高精度太阳位置检测系统的设计

针对目前太阳位置检测系统精度不高的情况,设计了一种基于CMOS图像传感器和ARM11微控制器的高精度太阳位置检测系统。该系统可以实时采集太阳图像、定时保存图像并对保存的图像进行图像处理、计算太阳光斑圆心偏离图像中心的偏差角,计算所得的数据可以显示在系统界面上。将系统所得太阳偏差角传送到太阳能板转台控制器中,转台控制器调整太阳能板位置使太阳能板正对太阳,从而提高太阳能利用率。实验结果表明,该系统测量精度高、误差小。     

基于单片机的太阳追踪系统的设计

针对固定式太阳能利用装置的光能利用率低,设计一种太阳追踪系统。此系统由单片机智能控制,采用光电传感器检测太阳照射下遮光器的阴影,从而精确定位太阳与太阳能利用装置相对位置,实现太阳能利用装置的全程太阳追踪,使太阳光能最大限度地得到利用。     

太阳能自动跟踪控制系统的设计

为了提高太阳能的利用率,设计一种太阳能自动跟踪控制系统,本系统采用双光电传感器精确定位太阳与太阳能利用装置相对位置,通过单片机智能控制,实现太阳能利用装置的全程太阳追踪;并设计合理的机械结构,通过硬件控制系统,来实现高精度的太阳跟踪.同时,在阴晴不定的天气状况下仍可以实现对太阳的跟踪.具有设计简单、抗干扰能力强、系统控制器稳定、数据传输可靠性高等特点.     

太阳能沥青加热中太阳追光器的研究与设计

传统的沥青加热存在化油质量差、污染、耗能、成本高等诸多问题,采用太阳能光热转换高温加热沥青不失为很好的解决方法。为此,设计了高精度的太阳追光器,基于PSD位置传感器,以单片机为核心,采用“光电”跟踪和“日历”跟踪相结合的策略。试验表明：该系统能够实现全天候的不低于0.2°的跟踪精度,为达到沥青的高温工艺温度提供了必要条件。     

高精度太阳能跟踪控制器

针对目前采用的传统太阳能跟踪控制器传感器形式单一、抗干扰性差、跟踪精度不高等问题,设计了一种基于可编程逻辑控制器(Programmable Logic Controller,PLC)的太阳能跟踪控制器系统。该系统将固定轨迹粗略跟踪方式与光电传感器精确跟踪方式有效地结合起来,并重点将光电传感器加以改进,从而有效地提高了太阳能利用率。由伺服电机作为执行机构控制太阳能板对太阳位置的跟踪,可以实现对太阳高度角和方位角的双自由度跟踪,使太阳能跟踪装置始终正对着太阳光线位置。通过对比实验表明,该跟踪控制器可以达到较高的跟踪精度。     

高精度高可靠性脱机追日系统研制

为实现高精度高可靠性的追踪太阳,提高对太阳能的利用率,设计了一套基于以C8051Fa020的控制系统;该系统以C8051Fa020为控制器,通过太阳能公式计算出太阳的水平角及高度角,由程序控制水平及高度电机的转动,实现对太阳位置的精确跟踪;同时利用安装在太阳能发电架构上的编码器作为反馈,实现追日系统的闭环控制,对追日系统的误差进行校正,改进跟踪系统的精度;通过对实地太阳能架构的实验,追日系统可以精确追踪太阳位置,系统性能稳定,成本低,实用性很强。     

大视场、高精度数字式太阳敏感器

1 引言 太阳具有离地球近、亮度高、发光均匀等特点,把它作为测量目标,测量太阳矢量在敏感器坐标系中的位置,并将测得的该位置信息提供给卫星姿态控制系统,便可以调整卫星的姿态。表1列出了国内外各类卫星姿态控制系统的构成及性能。由此可以看出,几乎所有的卫星上都用到了太阳敏感器,可见其在姿态控制系统中的重要地位。太阳敏感器的主要类别为0-1式太阳敏感器、模拟式太阳敏感器、数字式太阳敏感器。     

基于双星敏感器的船体姿态测量系统设计

提出了一种基于双星敏感器的船体姿态测量系统。本系统采用两台大视场高精度CCD星敏感器,一台指向船艉,一台指向左舷,组合定姿达到提高横摇角测量精度的目的。选用TH7888A作为CCD传感器,成像后经实时图像处理器提取星点目标位置、灰度信息传给数据处理计算机,通过星图识别、姿态确定获取地心惯性坐标系下视轴指向,经岁差、章动、极移、船位、蒙气差等修正,获得惯导地平系下姿态矩阵。依据标定的星敏感器与甲板坐标系安装矩阵,解算船体姿态角,将两台星敏感器解算的姿态角进行融合,达到获取三个高精度船体姿态角的目的。实验表明,该系统航向、纵摇及横摇测角精度分别达到8.46″、7.16″及5.11″,测量精度高、自主性强且能不随时间漂移。     

