Improving fresh and processed garlic by irradiation under different storage conditions

Hungarian garlic bulbs were irradiated with gamma rays (0.15 kGy) and stored at 20, 4 and ?20 °C for 8 months. At the end of storage period, marketable value of bulbs increased especially with those kept under low temperatures, whereas the storage at room temperature (20 °C) produced high losses in bulbs due to infestation and/or infection in unirradiated but less in irradiated samples. Gas chromatographic analysis of volatile oils revealed the presence of 18 compounds. Diallyl disulphide and diallyl trisulphide compounds were cleary identified. Irradiation induced reduction in the percentages of these compounds especially for the first one. Cold or freezing treatment preserved the volatile sulphur contents on garlic cloves at their maximum value. Also, subsequently drying of irradiated cloves resulted in better quality than those unirradiated before drying process. It is concluded that irradiation as an alternative preservation method is useful in the improvement of storeability of fresh or dried garlic bulbs during long storage period.     

Relative volatilities of some onion flavour components

The volatilities of propanethiol, 2,5-dimethylthiophene, methyl propyl sulphide, dimethyl disulphide, dipropyl disulphide, allyl methyl sulphide, diallyl sulphide, diallyl disulphide, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol in dilute water solutions were studied experimentally by gas chromatography. The volatilities of these compounds varied appreciably. They were higher for thiols, thiophenes, and monosulphides, than disulphides, aldehydes or alcohols. The results for aldehydes and alcohols confirm earlier theoretical predictions by other authors that at 25°C the volatility, in very dilute solution, increases as the carbon chain gets longer.     

Chemical composition and classification of culinary and pharmaceutical garlic-based products

 Garlic Samples (n = 34) used as a spice and/or health preparations were analysed for their content of the major amino acid found in garlic, i. e. alliin and its five major decomposition products: 2-vinyl-[4H]-1,3-dithiin; 3-vinyl-[4H]-1,2-dithiin; diallyl disulphide; allylmethyl disulphide and diallyl trisulphide, using two high-performance liquid chromatographic methods. The obtained data were subjected to principal components analysis (PCA) which distinguished these samples into different individual categories according to the similarity of their chemical composition. The four distinguished groups were: fresh garlic bulbs, dry garlic products (powders, granulates and tablets), macerates in vegetable oils (salted garlic pastes, soups and bouillon cubes, which had a very similar chemical composition) and garlic essential oils. Received: 2 January 1996/Revised version: 18 March 1996     

Authentication study of volatile flavour compounds composition in Slavonian traditional dry fermented salami “kulen”

Volatiles from famous Slavonian salami “kulen” were isolated by nitrogen purge and steam distillation (NPSD) and analysed, for the first time, by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC and GC–MS). In all, 119 organic compounds were identified that originated from lipid oxidation, amino acid degradation, smoke treatment and added spices with different distribution among NPSD traps. NPSD method enabled comprehensive profiling with almost exclusive distribution of several major compounds in particular trap with little or no interference from abundant lipid constituents in the samples. The major identified flavour important compounds were methylphenols, methoxyphenols, organosulphur compounds (diallyl sulphide, diallyl disulphide, methylallyl disulphide, diallyl trisulphide and methional) and several derivatives of 2-cyclopenten-1-one such as ethyl cyclotene. Non-important flavour constituents such as high-molecular fatty acids, alcohols and aldehydes were also present among abundant compounds. General trends for possible discrimination of “kulen” volatiles profile among other European salami volatiles were noticed (lower amount of terpenes and higher percentages of diallyl sulphide, methoxyphenols, methylphenols and 2-cyclopenten-1-one derivatives).     

Changes in Flavor Components of Garlic Resulting from Gamma Irradiation

Formation of diallyl disulfide, identified as a main flavor component of garlic, was gradually decreased by irradiation of 0.05-0.5 kGy, but increased slightly at higher doses of 1.0-3.0 kGy. In garlic stored for 5 months, a dose of 0.1 kGy had little influence on the amount of diallyl disulfide, but higher dose irradiation caused an apparent reduction in the amount of the component.     

