Lipids Classes,Fatty Acids,Fat Soluble Vitamins,and Molecular Species of the Triacylglycerol of Baphia nitida and Gliricidia sepium Seed Oils

Oil was extracted from the seeds of B. nitida and G. sepium and evaluated for its fatty acid composition, lipid profile, fatty acid distribution, fat soluble vitamins, unsaponifiable matter content, and molecular speciation of triacylglycerol. C18:2 was the predominating fatty acid found in the oils of B. nitida (50.00 ± 0.20 g/100 g fatty acids) and G. sepium (32.20 ± 0.30 g/100 g fatty acids) while the neutral lipids were the dominating lipid class in the oils of B. nitida (95.50 ± 0.70 g/100 g oil) and G. sepium (98.00 ± 0.30 g/100 g oil). Molecular species with equivalent carbon chain number C₄₈ were mainly present in the oils of B. nitida (39.6 ± 0.2%) and G. sepium (33.4 ± 0.0%). Digalactosyldiacylglycerol was the major glycolipid found in B. nitida (54.08 ± 0.10%) while both digalactosyldiacylglycerol (34.47 ± 0.50%) and digalactosylmonoacylglycerol (43.71 ± 0.20%) were found to be dominantly present in the oil of G. sepium. Phosphatidylethanol amine was the most abundant phospholipid found in B. nitida (97.70 ± 0.10%) while lyso phosphatidylethanol amine was the most abundant in G. sepium (74.22 ± 0.30%). Vitamins A and E were the two fat soluble vitamins detected in both oils while the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry result of the unsaponifiable matters revealed the presence of phytol, dodecatrienol, campesterol, stigmasterol, beta sitosterol, beta amyrin, beta tocopherol, stigmast-7-en-3-ol, stigmast-4-en-3-one, and hydrocarbons.     

Fatty Acids Composition of Apple and Pear Seed Oils

In this study, oil content and fatty acid composition of apple and pear seeds were analyzed. Apple (cv. red Fuji) seeds and pear (cv. Dangshan Suli) seeds contained a large quantity of oils (apple seed oil, 291 g/kg seed; pear seed oil, 179 g/kg seed). Eleven types of fatty acids were identified in apple and pear seed oil; c16:0, c16:1, c18:0, c18:1, c18:2, c18:3, c20:0, c20:1, c20:2, c22:0, and c24:0. The dominant fatty acids in apple seed oil were c18:1 (43.03 g/100g oil), c18:0 (26.47 g/100g oil), and c16:0 (5.60 g/100g oil). The same three fatty acids were also dominant in pear oil (c18:1, 56.80 g/100g oil; c18:0, 20.28 g/100g oil; and c16:0, 6.39 g/100g oil). Compared with previous research, an additional six fatty acids were found in apple seed oil (c16:1, c18:3, c20:1, c20:2, c22:0, and c24:0). Unsaturated fatty acids comprised 70.598 g/100g oil of apple seed oil and 77.846 g/100g oil of pear seed oil. In conclusion, apple seeds and pear seeds contain a large quantity of oil comprised of many fatty acids, especially unsaturated fatty acids. These data suggest that apple and pear seeds could be new sources of edible oils.     

NIR光谱法测定烟草中棕榈酸、亚麻酸及亚油酸

为了快速检测烟草样品中的棕榈酸、亚麻酸及亚油酸含量,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)将242个烤烟样品的近红外光谱(NIR)及其棕榈酸、亚麻酸、亚油酸含量GC测定值进行拟合,建立了校正模型,考察了光谱预处理方法和光谱谱区范围对模型的影响,并进行了内部交叉验证和模型精度检验及30个测试样品的外部验证。结果表明:①多元散射校正法和7502~5442.3,4427.9~4246.7 cm-1,一阶导数法和7502~5442.3,4601.5~4246.7 cm-1,矢量归一化法和8724.7~5438.5,4427.9~4246.7 cm-1谱区范围分别适合棕榈酸、亚麻酸、亚油酸模型;②3个模型的平均相对精度分别为98.41%,97.84%,98.84%;③3个模型的预测标准偏差均小于5%,且NIR预测值与GC测定值不存在显著性差异。NIR光谱法适合批量烟叶样品中棕榈酸、亚麻酸及亚油酸含量的快速分析。     