新产品

日本能量综合研究所与三鹰光机合作开发了一种传感跟踪实验用太阳聚光系统。该系统利用太阳光和煤,但不排放二氧化碳,且制造甲醇,是日本“绿色燃制技术开发项目”之一。除了太阳聚光系统,还开发了从太阳吸取热量的技术。太阳聚光系统利用反射镜传感器跟踪太阳的位置,移动聚光镜能使太阳反射到一定的方向。(No.21日本松下电机公司与美风险企业Nanosis合作正在开发一种利用纳米技术的新一代太阳能电池。两家公司合作开发的太阳能电池是利用直径为7mm,长30～60nm的柱状纳米晶体化合物采用纳米技术的太阳能电池太阳聚光系统合成的有机太阳能电…     

地球同步气象卫星星载高精度太阳敏感器的研制

根据地球同步气象卫星 (GSMS)星载扫描同步控制器系统的要求和对太阳目标特性的分析 ,研制了一台用于该GSMS的星载高精度太阳敏感器 (HASS)及配套的性能测试装置 .该太阳敏感器的光学头部由两对狭缝组成 ,采用平衡检测方式产生高精度的太阳脉冲 ,为星上扫描同步控制器和卫星地面站云图配准的引导提供基准信号 .其在卫星子午面内的扇形视场为 - 2 9.5°～ 2 9.5° ,当其随星体按 10 0r/min的速率旋转时 ,可实现 0 .4 6 μs(r.m .s)的测量精度 .另外 ,该太阳敏感器还具有高可靠性、实时性和低功耗的特点     

基于单片机的太阳自动跟踪系统的研究

为了提高太阳光伏发电系统的转换效率,对太阳进行自动跟踪是很有必要的。设计一种基于AT89C51单片机的太阳自动跟踪系统。采用程序控制,利用光学传感器对太阳能板做自动定位和误差校正,而通过单片机控制步进电机来实现系统。理论分析和设计结果表明,系统实现了对太阳的自动跟踪,能大大提高太阳能的利用率。该系统价格低廉、性能可靠,具有较高的实用价值。     

一种可用于太阳能抽运光纤激光器的聚光器

为了研究抛物面碟形聚光器实现太阳能直接抽运光纤激光器,根据空间太阳光谱分布特点,采用数值方法,计算了用该聚光器聚集太阳能量抽运双包层光纤激光器时光纤吸收的太阳能量及其吸收效率。计算结果表明,通过采用内包层数值孔径较大、掺杂适当稀土元素的双包层光纤及减小太阳光传输过程中的损耗等措施提高光纤激光器对太阳能的吸收效率,可以实现太阳能直接抽运光纤激光器。通过光纤集束熔锥侧面耦合器构成多模光纤阵列或者聚光器阵列的结构,可进一步提高太阳能抽运功率。     

Effect of trap location and trap-assisted Auger recombination onsilicon solar cell performance

Model calculations were performed to investigate and quantify the effect of trap location and trap-assisted Auger recombination on silicon solar cell performance. Trap location has a significant influence on the lifetime behavior as a function of doping and injected carrier concentration in silicon. It Is shown in this paper that for a high quality silicon (τ=10 ms at 200 ohm-cm, no intentional doping), high resistivity (⩾200 ohm-cm) is optimum for high efficiency one sun solar cells if the lifetime limiting trap is located near midgap. However, if the trap is shallow (E_t-E_v⩽0.2 eV), the optimum resistivity shifts to about 0.2 ohm-cm. For a low quality silicon material or technology (10 μs at 200 ohm-cm, prior to intentional doping) the optimum base resistivity for one sun solar cells is found to be ~0.2 ohm-cm, regardless of the trap location. It is shown that the presence of a shallow trap can significantly degrade the performance of a concentrator cell fabricated on high-resistivity high-lifetime silicon material because of an undesirable injection level dependence in the carrier lifetime. The effect of trap assisted Auger recombination on the cell performance has also been modelled in this paper. It is found that the trap-assisted Auger recombination does not influence the one sun cell performance appreciably, but can degrade the concentrator cell performance if the trap-assisted Auger recombination coefficient value exceeds 2×10^-14 cm³/s. Therefore, it is necessary to know the starting lifetime as well as trap location in order to specify base resistivity in order to predict or achieve the best cell performance for a given one sun or concentrator cell design     

太阳能自动谷物翻晒机器人的系统设计简

为了改变传统翻晒谷物的方法,文中提出了一种以ATmega128单片机为主控芯片的太阳能自动谷物翻晒机器人的系统设计方案,并完成了该系统设计。其硬件部分主要是太阳能的收集与储存电路、电压转换电路;软件部分主要是利用AVRStudio编译环境进行编写,完成对太阳能自动跟踪发电系统、无线控制模块、超声波传感器以及步进电机的控制。重点分析了太阳能自动跟踪发电系统部分。结果表明,该机器人发电效率高、节能环保、智能且更具有人性化。     

