自由曲面平头立铣刀五轴数控加工轨迹的计算方法

提出了一种在参数坐标系下自适应步长和行距的计算方法 ,该算法考虑了不同刀具接触点处的曲率差异 ,在满足加工精度和粗糙度的前提下 ,又能有效地提高加工效率。该算法适合加工汽车车身模具等曲率变化大的曲面。文中还给出了刀位计算公式。     

一种采用动态补偿的五轴机床铣削力预测方法

对五轴数控机床的铣削力进行精准预测,有利于提高工件的加工质量。因此,提出一种采用动态补偿的五轴机床铣削力预测方法。分析五轴数控加工中心结构,研究五轴数控铣削加工中心的进给传动动力学;通过测量切削扭矩,计算电机传递的总转矩,在冲击力激励的作用下,计算它与测量扰动频率响应间的传递函数。将实际切削扭矩分解成直流(静态)分量和交流(谐波)分量,在此基础上采用卡尔曼滤波器衰减噪声,并补偿结构动态模式对间隔采样的切削力矩的影响,从而减少结构动态模式引起的测量值失真。引入Denavit-Hartenberg方法,通过雅克比矩阵求取工件框架中刀具上的切削力和扭矩与驱动框架中驱动力和扭矩的转换关系,进而将刀尖力映射为驱动力矩,以实现对铣削力的预测。结果表明：所提方法预测的力信号与实测的力信号几乎一致,说明该方法能较精准地预测五轴机床的铣削力。     

汽轮机叶片曲面加工铣削力预测模型研究

文章针对汽轮机叶片曲面的加工特点,建立了铣削力模型,并从瞬时切削厚度的角度分析了数控工艺参数对铣削力模型的影响。在金属切削有限元模拟的基础上,运用Matlab和Abaqus软件结合四因素四水平正交模拟试验法验证了铣削力模型。并运用汽轮机叶片铣削加工实验进一步验证了铣削力模型和金属切削有限元模拟模型的有效性。     

铝合金薄壁零件铣削力模型的研究

针对Kline铣削力模型变化幅度大的问题,考虑为变形切削厚度的尺寸影响、有效前角、刀具偏心对切削厚度的影响和刀具和工件倾斜的影响,建立了新的铣削力模型,对新的铣削力模型的变化规律进行仿真分析,并通过实验验证。结果表明,新的铣削力模型更接近于实际测定值,验证了该铣削力模型的正确性。     

基于斜角切削的铣削力三维数值模拟

采用有限元软件建立反映金属切削过程中高温、大应变、大应变率的模型,模拟了A16061 - T6铣削加工中刀具微元的斜角切削过程,得到了微元切削力的变化曲线.利用不同切削厚度的仿真结果,分析了切削力、切削力系数与厚度的关系,建立了切削力系数与切削厚度的函数关系模型.利用此模型,模拟了瞬时铣削力.通过铣削试验获得了相同铣削条件下的铣削力,与模拟铣削力比较,发现两者具有良好的一致性,证明了模型的正确性.为复杂工况下铣削力的研究、工件变形预测以及铣削工艺参数优化奠定了基础.     

基于MATLAB的微细铣削力分析

针对微细铣削不同于常规铣削的特点,通过实验分析瞬时刀具受力情况.分别改变切削深度、切削宽度、主轴转速、每齿进给量,通过实验分析铣削力在x、y、z 3个方向的分量,并根据实验数据利用MATLAB对瞬时铣削力进行预测.对微细铣削加工的协调问题进行深入分析与综合研究具有重要的理论意义和现实意义.     

立铣刀高速加工铝合金铣削力试验研究

采用多因素正交试验法进行铝合金铣削试验，测得了硬质合金立铣刀的铣削力。使用回归分析法获取了铣削力经验公式并验证其可靠性。与传统经验公式不同，切削速度独立成为一个因素。该公式确定了切削深度，切削宽度，切削速度，进给速度等切削参数对切削力的影响程度，并为设计刀具和选择切削用量提供了依据。     

数控机床多轴联动铣削加工轨迹快速跟踪研究

数控机床多轴联动铣削加工运动学参数变化较大,导致加工轨迹跟踪误差与用时增加。提出新的数控机床多轴联动铣削加工轨迹快速跟踪方法。构建数控机床多轴联动铣削刀具和加工工件瞬时坐标系,实现二者之间的转换,根据坐标系转换结果建立数控机床多轴联动铣削加工运动学模型,结合运动学模型和强跟踪卡尔曼滤波轨迹跟踪方法实现铣削加工过程中运动轨迹的快速跟踪。实验结果表明：该方法可实现铣削刀刃上任意目标点的轨迹跟踪,轨迹跟踪误差低于0.1μm,跟踪平均用时低于1.2 ms,可快速实现高精度的铣削加工轨迹跟踪,为提升铣削加工质量提供保障。     