Diallyl disulphide,but not diallyl sulphide,increases leucocyte function-associated antigen-1 expression and cellular adhesion in monocytes

A steam distillation process at pH 9 was conducted to prepare garlic oil for food supplement. A garlic oil predominant in bioactive diallyl monosulphide (8.9%), diallyl disulphide (56.9%) diallyl trisulphide (7.6%) and diallyl tetrasulphide (2.6%) was obtained from peeled garlic cloves. The adhesion molecule leucocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) mediates leucocyte adhesion and migration during immune responses. In this study, we investigated the effects of diallyl sulphide (DAS) and diallyl disulphide (DADS) on LFA-1 expression, cell adhesion and migration in the U937 and peritoneal macrophages from mice. After treatment, DADS, but not DAS, elevated the expression of LFA-1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner in U937 cells and peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, LFA-1 and intracellular adhesion molecular-1 (ICAM-1)-mediated adhesion also was increased by DADS in a dose- and time-dependent manner. After DADS treatment, LFA-1 clustering also increased on U937 surface. In contrast, there was no significant difference in migration of U937 cells between DADS treatment and no treatment. This study indicates the DADS, but not DAS, regulates immune responses by modulating LFA-1 expression, clustering and LFA-1-mediated adhesion in monocytes, evidences that DADS acts as an immune regulator of adhesion molecules during immune responses.     

Effects of Irradiation and Storage on the Flavor of Garlic Bulbs cv "Red"

The effects of 50 Gy gamma irradiation 30 days after harvest on the flavor of garlic bulbs cv “Red” during storage at room temperature for 300 days were evaluated. The contents of sulfur compounds and enzymatic pyruvate (EP) were determined by GLC and spectrophotometry as a measure of flavor intensity. Upon comparison of irradiated and nonirradiated bulbs no differences were observed in the contents of EP, cyclic disulfide compounds 144-1 + 144-11 (GLC-induced rearrangment products of allicin, the chief flavor component), and diallyl disulfide (DADS). At the end of the storage both samples showed a significant reduction in 144-1 + 144-11 and EP. On the contrary, DADS underwent an increase in both treatments.     

常温储存和干热处理对豆粕蛋白质氧化的影响

研究常温储存和干热处理对豆粕中蛋白质氧化的影响。取新鲜豆粕200 g装入自封袋,置于室温下保存不同时间(1、10、20、30和60 d);另取豆粕20 g于烘箱中100℃加热不同时间(0、1、2、4和8 h),测定分析2种处理方式对豆粕中的蛋白质羰基、巯基、总巯基基团及氨基酸含量的影响。结果表明,与新鲜豆粕(对照)相比,室温储存和干热处理不同时间后蛋白质羰基含量均显著增加(P0.05);随储存和干热处理时间的增加,豆粕蛋白质巯基和总巯基基团含量均逐渐降低,蛋白质巯基被氧化成非二硫键的含硫化合物,导致蛋白质巯基和总巯基与二硫键含量均降低;随加热时间的延长豆粕中苏氨酸、酪氨酸、赖氨酸及组氨酸含量在数值上逐渐降低。结果提示,蛋白质羰基、巯基及氨基酸含量的变化与蛋白质氧化密切相关,室温储存和干热处理均会导致豆粕中蛋白质发生氧化。     