Oil Content and Fatty Acids Composition in Brassica Species

Seeds of 20 accessions of six Brassica species including cultivated and five wild relatives were analyzed for oil and fatty acid composition. The results showed that oil content varied from 21 (B. nigra) to 46% (B. napus). Among wild species, B. rapa and B. oleracea had highest oil content (31 and 28%, respectively). The main fatty acids of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, erucic, palmitic, and stearic acids accounted for 89–94% of the total fatty acids in all species. Cultivated species of B. napus had highest oleic acid (61%) and lowest erucic acid (1%) content compared to other studied species. Brassica rapa and B. oleracea had the highest content of erucic acid (41 and 46%, respectively). The highest content of linolenic (20%) and linoleic (19%) acid was observed for B. juncea. The results showed that there was high genetic variation among the studied species for oil content and fatty acids composition. This indicates that seed oil of these species is possibly suitable for both human consumption and industrial purposes.     

油脂氢化过程中反式脂肪酸形成及降低措施

该文对油脂氢化过程中反式脂肪酸形成及降低反式脂肪酸含量措施进行论述。通过控制氢化操作条件,选择贵金属催化剂,加入添加剂,选择超临界流体氢化和电化学氢化反应器等均能减少油脂氢化过程中反式脂肪酸形成。     

气相色谱法测定常见植物油中脂肪酸

随着营养学研究发展,人们对脂肪酸认识不断增加。中国营养学会也推荐膳食中必需脂肪酸摄入理想比值,市场上也出现大量调和油,为了评估食用植物油营养价值,该研究分析常用食用植物油中脂肪酸组成和各种油营养特色。方法:用氢氧化钾-甲醇溶液将植物油皂化后,在三氟化硼作为催化剂作用下,用甲醇将样品甲酯化,正己烷提取甲酯化产物。以毛细管柱DB-23作为分离柱,用气相色谱法测定植物油脂肪酸组成。结果:大豆油,葵花籽油,玉米油中含有50％-60％亚油酸和20％-30％油酸,营养均衡合理;花生油,芝麻油中油酸、亚油酸含量约35％-45％,易于人体吸收;菜籽油中含有45％油酸和15％芥酸,芥酸对人体健康有不利作用;橄榄油,茶籽油中含有75％-80％油酸,红花籽油中含有约80％亚油酸,有降低胆固醇功效。     

硫化植物油脂肪酸的合成

以摩尔比为１：１的不饱和植物油脂肪酸（芥酸或油酸）与一氯化硫为基本原料,在＜４０℃的湿度下进行加成反应,然后用硫化钠脱去加成中的氯,用还原铁粉除去游离硫,合成得到了硫化植物油脂肪酸硫化廿二酸或硫化十八酸,反应收率分别为８３．１％和８０．５％。最后给出了两产物的元素分析、热重分析和红外光谱分析的实验结果。     

Fatty Acid Composition and Oxidative Stability of Cold-pressed Edible Seed Oils

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to determine the fatty acid (FA) compositions and oxidative stabilities of cold-pressed cranberry, carrot, hemp, and caraway seed oils. The cold-pressed cranberry and hemp seed oils exhibited higher α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) contents with levels of 22 and 19 g/100 g fatty acids, respectively. Cold-pressed carrot seed oil contained about 82% oleic acid and had the lowest total saturated fatty acids among all tested oils. Cold-pressed caraway seed oil had the greatest oxidative stability with an OSI value of 150 hours. In addition, cold-pressed carrot seed oil had the lightest color while hemp seed oil was the darkest among all the oils tested.     

进口棕榈油产品脂肪酸成分分析和比较

对进口棕榈油产品中脂肪酸成分进行分析,比较不同产品脂肪酸成分不同,从而可辨别它们不同特性,为在实际工作中鉴别提供理论依据。     

Determination of True Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility in Feedstuffs for Pigs with the Linear Relationships between Distal Ileal Outputs and Dietary Inputs of Amino Acids

