Improved field scanner incorporating parabolic optics. Part 2: Experimental verification and potential for volume scanning

We investigated the experimental performance of an afocal scan engine employing two off-axis parabolic reflectors and it was found not to introduce astigmatism when compared to a freely propagated beam. The performance of the new afocal engine is very similar to an ideal single-mirror scan engine in terms of spot size and beam spot profile (or point spread function) and has an improved flatness of field over other two-dimensional laser scan engines. The parabolic scan engine is contrasted with a comparable spherical mirror arrangement and found to produce superior performance at the intermediate image plane when focused through a scan lens. Further modeling and experimentation point toward volume scanning applications. The significant performance improvement provided by this design, now verified experimentally, will result in superior image quality for fast scanning confocal and two-photon microscopy in particular.     

Differential geometry of the ruled surfaces optically generated by mirror-scanning devices. I. Intrinsic and extrinsic properties of the scan field

Rectilinear propagation of light rays in homogeneous isotropic media makes it possible for optical generation of ruled surfaces as the ray is deflected by a rotatable mirror. Scan patterns on a plane or curved surface are merely curves on the ruled surface. Based on this understanding, structures of the scan fields produced by mirror-scanning devices of different configurations are investigated in terms of differential geometry. Expressions of the first and second fundamental coefficients and the first and second Gauss differential forms are given for an investigation of the intrinsic properties of the optically generated ruled surfaces. The Plücker ruled conoid is then generalized for mathematical modeling of the scan fields produced by single-mirror scanning devices of different configurations. Part II will be devoted to a study of multi-mirror scanning systems for optical generation of well-known ruled surfaces such as helicoids and hyperbolic paraboloids.     

多面转镜双光束扫描场的研究

运用矢量光学理论研究了双光束多面转镜扫描场中的相应问题：导出双光束扫描的基本方程,其中包括,入射点集团,反射点在空间以及在转镜反射面的移动轨迹,反射线标量方程,观察面上扫描点的集团以及远场扫描轨迹等,这些方程描述了多光束面转镜扫描的动态特性及其基本规律;在此基础上通过数值计算分析研究扫描场的成象特性。     

Differential geometry of the ruled surfaces optically generated by mirror scanning devices: II. Generation of helicoids and hyperbolic paraboloids

The theory developed in Part I of this study [Y. Li, "Differential geometry of the ruled surfaces optically generated by mirror-scanning devices. I. Intrinsic and extrinsic properties of the scan field," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A28, 667 (2011)] for the ruled surfaces optically generated by single-mirror scanning devices is extended to multimirror scanning systems for an investigation of optical generation of the well-known ruled surfaces, such as helicoid, Plücker's conoid, and hyperbolic paraboloid.     

Telecentric three-dimensional sensor with a liquid mirror for large-object inspection

We describe a device that applies the advantages of the space invariance of telecentric triangulation with the measurement of large objects (1 m(3)). Because the scan motion of the laser beam is decoupled from the physical transport of the sensor head, the fast scanning of large volumes becomes feasible. The device consists of a triangulation laser telemeter head that uses a large liquid primary mirror and an aspheric secondary mirror to realize the telecentric f-theta objective. We propose using liquid-mirror technology to make low-cost large objectives that have low f numbers, a diffraction-limited performance, and low scattering in the visible. This new optical system is useful for 3-D measurement. We discuss the optical configuration of the system and the performance of a laboratory prototype. The prototype has a standoff distance of 1.5 m, a telecentric scan as long as 1 m, a depth of view of 1 m, and a relative depth resolution of 0.5-1 mm.     

激光扫描实验回波信号的分析

利用激光回波信号的强度变化来测量物体边缘轮廓的新型激光雷达,并利用二维扫描、直接探测等技术建立了一套激光扫描实验系统。振镜在X、Y方向分别以不同的频率振动,当激光经过振镜反射后,就以X、Y方向进行二维扫描,激光二极管接收到的信号经过滤波后被分为两个不同频率的信号,分析这两个不同频率的信号,就可以得到物体的轮廓信息。实验测量表明,通过测量回波强度变化来测量物体边缘轮廓的方案是可行的。     

Multiscan time-domain optical coherence tomography for retina imaging

A versatile time-domain optical coherence tomography system is presented that can generate cross-sectional images by using either transverse priority or depth priority scanning. This is made possible by using a transmissive scanning delay line compatible with balance detection operating at a speed similar to that of the transverse scanner used to scan the beam across the target. In vivo images from the retina are generated and shown using the same system switched to either transverse or depth priority scanning regime, by using the scanning delay line either in slow or fast scanning modes, respectively. A comparative analysis of different scanning regimes depending on image size to fit different areas to be imaged is presented. Safety thresholds due to the different continuous irradiation time per transverse pixel in different scanning regimes are also considered. We present the maximum exposure level for a variety of scanning procedures, employing either A scanning (depth priority) or T scanning (transverse priority) when generating cross-sectional images, en face images, or collecting 3D volumes.     