电子束辐照对不同品种猕猴桃品质的影响

以4 个品种（‘海沃德’‘徐香’‘华优’‘亚特’）猕猴桃为试材,采用剂量分别为0.4、0.8、1.2 kGy的高能电子束辐照处理,于0～1 ℃、相对湿度90%～95%条件下贮藏,每15 d取样一次,测定电子束辐照处理对果实冷藏期硬度、质量损失率、可溶性固形物质量分数、可滴定酸质量分数、VC含量等品质指标的影响,探究电子束辐照对猕猴桃贮藏品质的影响,为猕猴桃采后保鲜技术提供理论依据。结果表明,电子束辐照处理对维持猕猴桃的贮藏品质有一定积极作用。适宜剂量电子束辐照能抑制猕猴桃贮藏期间果实的质量损失,延缓可滴定酸质量分数的下降,提高类黄酮含量,在贮藏前期提升多酚含量,但硬度、VC含量经辐照后有所降低,且可溶性固形物质量分数升高。相比其他剂量,0.8 kGy电子束辐照能够较好地延缓猕猴桃可溶性固形物质量分数升高和可滴定酸含量降低,提高多酚和类黄酮的含量。整体来看,4 个品种中‘海沃德’‘亚特’更加耐受电子束辐照,且0.4、0.8 kGy剂量的电子束辐照对‘海沃德’‘亚特’的采后贮藏保鲜效果较好,推荐0.4、0.8 kGy为‘海沃德’‘亚特’的采后保鲜辐照剂量。结论：适宜剂量的电子束辐照可以作为提升猕猴桃保鲜效果的有效手段。     

Effects of irradiation and drying on volatile components of fresh shiitake (Lentinus edodesSing)

Fresh shiitake (Lentinus edodes Sing) was irradiated with doses of 0·5, 1 and 2 kGy using ⁶⁰Co. Effects of γ-irradiation and drying on the volatile composition of shiitake were studied by gas chromatography (GC) and GC–mass spectrometry. Irradiation above 1·0 kGy could inhibit the growth and mould decay of fresh shiitakes after harvesting. Irradiation with 2 kGy increased the eight-carbon volatile components of fresh shiitake. Treatment at 1 kGy irradiation of fresh shiitake produced some new volatile compounds in the dry product, such as methylethyl disulphide, sulphinylbis methane, methyl(methylthio)ethyl disulphide and N-(3-methylbutyl) acetamide. The eight-carbon compounds mostly disappeared after drying. The amount of sulphur-containing volatile compounds in dried shiitake became lower during irradiation. Irradiation with doses of 1 or 2 kGy of fresh shiitake did not increase the volatile content of shiitake after drying. © 1998 SCI.     

Strawberry Texture and Pectin Content as Affected by Electron Beam Irradiation

Fresh Tristar' strawberries were irradiated with electron beam irradiation at 0, 1, and 2 kGy. Fruit firmness decreased as irradiation dose increased. Water-soluble pectin increased and oxalate-soluble pectin decreased at 0 and 1 day after 1 and 2 kGy irradiation. Fruit firmness correlated with oxalate-soluble pectin content. Total pectin and nonextractable pectin were not affected by irradiation. The oxalate-soluble pectin content and firmness of irradiated strawberries increased slightly at the beginning of 2°C storage and then decreased as storage time increased. No changes occurred in water-soluble pectin, nonextractable pectin, or total pectin during storage.     

Lipid oxidation, color changes and volatiles production in irradiated pork sausage with different fat content and packaging during storage

Effects of irradiation on lipid oxidation, color and volatiles production in pork sausages with different fat content and packaging were determined. Sausages (with 4.7, 10.5 and 15.8% fat content) were sliced and vacuum-packaged either in oxygen-permeable or impermeable bags, irradiated (0 or 4.5 kGy) and stored at 4°C for 7 days. Lipid oxidation, color and volatiles productions were analyzed at 0, 3 and 7 days of storage. TBARS (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) values of cooked pork sausages increased with the increase of fat content regardless of storage, irradiation or packaging types. Irradiated samples had higher TBARS than nonirradiated at 0 day but the difference disappeared during storage in both packaging types. Lightness of sausages (Hunter L-value) increased with the increase of fat content and storage time but was not affected by irradiation. In aerobic packaging, irradiation reduced Hunter a-values of pork sausages at 0 day but irradiation effect on a-value disappeared during storage. In vacuum packaging, however, irradiated samples had higher Hunter a-values than nonirradiated samples. Irradiation increased 1-heptene and total volatiles, but the amount of 1-heptene was not associated well with TBARS values of pork sausages. In both irradiated and nonirradiated pork sausages, aerobic packaging produced more volatiles than vacuum packaging during storage. It was concluded that irradiation and fat content had significant effects on lipid oxidation, color and volatiles production of cooked pork sausages during storage but that oxygen availability had a stronger effect than irradiation and fat content.     

