Particle size effect on abrasion resistance of mottled cast iron with different retained austenite contents

Effects of particle abrasive sizes on wear resistance of mottled cast iron with different retained austenite contents were studied. Abrasive wear tests using a pin test on alumina paper were carried out, using abrasive sizes between 16 μm and 192 μm. Retained austenite content of the matrix was determined by X-ray diffraction. The wear surface of samples and the alumina paper were examined by scanning electron microscopy for identifying the wear micromechanism. The results show that at lower abrasive sizes the mass loss was similar for the iron with different austenite contents. However, at higher abrasive sizes the samples with higher retained austenite content presented higher abrasion resistance. For lower abrasive sizes tested, samples with higher and lower retained austenite content both presented microcutting. On the other hand, the main wear micromechanism for the samples with higher retained austenite content and higher abrasive sizes was microploughing. The samples with lower retained austenite content presented microcutting and wedge formation at higher abrasive sizes. Higher abrasive size induced more microcutting in samples with lower retained austenite. The iron with lower retained austenite content presented wider grooves for the different abrasive sizes measured. SEM on the abrasive paper used on samples with higher retained austenite showed continuous and discontinuous microchips and the samples with lower retained austenite showed discontinuous microchips at 66 and 141 μm. This research demonstrates the relation between abrasive size, wear resistance, groove width and wear micromechanism for mottled cast iron with different retained austenite contents.     

Study on relative wear resistance and wear stability of high-speed steel with high vanadium content

In this work, a new concept of wear stability was put forward by authors, and it was quantitatively expressed by factor of wear stability. Different hardness, impact toughness and retained austenite content high-speed steel with high vanadium content samples were obtained by varying heat treatment conditions. The effects of hardness, impact toughness and retained austenite content on relatively wear resistance and wear stability were studied under abrasive wear condition. Results show that relative wear resistance increases with increasing hardness or decreasing impact toughness, whereas the wear stability rises with the increasing of hardness or impact toughness. The analyzing results reveal that mechanical behaviors are only apparent factors to influence wear behaviors. Relative wear resistance substantially depends on retained austenite content (Ar). At retained austenite content of about 30 vol.%, the relative wear resistance is optimal. However, wear stability is scarcely influenced by retained austenite content, which depends on the maximum changing amount of retained austenite under certain condition (ΔAr) in essence. With increasing ΔAr, wear stability linearly decreases.     

Tempering temperature effects on abrasive wear of mottled cast iron

The effects of different tempering temperatures (300–600 °C) on abrasive wear resistance of mottled cast iron were studied. Abrasive wear tests were carried out using the rubber-wheel test on quartz sand and the pin test on Al₂O₃ abrasive cloths. The retained austenite content of the matrix was determined by X-ray diffraction. The wear surface of the specimens was examined by scanning electron microscopy for identifying the wear micromechanism. Bulk hardness and matrix hardness before and after the tests were measured. The results showed that in the two-body (pin-on-disc test) system, the main wear mechanism was microcutting and high matrix hardening was presented. The wear rates presented higher correlation with the retained austenite than with the bulk and matrix hardness. In the three-body system (sand–rubber wheel), the wear surfaces presented indentations due to abrasive rolling. The wear rates had better correlation with both the bulk and matrix hardness (before and after the wear test) than with the retained austenite content. There are two groups of results, high and low wear rates corresponding to each tribosystem, two-body abrasive wear and three-body abrasive wear, respectively.     

The effects of retained austenite on dry sliding wear behavior of carburized steels

Ring-on-square tests on two kinds of low-alloy carburized steel which were AISI 8620 and 4140 were carried out to study the dry sliding wear behavior. The influence of different retained austenite level of 6% to 40% was evaluated while trying to eliminate other factors. Test results show that the effects of grain size and carburized steel species are negligible in dry sliding wear behavior. While the influence of retained austenite is negligible at 20 kg load condition, wear resistance is decreased at 40 kg load condition as the retained austenite level is increased from 6% to 30%. However, wear resistance is again increased above about 30% of retained austenite level at 40 kg load condition.     