This study was carried out to investigate the methodological aspects of extrapolating the ileal losses of endogenous amino acids (AA) with linear relationships between the distal ileal outputs and dietary inputs of AA. Six barrows, average initial body weight 35 kg, were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum and fed six diets according to a 6×6 Latin square design. Six maize starch-based diets containing six levels of crude protein (CP) and AA from soya bean meal (4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24% CP, respectively) were formulated. Chromic oxide (4 g kg^-1 diet) was included as the digestibility marker. Each experimental period consisted of 8 days. Ileal digesta were collected, at 2 h intervals, for a total of 24 h during days 7 and 8. There were strong linear relationships (P<0·01) between the ileal outputs and dietary inputs of AA. Differences in ranges of graded dietary levels of AA affected the linearity and caused large differences in the extrapolated levels of ileal endogenous AA. Therefore, the design of a suitable range of graded dietary levels of AA is the most important methodological consideration for the determination of endogenous AA losses and the true ileal digestibility values of AA with the linear relationship. For CP and the essential AA, the true ileal digestibility values (%) in soya bean meal and the ileal endogenous losses (g kg^-1 dry matter intake, in parentheses) were as follows: CP, 89·4 (16·4); arginine, 96·1 (0·68); histidine, 92·4 (0·24); isoleucine, 91·7 (0·45); leucine, 90·7 (0·69); lysine, 90·5 (0·48); methionine, 93·6 (0·13); phenyl-alanine, 92·5 (0·38); threonine, 86·5 (0·71) and valine, 90·3 (0·56). Furthermore, the levels of endogenous AA extrapolated with the linear relationships between the ileal outputs and dietary inputs of AA were very close to the values estimated with the linear relationships between the dietary contents of apparent ileal digestible and total AA, suggesting that both models of linear relationships can be used as the regression analysis technique for determination of ileal losses of endogenous AA and true ileal digestibility values of AA in feedstuffs for pigs. © 1997 SCI.     

A Capillary GC Determination of Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acids in Cottonseed Oils

A capillary gas chromatography (GC) method was studied for direct analysis for cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPEFAs) as methyl esters. No thermal alterations were indicated in CPEFA methyl esters on a Supelcowax 10 or a DB-5 capillary column like other fatty acid methyl esters (FAMES), which obviated a second derivatization. GC conditions are described for a complete separation and quantitation of CPEFAs in cottonseed oils. CPEFAs of cottonseed oils from various refining steps were analyzed by the method. The reliability of the method was demonstrated with over 95% recoveries of CPEFA methyl esters diluted in corn oil FAMES at various levels as low as 0.017%.     

红树林植物露兜中挥发油和脂肪酸的测定

本文采用气相色谱-质谱联用分析法,测定红树林植物露兜中挥发油、脂肪酸组分及含量.结果表明:从露兜挥发油提取液中分离出76个峰,共鉴定出60种化合物,其中2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚含量最高,达19.25%,还含有苯乙酸苯乙脂、十六酸、四十一醇、2-异丙基-5-甲基己醇、十烷醚、二十二醇、二十六醇,此外还检测出8种同分异构体;从露兜提取液中分离出22个峰,鉴定出6种脂肪酸,提取的脂肪酸以十六酸(棕榈酸)含量最高,达35.39%,十八酸含量为18.88%,9-十八碳烯酸(油酸)含量为10.03%,其中十四酸有两个同分异构体.从分析结果知,露兜叶中含有多种在食品发面有很大的应用空间的组分,值得进一步开发研究.     

广西河池、百色和梧州油茶种子含油率和脂肪酸组成测定

选取广西油茶重点产区河池、百色和梧州的主要油茶品种普通油茶、岑溪软枝油茶及大果红花油茶的种子为原料,石油醚为溶剂提取油茶种子的油脂及测定含油率,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对不同油茶籽油试样的脂肪酸成分进行分析鉴定。结果表明：4个不同产地不同品种的油茶种子出仁率为53.29%～68.91%;干籽含油率为47.05%～59.51%;GC-MS共鉴定出14种脂肪酸,单不饱和酸含量为72.91%～80.11%,其中河池巴马软枝油茶籽油的单不饱和酸含量最高,为80.11%,主要成分是油酸;多不饱和酸含量为5.85%～9.14%,其中梧州岑溪软枝油茶籽油的多不饱和酸含量最高,为9.14%,主要成分是亚油酸;饱和脂肪酸含量为13.62%～17.95%,主要成分为棕榈酸和硬脂酸;同时,广西油茶籽油中含有少量的9,10-环氧-十八碳烷酸尚未见报道。     