Arbitrary phasing technique for two-dimensional coherent laser array based on an active segmented mirror

We introduce a novel (to the best of our knowledge) phasing technique for a coherent laser array. We have accomplished arbitrary phasing in the interval 0-π. A seven-channel laser array experiment is built for verification. A custom-made beam arraying structure is designed to arrange beamlets into a two-dimensional hexagonal array. In the phase-locking loop, the wavefront sensing is performed interferometrically. An active segmented mirror is used for phasing, and the control signals are generated by the proportional control algorithm. In experiment, all the beamlets have been properly phased, and the experiment of inertia-free beam steering has been accomplished.     

高速转镜相机中倾斜光束的成象

本文通过建立几何模型 ,讨论了高速转镜相机光束倾斜入口的成象原理。证实了倾斜光束入口在转镜旋转时成象点的扫描轨迹是在以入射点为顶点 ,以成象点和入射点的连线为母线扫出的正圆锥底面的平面内 ,从而把空间光学的复杂设计问题简化成平面上的设计。此原理已用于 PDF- 2 0 0型平面转镜等待式分幅相机的设计     

基于转镜的激光照明系统设计及实验研究

为了实现区域内快速运动微小目标的激光辅助照明,提出了利用转镜与点激光器组成扇形激光辅助照明系统的设计方案.详细论述了转镜面数、外接圆直径及转速与激光照明光幕的关系.给出了该激光照明系统下目标被照亮部分的平均激光功率密度与点激光光源功率、激光扫描速度、点激光发散角、相机曝光时间和目标与激光光源距离之间关系的计算公式.仿真...     

Adaptive optics based on analog parallel stochastic optimization: analysis and experimental demonstration

Wave-front distortion compensation using direct system performance metric optimization is studied both theoretically and experimentally. It is shown how different requirements for wave-front control can be incorporated, and how information from different wave-front sensor types can be fused, within a generalized gradient descent optimization paradigm. In our experiments a very-large-scale integration (VLSI) system implementing a simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation optimization algorithm was applied for real-time adaptive control of multielement wave-front correctors. The custom-chip controller is used in two adaptive laser beam focusing systems, one with a 127-element liquid-crystal phase modulator and the other with beam steering and 37-control channel micromachined deformable mirrors. The submillisecond response time of the micromachined deformable mirror and the parallel nature of the analog VLSI control architecture provide for high-speed adaptive compensation of dynamical phase aberrations of a laser beam under conditions of strong intensity scintillations. Experimental results demonstrate improvement of laser beam quality at the receiver plane in the spectral band up to 60 Hz.     

基准转换标准器在多系统集成中的应用

使用经纬仪、激光跟踪仪进行协同测量时需要对不同测量系统的测量基准进行基准转换,传统基准转换手段较为繁琐耗时.针对此问题,设计了一种新型便携式基准转换标准器,该标准器由基准转换组件、转向组件和三脚架组成,通过基准板上的测量靶点及立方镜构建坐标系,实现基准转换.经验证:该标准器在不同姿态下的平均位置偏差小于0.01 mm,...     

Diffractive element design for resonant scanner angular correction: a beam retardation approach

A new approach for designing diffractive optical corrective elements with zooming capability to convert nonlinear sinusoidal scanning into linear scanning is proposed. Such a device will be useful for linearizing the angular scan of a resonant mirror scanner. The design methodology is to create a graded index of a refraction device as the reference design with its index of refraction parameters based on beam retardation through propagation in an inhomogeneous medium. The diffractive element is designed by utilizing a binarizing algorithm of the accumulated phase from transmission through the refractive element. In contrast to a prior approach, which was introduced based on the beam propagation through inhomogeneous media, the new approach takes beam diameters into consideration. This makes both the refractive element and its associated diffractive element more robust against beam fanning.     