Abrasive wear study of white cast iron with different solidification rates

The abrasive wear resistance of white cast iron was studied. The iron was solidified using two solidification rates of 1.5 and 15 °C/s. Mass loss was evaluated with tests of the type pin on abrasive disc using alumina of different sizes. Two matrices were tested: one predominantly austenitic and the other predominantly martensitic, containing M₃C carbides. Samples with cooling rate of 15 °C/s showed higher hardness and more refined microstructure compared with those solidified at 1.5 °C/s. During the test, the movement of successive abrasives gave rise to the strain hardening of the austenite phase, leading to the attainment of similar levels of surface hardness, which explains why the wear rate showed no difference compared to the austenite samples with different solidification rates. For the austenitic matrix the wear rate seems to depend on the hardness of the worn surface and not on the hardness of the material without deformation. The austenitic samples showed cracking and fracture of M₃C carbides. For the predominantly martensitic matrix, the wear rate was higher at the solidification rate of 1.5 °C/s, for grain size of 66 and 93 μm. Higher abrasive sizes were found to produce greater penetration and strain hardening of austenitic matrices. However, martensitic iron produces more microcutting, increasing the wear rate of the material. The analysis of the worn surface by scanning electron microscopy indicated abrasive wear mechanisms such as: microcutting, microfatigue and microploughing. Yet, for the iron of austenitic matrix, the microploughing mechanism was more severe.     

低温离子渗碳对304不锈钢耐磨性影响的研究

为了提高奥氏体不锈钢零件的使用寿命,扩大其使用范围,本文以304不锈钢为研究对象,通过试验方案的设计,采用了低温离子渗碳方法,在不同条件下进行试验,主要对其显微硬度和摩擦性能进行对比分析。结果表明,在一定条件下,低温离子渗碳后,由于奥氏体不锈钢中有过饱和的碳原子渗入,引起奥氏体晶格发生畸变,产生残余应力,使得304不锈钢表面硬度及耐磨性均明显改善,提高了其使用寿命,也说明了渗碳温度显著影响不锈钢的性能。     

砂粒粒径对航空涡轴发动机压气机叶片冲蚀磨损的影响研究

高原、沙漠和沿海等服役环境中不同粒径的砂粒不可避免地对涡轴发动机压气机叶片造成冲蚀磨损,破坏叶片叶型和动力学特性,严重危及涡轴发动机使用寿命和直升机飞行安全。基于Finnie冲蚀磨损理论推导了颗粒对金属表面的磨损率表达式,分析颗粒粒径对材料冲蚀磨损率的影响,以某型涡轴发动机压气机动叶和静叶为研究对象,设计搭建砂粒冲击速度测试装置和钛合金冲蚀磨损实验装置,通过典型砂粒粒径下冲蚀磨损实验获取磨损率表达式中与靶材材料和冲击速度相关的关键参数,结合气固两相流动力学分析开展砂粒粒径对压气机动叶和静叶冲蚀磨损的影响研究。结果表明：砂粒粒径与冲击速度存在内在关联,材料冲蚀磨损率与砂粒冲击速度呈幂函数关系。实验条件下,砂粒粒径由177 μm增至423 μm时,其冲击速度平均降低约17%。压气机动叶和静叶的磨损集中区域不随砂粒粒径的改变而变化,但磨损程度差异明显,其中177 μm砂粒对动叶和静叶造成的最大冲蚀磨损率浓度值相比423μm砂粒分别增加91%和131%。研究结果为涡轴发动机压气机叶片抗磨损设计提供了理论参考。     

高铬铸铁中残余奥氏体对冲击疲劳磨损的影响

采用MLD-10磨损试验机及附加装置研究高铬铸铁中残余奥氏体对冲击疲劳磨损的影响。试验得出,残余奥氏体可阻止疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展,提高冲击疲劳抗力,降低冲击疲劳磨损。     