Temperature dynamics of multijunction concentrator solar cells up to ultra‐high irradiance

We report experimental results for the effect of irradiance (from 12 up to 8600 suns) on the temperature coefficients of the key performance parameters of multijunction concentrator solar cells, with a flash‐like, real‐sun optical system. Particular attention is paid to the time scales and magnitudes of junction heating, hence the degree to which the cell can be deemed isothermal. The implications for corresponding measurements from solar simulators with pulsed artificial light and for the performance evaluation of concentrator photovoltaics are also addressed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electric Power Generation from Thermoelectric Cells Using a Solar Dish Concentrator

In this paper, design details, theoretical analysis, and outcomes of a preliminary experimental investigation on a concentrator thermoelectric generator (CTEG) utilizing solar thermal energy are presented. The designed CTEG system consisted of a parabolic dish collector with an aperture diameter of 1.8 m used to concentrate sunlight onto a copper receiver plate with 260 mm diameter. Four BiTe-based thermoelectric cells (TEC) installed on the receiver plate were used to convert the concentrated solar thermal energy directly into electric energy. A microchannel heat sink was used to remove waste heat from the TEC cold side, and a two-axis tracking system was used to track the sun continuously. Experimental tests were conducted on individual cells and on the overall CTEG system under different heating rates. Under maximum heat flux, a single TEC generator was able to produce 4.9 W for a temperature difference of 109°C, corresponding to 2.9% electrical efficiency. The overall CTEG system was able to produce electric power of up to 5.9 W for a 35°C temperature difference with a hot-side temperature of 68°C. The results of the investigation help to estimate the potential of the CTEG system and show concentrated thermoelectric generation to be one of the potential options for production of electric power from renewable energy sources.     

太阳能热光伏系统实验研究

对太阳能热光伏系统(STPV)进行了全面的实验研究,对系统组成装置即聚光器、辐射器、滤波器、电池、散热器等进行了合理的选型及加工;设计了系统中热光伏转换器的整体结构,并进行实验搭建,结合自动跟踪装置,对整个STPV系统进行了现场测试,分析了太阳能量密度对辐射器温度的影响,对不同辐射器入口条件下的温度分布进行了比较,并测量了不同辐射器温度下的电池输出特性;研究了散热器流速对电池温度及其输出功率的影响;讨论了实验测量值与理论解存在差异的原因。     

Spectrolab achieves record efficiency for multi-junction solar cell

Spectrolab, a subsidiary of The Boeing Company, announced that it has achieved unprecedented conversion efficiency for a terrestrial concentrator solar cell. Using concentrated sunlight, the photovoltaic cells can convert 36.9% of the sun’s energy to electricity. This technology capability could dramatically reduce the cost of generating electricity from solar energy, according to the California-based company.     

The PV‐FIBRE concentrator: a system for indoor operation of 1000X MJ solar cells

This paper describes the overall design and experimental results obtained with the PV‐FIBRE concentrator system (CPV). This system uses a parabolic dish to collect and concentrate the sunlight which is then further guided by a transparent rod and finally by individual short fibres. Eventually, the individual fibres are connected to single cells which are located indoors. Dual‐junction III‐V‐based solar cells with an efficiency of 30% and operating at 1000× are applied in the PV‐FIBRE system. This new system approach allows a suitable optical and electrical interconnection in order to reduce the losses and the indoor operation of the cell receiver. All elements of the CPV system (collector, tracker, transmission rod, cells, fibre bundles, and cooling circuit) have been manufactured according to main design requirements and have been evaluated separately. Finally, the PV‐FIBRE CPV system has been installed in Madrid and tested under real operation conditions. The system has demonstrated an optical efficiency of 62% is feasible, providing homogeneous illumination to the cells. Therefore, this concept can lead to overall efficiencies exceeding 20% when combined with MJ solar cells. In this paper we report on the main achievements, identified problems as well as lessons learned and future research lines to improve the system performance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

全内反射型太阳能聚光模块设计与研究

设计了用于太阳能聚集的全内反射（Total-internal-reflection,TIR）聚光器并采取措施进行优化,将多个TIR聚光器进行叠加放置在光波导板组成波导聚光模块。太阳光线经TIR聚光器阵列收集后照射到光波导板上并在其内部传播,由末端的光伏电池吸收。由实验结果可知,在光波导板长度为400 mm增至4 800 mm的过程中,光学效率由88.6%降低为40.2%,而辐照度由212 W/m2增长为980 W/m2。这样根据不同需求选取不同长度的光波导板,并在保证较高的输出功率的前提下大大减少所需使用的光伏电池面积,同时TIR聚光器只需水平放置在光波导板上,避免了透镜阵列与光波导板的严格对准要求,降低了制造与装配成本。