基于旋转森林的分类器集成算法研究

为提高决策树的集成分类精度,介绍了一种基于特征变换的旋转森林分类器集成算法,通过对数据属性集的随机分割,并在属性子集上对抽取的子样本数据进行主成分分析,以构造新的样本数据,达到增大基分类器差异性及提高预测准确率的目的。在Weka平台下,分别采用Bagging、AdaBoost及旋转森林算法对剪枝与未剪枝的J48决策树分类算法进行集成的对比试验,以10次10折交叉验证的平均准确率为比较依据。结果表明旋转森林算法的预测精度优于其他两个算法,验证了旋转森林是一种有效的决策树分类器集成算法。     

一种基于边界的贪心组合剪枝方法

理论及实验表明,在训练集上具有较大边界分布的组合分类器泛化能力较强。文中将边界概念引入到组合剪枝中,并用它指导组合剪枝方法的设计。基于此,构造一个度量标准(MBM)用于评估基分类器相对于组合分类器的重要性,进而提出一种贪心组合选择方法(MBMEP)以降低组合分类器规模并提高它的分类准确率。在随机选择的30个UCI数据集上的实验表明,与其它一些高级的贪心组合选择算法相比,MBMEP选择出的子组合分类器具有更好的泛化能力。     

基于距离权值的C4.5组合决策树算法

针对C4.5决策树算法在处理多维数据分类时,没有考虑各属性对分类结果的影响,导致分类准确率低的问题,提出一种基于距离权值的C4.5组合决策树算法。根据标准欧式距离定义数据属性的距离权值,更新C4.5决策树算法的信息增益率,得到基于距离权值的C4.5算法。利用改进后的C4.5决策树分类算法训练多个基分类器,基分类器通过Bagging集成方法构建组合决策树。实验结果表明,该算法在处理多维数据时有较高的准确性和稳定性。     

基于条件误分类的决策树剪枝算法

在建立决策树分类模型时,剪枝的方法直接影响分类器的分类效果。通过研究基于误差率的剪枝算法,引入条件误差的概念,改进剪枝标准的评估方法,针对决策树的模型进行优化,提出条件误差剪枝方法,并将其应用于C4.5算法中。实验结果表明,条件误差剪枝方法有效地解决剪枝不充分和过剪枝的情况,在一定程度上提高了准确率。     

基于新型不纯度度量的代价敏感随机森林分类器

针对不平衡数据集的有效分类问题,提出一种结合代价敏感学习和随机森林算法的分类器。首先提出了一种新型不纯度度量,该度量不仅考虑了决策树的总代价,还考虑了同一节点对于不同样本的代价差异;其次,执行随机森林算法,对数据集作K次抽样,构建K个基础分类器;然后,基于提出的不纯度度量,通过分类回归树(CART)算法来构建决策树,从而形成决策树森林;最后,随机森林通过投票机制做出数据分类决策。在UCI数据库上进行实验,与传统随机森林和现有的代价敏感随机森林分类器相比,该分类器在分类精度、AUC面积和Kappa系数这3种性能度量上都具有良好的表现。     

一种面向不平衡数据集的组合分类算法

为了提高不平衡数据集中少数类的分类准确率,文章对组合分类算法进行了研究,提出了一种新的组合分类算法WDB.该算法采用决策树C4.5和朴素贝叶斯两种不同的分类器作为基分类器,选择精确度(precision)作为权值,根据不同的训练集,通过"权值学习"的方式自动调整各基分类器的权值大小,然后,结合各基分类器的预测结果,利用加权平均法进行代数组合,构造出一种新的分类算法WDB.最后,以开放的不平衡数据集作为数据源,利用常见的性能评价指标进行实验验证.实验结果证明,在组合分类算法中引入"权值学习"能够发挥基分类器对于特定数据类型的分类优势,提高预测结果的准确率.WDB算法对不平衡数据集分类的性能优于决策树C4.5算法、朴素贝叶斯算法及随机森林算法,能够有效提升不平衡数据集中少数类的分类准确率.     

一种面向不平衡数据分类的组合剪枝方法

传统的数据分类算法多是基于平衡的数据集创建,对不平衡数据分类时性能下降,而实践表明组合选择能有效提高算法在不平衡数据集上的分类性能。为此,从组合选择的角度考虑不平衡类学习问题,提出一种新的组合剪枝方法,用于提升组合分类器在不平衡数据上的分类性能。使用Bagging建立分类器库,直接用正类(少数类)实例作为剪枝集,并通过MBM指标和剪枝集,从分类器库中选择一个最优或次优子组合分类器作为目标分类器,用于预测待分类实例。在12个UCI数据集上的实验结果表明,与EasyEnsemble、Bagging和C4.5算法相比,该方法不但能大幅提升组合分类器在正类上的召回率,而且还能提升总体准确率。     

一种以相关性确定条件属性的决策树

决策树是数据挖掘中的一种重要的分类器.文章在介绍了一些典型的决策树分类算法的基础上,研究了一种相关性度量的决策树分类器.其主要思想是在建立决策树过程中采用属性相关性度量来确定划分条件属性的顺序,通过阈值设定和处理简化了决策树的剪枝和优化过程,避免了使用信息熵带来的不当划分,详细描述了算法的执行过程以及正确性证明和时间复杂性分析.     

决策树算法的研究及其改进

该文主要探讨了基于数据仓库的数据挖掘技术中分类算法的决策树算法的基础理论和实施方法,分析并改进了分类方法中决策树算法;并在决策树预剪枝算法中,利用父结点与当前结点信息嫡的比值来作为是否停止决策树扩张的评判标准。     

一种以相关性确定条件属性的决策树

决策树是数据挖掘中的一种重要的分类器。文章在介绍了一些典型的决策树分类算法的基础上，研究了一种相关性度量的决策树分类器。其主要思想是在建立决策树过程中采用属性相关性度量来确定划分条件属性的顺序，通过阈值设定和处理简化了决策树的剪枝和优化过程，避免了使用信息熵带来的不当划分，详细描述了算法的执行过程以及正确性证明和时间复杂性分析。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.