Wear mechanisms in ball-cratering tests with large abrasive particles

Three-body abrasive wear resistance of mild steel and 27%Cr white cast iron was investigated using a ball-cratering test. Glass beads, silica sand, quartz and alumina abrasive particles with sizes larger than 200 μm were used to make slurries. It was found that the wear rates of mild steel increased with sliding time for all abrasive particles tested, while the wear rates of 27%Cr white cast iron were almost constant with sliding time. This increase in the wear rates of mild steel was mainly due to the gradual increase in ball surface roughness with testing time. Abrasive particles with higher angularity caused higher ball surface roughness. Soft mild steel was more affected by this ball surface roughness changes than the hard white cast iron. Generally, three-body rolling wear dominated. The contribution of two-body grooving wear increased when the ball roughness was significant. The morphological features of the wear scars depended on the shape of the abrasive particles and also on the hardness and microstructure of the wear material. Angular particles generated rough surfaces similar to those usually observed in high angle erosion tests. Rounded particles generated smoother surfaces with the middle area of the wear craters having similar morphology to those observed in low angle erosion.     

Effect of cryogenic treatment on the matrix structure and abrasion resistance of white cast iron subjected to destabilization treatment

Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the matrix structure and abrasion resistance of high chromium cast iron subjected to destabilization heat treatment has been investigated in this paper. The results show that, during the cryogenic treatment, the secondary carbides precipitate in austenite, which promote the transformation of retained austenite to martensite. The cryogenic treated alloys produced superior hardness and wear resistance (β) to the alloys without cryogenic treatment. When the bulk hardness and wear resistance (β) reach the maximum, there is still about 13% retained austenite in alloys. Cryogenic treatment cannot make retained austenite transform to martensite completely.     

Influence of cutting condition on white layer induced by high speed machining of hardened steel

White layer formed on machined surface during dry and hard high speed machining has great influence on workpiece performance. Studying machined surface white layer is significant to improve the machinability and surface quality of workpiece. Experiments of dry and hard high speed machining of GCr15 bearing steel and 40CrNiMoA alloy steel were carried out with PCBN inserts, the phase composition and the thickness of white layer were studied experimentally; the formation mechanism of the white layer were studied; effects of cutting parameters, carbon content of substrate material on white layer thickness were analyzed; effects of cutting speed on retained austenite content in machined surface were also summarized. Results show that the microstructure of white layer consists of cryptocrystalline martensite, retained austenite and carbide; the white layer is formed by martensitic transformation; the white layer thickness and the retained austenite content of machined surface increase firstly and then decrease with cutting speed; the white layer thickness increases with flank wear and carbon content.     

Repeated impact-abrasion of ore-crushing hammers

The wear processes which occur on swing hammers used to comminute an abrasive ore were investigated. The performance of martensitic cast steel and white cast iron hammers was studied to assist in the development of valid simulative wear tests by documentation of the mechanisms by which wear takes place in a repeated impact-abrasion application. The principal mechanism of material loss of the martensitic steel was microspalling, produced by subsurface fracture through a hard brittle white-etching layer developed at the wear surface. Wear of the white cast iron was controlled by the preferential fracture and subsequent spalling of eutectic carbides at the surface, thereby causing the brunt of the ore impacts to be borne by the secondary-carbide-enriched matrix. An explanation of the eutectic carbide fracture process is made based on the interaction of stress waves with the constituents of the microstructure.     

高铬铸铁叶片材质研究

对高铬铸铁叶片材质进行了系统的实验室研究和装机试验,确定了碳和铬对相结构、组织、力学性能和耐磨性能的影响及其相互关系,得出较佳的高铬铸铁成分,所制成叶片使用寿命比原中铬铸铁、高碳高铬铸铁提高6倍。     

耐高温磨损的合金钢导辊及高温耐磨性能研究

研究了一种具有奥氏体基体及碳化物硬质点的合金钢 ,并用于制造高速线材轧制生产线上的导辊 ,使用温度在 5 6 0℃下 ,合金钢导辊具有良好的耐磨性。分析了时效温度对奥氏体基体硬度及合金钢耐磨性的影响 ,研究表明提高奥氏体基体的硬度对改善合金钢高温耐磨性具有明显的作用。     

冷处理对Cr12MoV钢硬度的影响

通过测定不同热处理条件下Cr12MoV钢的硬度值和残余奥氏体量,并通过金相和透射电镜观察发现．钢中的列余奥氏体和下贝氏体组织对冷作模具钢的耐磨性能有不利的影响．采用冷处理工艺可以抑制下贝氏体转变．显著提高Cr12MoV钢的硬度和耐磨性能．     