鲢鱼鱼糜在冻藏过程中理化特性的变化

研究了鲢鱼鱼糜在-10℃与-20℃冻藏过程中盐溶性蛋白含量、Ca2+-ATPase活性及保水性的变化。结果表明,三项指标在冻藏过程中都显著下降,且呈现二段下降规律;三项指标的变化之间呈现一定的相关性;SDS-PAGE电泳显示,鲢鱼鱼糜蛋白在冻藏过程中形成了二硫键。     

电子束辐照对梅鱼鱼糜化学作用力、流变及其凝胶特性的影响

以梅鱼鱼糜为原料,采用不同剂量（0、1、3、5、7、9 kGy）电子束辐照前处理,通过测定鱼糜凝胶持水性、白度和质构指标,结合鱼糜和鱼糜凝胶化学作用力、鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白组成及其流变学指标,探究电子束辐照对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响及机理。结果表明：在梅鱼鱼糜热诱导凝胶过程中,鱼糜蛋白疏水作用力和二硫键是稳定凝胶结构的主要化学作用力,5 kGy处理组鱼糜所形成的鱼糜凝胶白度、持水性、质构等性能指标优于其他剂量组;与对照组鱼糜相比,5 kGy处理组鱼糜储能模量（G’）高,而损耗角正切（tan δ）低;在变温过程中,梅鱼鱼糜G’的变化分3 个阶段,当温度低于31 ℃时,随着温度的升高G’缓慢增加;31～43 ℃时,G’有所下降;当温度高于43 ℃时,随着温度的升高G’迅速上升,鱼糜形成鱼糜凝胶。结论：适宜剂量（5 kGy）电子束辐照前处理显著影响梅鱼鱼糜化学作用力和流变特性（P＜0.05）,促进鱼糜凝胶形成,改善鱼糜品质。     

大蒜中硫代亚磺酸酯提取工艺及其稳定性研究

采用乙醇溶液提取大蒜中的硫代亚磺酸酯,研究了乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间、料液比对硫代亚磺酸酯提取量的影响,在单因素实验的基础上采用响应面法确定了最佳提取条件:乙醇浓度为64.89%,提取温度为19.06℃,提取时间为1.48 h,料液比为1∶4.48(g∶mL),硫代亚磺酸酯含量可达4.17 mmol/100 g。对硫代亚磺酸酯的稳定性研究表明:随着温度的升高,硫代亚磺酸酯稳定性下降,提取液在贮存过程中,随着硫代亚磺酸酯含量的降低,二烯丙基二硫醚(DADS)与二烯丙基三硫醚(DATS)的含量会上升。     

同时蒸馏萃取- 气质联机分析腌渍野韭菜花香成分

以乙醚为溶剂,采用同时蒸馏萃取法提取腌渍野韭菜花精油,提取率0.29%。用气相色谱- 质谱法结合气相色谱保留指数定性方法,从腌渍野韭菜花精油中鉴定出37 种挥发性成分,占精油总成分的95.75%。主要成分为二甲基三硫醚(28.18%)、二甲基二硫醚(18.13%)、甲基丙烯基二硫醚(14.24%)、甲基烯丙基三硫醚(4.89%)、甲基烯丙基二硫醚(3.19%)、甲基甲硫基甲基二硫醚(3.10%)、4- 乙烯基愈创木酚(2.93%)、二烯丙基二硫醚(2.71%)、二甲基四硫醚(2.67%)、3- 羟基-2- 丁酮(2.42%)、2- 乙烯基-2- 丁烯醛(1.54%)、2,5- 二甲基-1,3,4- 五硫三环(1.45%)、苯甲醇(1.31%)和甲硫基甲磺酰基甲烷(1.28%)等。其中硫醚和多硫醚类成分11 种,相对含量79.99%,是腌渍野韭菜花的特征香气成分。     

