow croaker, a bionic-gill 3D hydrogel evaporator is proposed with fabulous multidirectional ion migration controllability. A 3D structure composed of arrayed beaded hollow columns with beaded hollow holes inspired by gill filaments ensuring longitudinal ion backflow and the peristome-mimetic arrayed grooves of microcavities ensuring lateral ion advection is designed and constructed to achieve fabulous multidirectional crossflow salt ion migration, which ensures high evaporation performance for pure water (an evaporation rate of 2.53 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ with an energy efficiency of 99.3%) as well as for high salinity brine (2.11 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ for 25.0 wt.% NaCl solution), with no salt crystallizing after long-term use. Furthermore, the 3D hydrogel evaporator has excellent chemical stability, mechanical properties, folding-irrelevant evaporation performance, and portability so that it can be used for the preliminary desalination of breeding wastewater through the proposed self-circulation koi aquaculture system.     

Ni-based Plasmonic/Magnetic Nanostructures as Efficient Light Absorbers for Steam Generation

Solar steam generation technologies have gained increasing attention due to their great potential for clean water generation with low energy consumption. The rational design of a light absorber that can maximize solar energy utilization is therefore of great importance. Here, the synthesis of Ni@C@SiO₂ core–shell nanoparticles as promising light absorbers for steam generation by taking advantage of the plasmonic excitation of Ni nanoparticles, the broadband absorption of carbon, and the protective function and hydrophilic property of silica is reported. The nanoparticle-based evaporator shows an excellent photothermal efficiency of 91.2%, with an evaporation rate of 1.67 kg m⁻² h⁻¹. The performance can be further enhanced by incorporating the nanoparticles into a polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel to make a composite film. In addition, utilizing the magnetic property of the core–shell particles allows the creation of surface texture in the film by applying an external magnetic field, which helps increase surface roughness and further boost the evaporation rate to as high as 2.25 kg m⁻² h⁻¹.     

Eco-Friendly Transparent Silk Fibroin Radiative Cooling Film for Thermal Management of Optoelectronics

Although transparent radiative cooling is a passive cooling strategy with practical applications and aesthetic appeal, complex manufacturing processes and the use of environmentally unfriendly thermal emitters remain latent problems. Herein, eco-friendly transparent silk radiative cooling (TSRC) films are developed, regenerated from natural silkworm cocoons, for zero-energy-consumption thermal management of optoelectronic devices. These TSRC films can dissipate heat radiatively through molecular vibrations of the protein backbone and side chains, while retaining the function and appearance of the associated devices, due to their high visible transparency. Theoretical and experimental investigations revealed that the thermal emission increases rapidly upon increasing the film thickness, but slowly thereafter achieves saturation; nevertheless, the intrinsic solar absorption of silk in the ultraviolet and near-infrared regions also grows linearly, unavoidably weakening the cooling effect. After spectroscopic optimization, the maximum cooling power during the daytime and nighttime is improved to 77.6 and 101.7 W m⁻², respectively. Gratifyingly, the films have a remarkable effect on the cooling performance of electronic devices under sunlight. For example, the TSRC film provides a temperature drop of 5.1 °C for a smartphone during multitasking and charging, and 14 °C for a silicon solar panel with an improvement in the photoelectronic conversion efficiency (≈7%).     

2D-Layered Manganese Perovskite with High Mobility

2D perovskite is an organic–inorganic hybrid material with good photoelectric properties, generally prepared by using organic groups as isolation molecules. In this study, using manganese chloride and potassium halide as raw materials, all-inorganic 2D lead-free perovskites are prepared by the Bridgeman melting and cooling method. Different from the 2D perovskites synthesized by organic spacer molecules, the prepared all-inorganic 2D perovskites have smaller layer spacings and good crystallization performance due to the use of potassium halide as spacer molecules. They are direct bandgap semiconductors and their energy bandgaps are tuned by the different types of potassium halides. High degree orientation crystal thin films with (001) lattice plane parallel to silicon wafer substrate are prepared by double-source evaporation. The physical morphology of the films is characterized by grazing angle X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and electron diffraction. The field effect transistors prepared from these 2D films show excellent electronic characteristics. The mobility of the optimized device is ≈24 cm² v⁻¹ s⁻¹ and the on/off ratio reaches 10⁵. This study reveals the potential of lead-free manganese 2D perovskite as a high-performance perovskite field effect transistor.     