Effect of retained austenite on rolling element fatigue and its mechanism

Experiments were carried out on a rolling contact fatigue testing machine with two rollers as specimens which were made of the commercial steel 18Cr2Ni4WA. Various treatments are conducted to obtain rollers with different amounts of retained austenite. The experimental results show that the contact fatigue resistance of the specimen with the largest amount of retained austenite is much better than that of the specimen with the smaller amount of retained austenite. It is considered that the precipitation particles from austenite, the deformation-induced martensite, the beneficial alteration of the residual stresses and the toughness of the austenite are the main reasons for the high contact fatigue resistance of this steel.     

Correlation of microstructure with wear behaviour of deep cryogenically treated AISI D2 steel

This study aims to reveal the underlying mechanisms responsible for the enhancement of wear resistance of AISI D2 steel by deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) through in-depth microstructural analyses, and thereby attempt to correlate microstructure with wear behaviour of DCT specimens with reference to that of conventional heat treatment (CHT) and cold treatment (CT). Microstructural characterizations of the differently treated specimens have been done by image analyses of optical and SEM photographs, XRD, and EDX analyses, whereas wear behaviour has been characterized by wear rate, wear resistance, and analyses of worn surfaces, wear debris and subsurfaces. The results indicate that DCT markedly enhances the wear resistance of the selected steel compared to CHT and CT. Formation of white layer and its subsequent delamination have been identified as the operative wear mechanisms; the extent of these phenomena and the consequent wear rate is dependent on the type of treatment that determines the microstructures. The wear behaviour can be unambiguously correlated with the modifications in the precipitation behaviour of secondary carbides and reduction in the retained austenite content of the microstructure, which are the governing mechanisms for the improved of wear resistance of tool steels by DCT.     

Widerstand gegen abrasiven verschleiss und dynamische bruchzähigkeit weisser vanadingusseisen

The wear behaviour under abrasive sliding loading, the structure and dynamic fracture toughness of white cast iron containing (4 – 6)% V are considered in this paper. In wear systems containing hard abrasive particles (silicon carbide), the dynamic fracture toughness and wear resistance increase with increasing austenite content in the structure. In systems with less hard abrasive particles (e.g. flint, garnet) these alloys exhibit a combination of high fracture toughness and high wear resistance. The vanadium-alloyed white cast irons with a predominantly austenitic matrix show more favourable values with respect to both dynamic fracture toughness and wear resistance in comparison with a simultaneously tested chromium white cast iron.     

锰硼奥氏体基高铬铸铁的组织结构及抗磨性研究

研究了四种不同含B量的Fe-Cr-Mn-C-B系铸造合金的铸态组织结构及摩擦磨损特性。结果表明：硼碳化物体积分数随B含量增加而增大，并可按等量原子比估算。由于含B合金基体表面更易摩擦诱发马氏体相变，且产生表面细晶强化作用，显著提高了滑动磨损的抗磨性。含硼0．3％时，滑动磨损的抗磨性是25Cr马氏体基合金的4倍，是Mnl3铸钢的7．6倍。     

Residual stresses and retained austenite evolution in SAE 52100 steel under non-ideal rolling contact loading

Residual stresses are introduced and modified during manufacturing as well as by normal use under rolling contact loading. Operations such as heat treatments, shot peening, grinding, etc., are known to alter the magnitude and distribution of residual stresses. Our work revolves around the changes in magnitude and distribution of residual stresses, as they relate to deformation and the strain induced transformation of retained austenite. The residual stresses and retained austenite measurements were carried out using X-ray diffraction techniques. The rolling contact fatigue lives of different variants of SAE 52100 bearing steel were evaluated in a 5-ball-rod rolling contact fatigue machine under testing conditions leading to surface nucleated failure, i.e. non-ideal rolling contact. The tests were accelerated by applying well controlled micro-indentations on the wear track. The contribution of the residual stresses and amount of retained austenite to the rolling contact fatigue life were analyzed.