An in-depth analysis of the synchronization between the measured and predicted cutting forces for developing instantaneous milling force model

This paper proposes an analytical approach to synchronize the measured and predicted cutting forces for calibrating instantaneous cutting force coefficients that vary with the instantaneous uncut chip thickness in general end milling. Essential issues such as the synchronization criterion, phase determination of measured cutting forces, specification of calibration experiments and related cutting parameters are highlighted both theoretically and numerically to ensure the calibration accuracy. A closed-form criterion is established to select cutting parameters ensuring the single tooth engagement. Numerical cutting simulations and experimental test results are compared to validate the proposed approach.     

Effect of cutter runout on process geometry and forces in peripheral milling of curved surfaces with variable curvature

This paper presents a novel method for cutting force modeling related to peripheral milling of curved surfaces including the effect of cutter runout, which often changes the rotation radii of cutting points. Emphasis is put on how to efficiently incorporate the continuously changing workpiece geometry along the tool path into the calculation procedure of tool position, feed direction, instantaneous uncut chip thickness (IUCT) and entry/exit angles, which are required in the calculation of cutting force. Mathematical models are derived in detail to calculate these process parameters in occurrence of cutter runout. On the basis of developed models, some key techniques related to the prediction of the instantaneous cutting forces in peripheral milling of curved surfaces are suggested together with a whole simulation procedure. Experiments are performed to verify the predicted cutting forces; meanwhile, the efficiency of the proposed method is highlighted by a comparative study of the existing method taken from the literature.     

Process geometry modeling with cutter runout for milling of curved surfaces

Prediction of cutting forces and machined surface error in peripheral milling of curved geometries is non-trivial due to varying workpiece curvature along tool path. The complexity in this case, arises due to continuously changing process geometry as workpiece curvature varies along tool path. In the presence of cutter runout, the situation is further complicated owing to changing radii of cutting points. The present work attempts to model process geometry in machining of curved geometries and in the presence of cutter runout. A mathematical model computing process geometry parameters which include cutter/workpiece engagements and instantaneous uncut chip thickness in the presence of cutter runout is presented. The developed model is more realistic as it accounts for interaction of cutting tooth trajectory with that of preceding teeth trajectories in computing process geometry. Computer simulation studies carried for this purpose has shown that it is essential to account for teeth trajectory interactions for accurate prediction of process geometry parameters. This aspect is further confirmed with machining experiments, which were conducted to validate this aspect. From the outcomes of present work, it is clearly seen that the computation of process geometry during machining of curved geometries and in presence of cutter runout is not straightforward and requires a systematic approach as presented in this paper.     

A unified instantaneous cutting force model for flat end mills with variable geometries

A new and unified instantaneous cutting force model is developed to predict cutting forces for flat end mills with variable geometries. This model can routinely and efficiently determine the cutting properties such as shear stress, shear and normal friction angles (SSSNFAs) involved in the cutting force coefficients by means of only a few milling tests rather than existing abundant orthogonal turning tests. Novel algorithms are developed to characterize these properties using following steps: transformation of cutting forces measured in Cartesian coordinate system into a local system on the normal plane, establishment of explicit equations to bridge SSSNFAs and the transformed cutting forces, determination of SSSNFAs by solving the equations and fitting SSSNFAs as functions of process geometries. Results definitely show that shear stress can be treated as a constant whereas shear and normal friction angles should be characterized by Weibull functions of instantaneous uncut chip thickness. Experiments verify that the proposed unified model is effective to predict the cutting forces in flat end milling in spite of cutter geometries and cutting conditions.     

An analytical force model with shearing and ploughing mechanisms for end milling

An analytical force model with both shearing and ploughing mechanisms is established for the end milling processes. The elemental forces are defined as the linear combination of shearing and ploughing forces in six cutting constants. The analytical model for the total milling forces in the angular and frequency domain are derived by convolution approach and Fourier transform respectively and are expressed as the superposition of the shearing force component and ploughing force component. This dual-mechanism model is analyzed and discussed in the frequency domain and compared with the lumped shear model. An expression is derived for identifying the cutting constants of the dual-mechanism model from the average milling forces. Explicit inclusion of ploughing force in the model is shown to result in better predictive accuracy and yields a linear force model with constant cutting coefficients. Experiments verify the accuracy and the frequency analysis of the dual-mechanism model and show that cutting constants for the dual-mechanism model are fairly independent of chip thickness.     