Electrical Property Enhancement in Orientation-Modulated Perovskite La-Doped SrTiO3 Thermoelectric Thin Films

Thermoelectric oxide thin films are promising in chip cooling. The issues on the orientation of thin films are essential as they are related to the structures, morphologies, and thermoelectric properties. In this regard, the orientation modulation is conducted on La-doped SrTiO₃ thin films on (LaAlO₃)_0.3(Sr₂TaAlO₆)_0.7 (LSAT) single crystal substrates. Layer-by-layer growth mode is found in (001)- and (110)- oriented thin films, resulting in few grain boundaries (GBs). In (111)-oriented films, island growth mode leads to columnar grain boundaries that build up potential barriers for electrons to be strongly scattered and filtered, suppressing electron mobility and increasing effective mass. In addition, the GBs serve as oxygen vacancy diffusion paths when annealing, causing increased carrier concentration and lattice contraction. The weighted mobility of 71.9 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ and electrical conductivity of ≈600 S cm⁻¹ are realized in the (001)-oriented film at room temperature. Ultimately, outstanding power factor values of ≈569 µW m⁻¹ K⁻² (room temperature) and ≈791 µW m⁻¹ K⁻² (573 K) are successfully achieved, outperforming those in polycrystalline ceramics and (111)-oriented films. This study systematically investigates the influence of grain boundaries and orientations on SrTiO₃-based thermoelectric films, which lays a solid foundation for improving thermoelectric performance in other oxide thin films.     

Janus Nano-Micro Structure-Enabled Coupling of Photothermal Conversion,Heat Localization and Water Supply for High-Efficiency Solar-Driven Interfacial Evaporation

Photothermal conversion, heat localization and water supply are the keys to achieving efficient solar-driven interfacial evaporation. However, effective coupling between the three aspects at the air/liquid interface remains challenging. Herein, Au@Ag-Pd trimetallic nanostructure/polystyrene (PS) microsphere Janus structures are designed as the solar absorber and thermal insulator. The Janus structures deposited on a water supply layer act as a 2D interfacial solar evaporator. The PS microsphere localizes heat at micrometer scale and enhances plasmonic absorption of the Au@Ag-Pd nanocrystals supported on the microsphere. Meanwhile, the Janus structures divide the surface of water supply layer into multiple regions with sub-micrometer depths, lowering the evaporation enthalpy. Owing to the synergic effects of these components, the evaporator realizes a solar-to-vapor conversion efficiency of 99.1% and an evaporation rate of 3.04 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ in pure water under 1 sun illumination. The efficient solar-driven evaporation can last for over 40 h. Furthermore, the solar evaporator shows high-performance seawater desalination with salt removal ratios of near 100%. This study brings new insights for controlling evaporation thermodynamics and kinetics. The Janus nano-micro structure design can be extended to other systems for various solar-thermal applications.     

Thermal Reductive Perforation of Graphene Cathode for High-Performance Aluminum-Ion Batteries

Controlling the structure of graphene-based materials with improved ion intercalation and diffusivity is crucial for their applications, such as in aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs). Due to the large size of AlCl₄⁻ ions, graphene-based cathodes have specific capacities of ≈60 to 148 mAh g⁻¹, limiting the development of AIBs. A thermal reductive perforation (TRP) strategy is presented, which converts three-layer graphene nanosheets to surface-perforated graphene materials under mild temperature (400 °C). The thermal decomposition of block copolymers used in the TRP process generates active radicals to deplete oxygen and create graphene fragments. The resultant material has a three-layer feature, in-plane nanopores, >50% expanded interlayer spacing, and a low oxygen content comparable to graphene annealed at a high temperature of ≈3000 °C. When applied as an AIB cathode, it delivers a reversible capacity of 197 mAh g⁻¹ at a current density of 2 A g⁻¹ and reaches 92.5% of the theoretical capacity predicted by density-functional theory simulations.     