固相微萃取-气质联用分析沙茶酱香气物质的研究

目的用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用技术分析沙茶酱中的香气物质。方法优化萃取纤维种类、萃取时间及萃取温度,确定了较佳的萃取条件,进行质谱分析及检索。结果共检测到42种化合物,主要有茴香脑、芳樟醇、烯丙基甲基硫醚、二烯丙基二硫醚等。结论顶空固相微萃取-气质联用可用于沙茶酱中香气物质的快速分析。     

辐照糙米储藏过程中淀粉脂和非淀粉脂组成及变化

目的：研究低剂量60Co-γ辐照对储藏糙米的淀粉脂和非淀粉脂的粗脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成的影响,为辐照糙米储藏提供数据支持和理论依据。方法：晚粳米收获后进行60Co-γ辐照,设0.2、0.5、1.0 kGy和2.0 kGy 4 个不同的辐照剂量水平,之后恒温（15±0.5）℃储藏12 个月,每3 个月进行一次品质测量。结果：辐照糙米在储藏12 个月的过程中,非淀粉脂含量变化不显著（P＞0.05）,淀粉脂含量在储藏过程中持续下降,储藏12 个月后,淀粉脂含量显著降低（P＜0.05）。在储藏过程中,非淀粉脂和淀粉脂的各个脂肪酸组成的含量表现出不同的增加或减少趋势。在同一时期,辐照糙米和未辐照糙米的粗脂肪（淀粉脂和非淀粉脂）含量没有显著差异（P＞0.05）,说明辐照不会影响粗脂肪含量,辐照对各糙米的脂肪酸组成没有显著的影响。结论：低剂量的辐照处理不会改变储藏过程糙米的脂类组成,储藏对糙米的淀粉脂和非淀粉脂有不同的影响。     

电子束辐照对鲈鱼肉杀菌保鲜效果及品质的影响

为研究电子束辐照在水产品保鲜应用上的可行性,利用1、3、5、7 kGy剂量电子束辐照处理鲈鱼肉,对冷藏期内鲈鱼肉菌落总数、挥发性盐基总氮（total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid,TBA）值、色值及质构进行测定,结合感官评价分析不同剂量电子束辐照对鲈鱼肉杀菌效果及品质的影响。结果表明：电子束辐照能有效降低鲈鱼肉的菌落总数,延缓鲈鱼肉在冷藏期内TVB-N含量的上升速率;辐照后鲈鱼肉TBA值有所增加,且在冷藏期内高剂量辐照组鱼肉TBA值上升速率大于低剂量辐照组;辐照对鲈鱼肉感官、质构和色值影响不显著,但能略微提高鱼肉的亮度。综合考虑,冷藏前对鲈鱼肉采取3～5 kGy电子束辐照处理较为合适,可有效延长鲈鱼肉货架期6～10 d。该结果可为电子束辐照应用于鱼肉保鲜提供参考。     

Changes in quality, liking, and purchase intent of irradiated fresh-cut spinach during storage

The use of ionizing radiation to enhance microbial safety of fresh spinach at a maximum dose of 4 kGy has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, whether spinach can tolerate those high doses of radiation is unclear. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of irradiation and storage on quality, liking, and purchase intent of fresh-cut spinach. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity values and total phenolic content were not consistently affected by irradiation. However, the ascorbic acid content of irradiated sample decreased rapidly during storage, resulting in these samples being lower in ascorbic acid content than controls after 7 and 14 d of storage at 4 °C. Sensory evaluation by a 50-member panel revealed that purchase intent and ratings for liking of appearance, aroma, texture, flavor, and overall were not affected by irradiation at doses up to 2 kGy. Therefore, irradiation at doses up to 2 kGy may be used to enhance microbial safety without affecting consumer acceptance or overall antioxidant values of irradiated spinach.