Precise prediction of forces in milling circular corners

Pocket corner is the most typical characters of aerospace structure components. To achieve high-quality product and stable machining operation, manufacturer constantly seek to control the cutting forces in pocket corner milling process. This paper presents the cutting force in corner milling considering the precision instantaneous achievements of tool engagement angle and undeformed chip thickness. To achieve the actual milling tool engagement angle in corner milling process, the details of tool–corner engagement relationship are analyzed considering the elements of tool trajectory, tool radius, and corner radius. The actual undeformed chip thicknesses in up and down milling operations are approached on account of the trochoid paths of adjacent teeth by a presented iteration algorithm. Error analysis shows that the presented models of tool engagement angle and undeformed chip thickness have higher precision comparing with the traditional models. Combined with the cutting force coefficients fitted by a series of slot milling tests, the predicted cutting force in milling titanium pocket with different corner structure and milling parameters are achieved, and the prediction accuracy of the model was validated experimentally and the obtained predict and the experiment results were found in good agreement.     

Identification of shearing and ploughing cutting constants from average forces in ball-end milling

This paper presents an analytical model for the direct identification of global shearing and ploughing cutting constants from measured average cutting forces in ball-end milling. This model is based on the linear decomposition of elemental local cutting forces into a shearing component and a ploughing component. Then, a convolution integral approach is used to obtain the average cutting forces leading to a concise and explicit expression for the global shearing and ploughing cutting constants in terms of axial depth of cut, cutter radius and average milling forces. The model is verified by comparisons with an existing force model of variable cutting coefficients. Cutting constants are identified through milling experiments and the prediction of cutting forces from identified cutting constants coincides with the experimental measurements. A model for identifying the lumped shearing constants is obtained as a subset of the presented dual mechanism model. Experimental results indicate that a model with dual-mechanism cutting constants predicts the ball-end milling forces with better accuracy than the lumped force model.     

薄壁零件高速铣削实验

通过高速铣削单因素实验,研究高速铣削参数对工件表面质量和铣削力变化的影响规律,优化薄壁零件高速铣削参数.在此基础上进行了薄壁零件的高速铣削实验,结果表明,采用优化后的高速铣削参数加工薄壁零件,能够有效地提高薄壁零件的加工精度和加工效率.     

Accurate 3-D cutting force prediction using cutting condition independent coefficients in end milling

The instantaneous uncut chip thickness and specific cutting forces have a significant effect on predictions of cutting force. This paper presents a systematic method for determining the coefficients in a three-dimensional mechanistic cutting force model—the cutting force coefficients (two specific cutting forces, chip flow angle) and runout parameters. Some existing models have taken the approach that the cutting force coefficients vary as a function of cutting conditions or cutter rotation angle. This paper, however, considers that the coefficients are affected only by the uncut chip thickness. The instantaneous uncut chip thickness is estimated by following the movement of the position of the center of a cutter. To consider the size effect, the present method derives the relationship between the re-scaled uncut chip thickness and the normal specific cutting force, K_n with respect to the cutter rotation angle, while the other two coefficients—frictional specific cutting force, K_f and chip flow angle, θ_c—remain constant. Subsequently, all the coefficients can be obtained, irrespective of cutting conditions. The proposed method was verified experimentally for a wide range of cutting conditions, and gave significantly better predictions of cutting forces.     

Cutting force estimation in sculptured surface milling

Cutting force milling models developed up to now are mostly used for planar milling using end-mills. Only a reduced number of models applying ball-end mills have been developed. Furthermore these models usually only consider horizontal surface machining, even though the main application of ball-end mills is sculptured surface machining. This article proposes a model that is able to estimate the cutting forces in inclined surfaces machined both up-milling and down-milling. For this purpose a semi-mechanistic model has been developed that calculates the cutting forces based on a set of coefficients which depend on the material, the tool, the cutting conditions, the machining direction and the slope of the surface.A coordinate transformation has been included in order to consider the slope milling case with different cutting directions.The model has been tested on two materials, an aluminum alloy Al7075-T6 and a 52 HRC tool steel AISI H13. Validation tests have been carried out on inclined planes using different slopes and different machining directions.The results provide errors below 10% in most of the cases and both the value and shape of the predicted forces adjust the measured cutting force.