Ultrafast Charging and Stable Cycling Dual-Ion Batteries Enabled via an Artificial Cathode–Electrolyte Interface

Low-cost and environment-friendly dual-ion batteries (DIBs) with fast-charging characteristics facilitate the development of high-power energy storage devices. However, the incompatibility between the cathode and electrolyte at high voltage results in low Coulombic efficiency (CE) and short lifespan. Here, the addition of ≈ 0.5 wt% lithium difluoro(oxalate) borate salt into the electrolyte forms a robust and durable cathode–electrolyte interface (CEI) in situ on the graphite surface, which enables remarkable cycling of the graphite || Li battery with 87.5% capacity retention after 4000 cycles at 5 C and ultrafast rate capability with 88.8% capacity retention under 40 C (4 A g⁻¹), delivering high-power of 0.4–18.8 kW kg⁻¹ at energy densities of 422.7–318.8 Wh kg⁻¹. Taking advantage of this robust CEI, a graphite || graphite full battery demonstrates high reversible capacities of 97.6, 92.8, 88.7, and 85.4 mAh (g cathode)⁻¹ at current rates of 10, 20, 30, and 40 C, respectively. The full battery also shows a long cycling life of over 6500 cycles with 92.4% capacity retention and an average CE of ≈ 99.4% at 1 A g⁻¹, which is superior to other dual-graphite (carbon) batteries in the literature. This work offers an effective interface-stabilizing strategy on protecting graphite cathodes and a promising approach for developing DIBs with high-power capability.     

Wearable Janus-Type Film with Integrated All-Season Active/Passive Thermal Management,Thermal Camouflage,and Ultra-High Electromagnetic Shielding Efficiency Tunable by Origami Process

Multifunctional films with integrated temperature adjustment, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and thermal camouflage are remarkably desirable for wearable products. Herein, a novel Janus-type multifunctional ultra-flexible film is fabricated via continuous electrospinning followed by spraying. Interestingly, in the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/phase change capsules (PCC) layer (P₁), the PCC is strung on PVA fibers to form a stable “candied haws stick” structure that obviates slipping or falling off. The film with sufficient melting enthalpy (141.4 J g⁻¹) guarantees its thermoregulation capability. Simultaneously, its high mid-IR emissivity (90.15%) endows the film with radiative cooling properties (reducing temperature by 10.13 °C). Mechanical strength is significantly improved by superimposing a polylactic acid (PLA) layer (P₂) on its surface. By spraying a thin MXene layer on the PLA surface of P₂P₁ film, the obtained (MXene/P₂P₁) MP₂P₁ film is endowed with satisfactory low-voltage heating, photo-thermal and superior thermal camouflage performance, achieving all-season thermal comfort. Impressively, the flexible MP₂P₁ film achieves enhanced EMI shielding effect from 50.3 to 87.8 dB through a simple origami process, which simplifies the manufacturing process of high-performance EMI shielding materials. In brief, the multifunctional Janus-type MP₂P₁ film is an attractive candidate for future wearable products with personalized thermal management and anti-electromagnetic radiation.     

Biomimetically Assembled Sponge-Like Hydrogels for Efficient Solar Water Purification

Hydrogel-based evaporators for interfacial solar vapor generation (SVG) have emerged as a promising and sustainable strategy for freshwater production. Nevertheless, developing a green and simple approach in the fabrication of porous hydrogel-based evaporators with tunable porous structures and superior mechanical properties continues to be a challenge. Herein, cryo-assembled templating and polymerization (CTP) is proposed as an ecological, simple yet effective approach to synthesizing sponge-like hydrogels (SPHs) with outstanding mechanical properties. Moreover, inspired by the structural geometry of conifer plants of radially aligned microchannels and vertical vessels granting impressive water transportation abilities, the polyzwitterionic SPH evaporators with biomimetically assembled structure (B-SPH) raise the water transport rate by up to nearly 2 orders of magnitude compared to bulk hydrogels. The B-SPH also enables an SVG rate up to ≈ 3.45 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ under one sun irradiation and an energy efficiency of ≈ 95%. In addition, the as-prepared materials feature stable mechanical properties and SVG performance even after being rolled, folded, and twisted over hundred times. It is anticipated that the B-SPH prepared by CTP method provides insights into scalable hydrogel-based evaporators with elaborate porous structures and durable mechanical properties in an energy-efficient manner.