Designing reflectors to generate a line-shaped directivity diagram

A novel method of designing a mirror surface to generate a directivity diagram represented as a vector function of one argument is presented. A general relationship for the mirror surface for an arbitrary illuminating beam wavefront is derived as an envelope of a parametric family of surfaces. Each surface in the family transforms the input beam into a beam with plane wavefront of desired direction. For the spherical illuminating beam the mirror surface is given as the envelope of the family of rotational paraboloids. The envelope is represented as a family of curves given by the intersections of paraboloids with circular cones of rays from the point source.     

压电倾斜镜迟滞非线性建模及逆补偿控制

自适应光学系统中的压电倾斜镜通常是用来实时校正大气湍流引起的波前畸变,但压电倾斜镜的响应都有较大的非线性迟滞效应,大大降低了倾斜镜的到位精度,并且影响系统稳定性,制约了倾斜校正系统的带宽,因此需要对迟滞现象进行建模,通过建立的模型进行补偿。本文通过引入迟滞算子,使用贝叶斯正则化训练算法训练BP神经网络来构建压电倾斜镜迟滞模型,以中国科学院光电技术研究所自主研制的压电倾斜镜为对象开展了实验研究。最后的实验结果表明,通过BP神经网络构建的压电倾斜镜迟滞模型具有较准确的辨识能力,其中,X方向的迟滞大小由6.5%降低到了1.3%,Y方向的迟滞大小由7.1%降低到了1.6%。     

Third-order theory of the Risley-prism-based beam steering system

Nonparaxial ray tracing is performed to investigate the field scanned out by a single beam through two rotatable thick prisms with different parameters, and a general solution is obtained and then expanded into a power series to establish the third-order theory for Risley prisms that paves the way to investigate topics of interest such as optical distortions in the scan pattern and an analytical solution of the inverse problem of a Risley-prism-based laser beam steering system; i.e., the problem is concerned with how to direct a laser beam to any specified direction within the angular range of the system.     

Asymmetric distribution of the scanned field of a rotating reflective polygon

A rigorous vector analysis is performed to investigate the structure of the scan field produced by a rotating polygon, and it is shown that the scan field is asymmetric to the ray reflected by the polygon at a neutral scan position. Some fundamental aspects of the polygon scanning systems are addressed, such as the scan duty cycle, the locus of the scan center, the depth of the scan field, and the off-axis defocus in convergent beam scanning.     

Surface gradient integrated profiler for X-ray and EUV optics

A new ultraprecise profiler has been developed to measure, for example, asymmetric and aspheric profiles. The principle of our measuring method is that the normal vector at each point on the surface is determined by making the incident light beam on the mirror surface and the reflected beam at that point of coincident. The gradient at each point is calculated from the normal vector, and the surface profile is then obtained by integrating the gradients. The measuring instrument was designed in accordance with the above principle. In the design, four ultraprecise goniometers were applied to adjust the light axis for normal vector measurement. The angle-positioning resolution and accuracy of each goniometer are, respectively, 0.018 and 0.2 μrad. Thus, in the measuring instrument, the most important factor is the accuracy of the normal vectors measured by the goniometers. Therefore, the rotating angle-positioning errors were measured and calibrated. An elliptical profile mirror for nanometer hard-X-ray focusing was measured, and compared with the measured profile using a stitching interferometer. The absolute measurement accuracy of approximately 5 nm (peak-to-valley) was achieved. Then the measurements of 1000-mm-long flat, spherical and parabolic mirrors were demonstrated. The surface profiles of the mirrors were obtained by integrating the interpolated gradient.     

复合轴结构的运动关系分析

根据矢量旋转和坐标变换，以及反射镜变换的数学方法，讨论了基本复合轴结构中视线矢量在探测器坐标和基础坐标之间的变换关系，并分析了反射镜作用范围与需要校正的误差的关系，跟踪探测器输出误差信号与物方跟踪误差，以及与跟踪镜控制量的关系。     

Minimization of acquisition time in short-range free-space optical communication

We consider short-range (1-3-km) free-space optical communication between moving parties when covertness is the overriding system performance requirement. To maximize covertness, it is critical to minimize the time required for the acquisition phase, during which the party initiating contact must conduct a broad-field scan and so risks revealing his position. Assuming an elliptical Gaussian beam profile, we show how to optimize the beam divergence angles, scan speed, and design of the raster scan pattern so as to minimize acquisition time. In this optimization, several constraints are considered, including signal-to-noise ratio, required for accurate bearing detection and reliable decoding; limited receiver bandwidth; limited scanner speed; and beam divergence as limited by the scanner mirror dimensions. The effects of atmospheric turbulence are also discussed.