基于脂肪酸组成结合主成分分析识别不同比例大豆油和菜籽油调配的调和油

结合脂肪酸组成和化学计量学方法,对大豆油、菜籽油及其不同比例的二元调和油的识别进行基础研究,并分析不同比例调和油中脂肪酸含量的变化。结果表明在大豆油和菜籽油中,共检出脂肪酸组分17种,主要以油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸和亚麻酸为主。在以不同比例低芥酸菜籽油和大豆油调配的调和油中,脂肪酸含量随调和比例的改变而呈现一定趋势的增加或减小。结合脂肪酸组成,对所有的139个样品进行了主成分分析(PCA),结果表明大豆油和菜籽油可以互相实现区分,不同比例的调和油样品分布在调配的溯源样品之间,基本按照比例关系分布成一条直线。研究通过对菜籽油、大豆油及其不同比例调配的调和油的脂肪酸组成进行了定量分析,分析了它们之间脂肪酸组成的变化,并结合化学计量学手段进行一些识别分析,为规范调和油的生产和保障公平有序的调和油市场提供参考。     

10种小宗植物油的脂肪酸组成及氧化稳定性

考察山茶籽油、乳木果油、亚麻籽油、牡丹籽油、核桃油、葡萄籽油、玫瑰果油、紫苏籽油、石榴籽油和甜杏仁油10种植物油的脂肪酸组成、酸价、过氧化值（POV）、硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）值和油稳定性指数（OSI）。结果显示：10种植物油中,除乳木果油不饱和脂肪酸含量偏低,为50.41%（质量分数）,其余植物油不饱和脂肪酸含量均较高（84.34%～92.47%,质量分数）。亚麻籽油和牡丹籽油的主要脂肪酸为α-亚麻酸,山茶籽油和乳木果油主要脂肪酸含量为油酸>亚油酸>α-亚麻酸,剩余6种植物油则为亚油酸>油酸>α-亚麻酸。根据酸价,山茶籽油、玫瑰果油与紫苏籽油品质最好,亚麻籽油则相反,新鲜度最低。综合POV和TBA值两个指标,亚麻籽油主要处于深度氧化阶段,核桃油虽已深度氧化但仍主要为初级氧化产物,乳木果油与葡萄籽油更易发生深度氧化,剩余植物油氧化程度不高。乳木果油的OSI最高,核桃油最低,且10种植物油的OSI与多不饱和脂肪酸质量分数、不饱和脂肪酸质量分数呈显著负相关,与饱和脂肪酸质量分数、饱和脂肪酸/不饱和脂肪酸比例呈显著正相关。研究结果为进一步开发我国植物油产品提供依据。     

高效液相双柱法测定油脂中的甘油三酯氧化聚合物

为了建立简便、准确、快速测定油脂中的甘油三酯氧化聚合物(triacylglycerol polymers,TGP)的方法,用正向硅胶柱串联凝胶柱(双柱法),经高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器分离检测油脂中的非极性部分、甘油三酯氧化寡聚物、甘油三酯氧化二聚物(oxidized dimeric triacylglycerols,TGD)、甘油三酯氧化单体、甘油二酯(diacylglycerls,DG)、脂肪酸等极性组分;以DG作为外标,结合外标法和面积归一化法定量油脂中TGP各组分的含量。结果表明:优化的测定条件为石油醚(A)和四氢呋喃(B)为流动相;梯度洗脱程序为0 min、5%B,20 min、15%B,30 min、30%B,35 min、5%B;流速0.7 mL/min;测定时间50 min;该条件下上述各组分分离效果良好。双柱法测定TGP的相关性良好,相关系数(R2)为0.9995,TGD检出限为156 mg/L,定量限为267 mg/L。双柱法对加标DG的回收率在95%~99%之间,相对标准偏差均小于2%;且检测油脂中TGP的重复性良好,相对标准偏差均小于3%。此方法能够在1 h内定量油脂中TGP的含量,操作简便、定量准确、节约试材。     

食用植物油脂肪酸的高分辨气相色谱分析

提出用一种经过改进的方法制备食用植物油的脂肪酸甲酯衍生物，并利用高分辨率毛细管柱分析其中脂肪酸的组成和含量。在确定的气相色谱操作条件下，所用的毛细管柱不仅能够测定食用植物油中的主要成分，而且可测得花生油中含量低至10mg／L数量级的痕量芥酸成分。     

分子蒸馏法制备鱼油多不饱和脂肪酸

研究了多级分子蒸馏法提取深海鱼油中多不饱和脂肪酸的工艺方法,通过对压力和温度的控制得到不同多不饱和脂肪酸含量的各级鱼油产品,当蒸馏温度为110℃以上,蒸馏压力为20Pa以下时,经过三级串联分子蒸馏,得到高碳链不饱和脂肪酸质量分数为90.96%的鱼油产品,并用气相色谱法测定了产品的脂肪酸组成,分析了产品的理化指标.