锌浴温度对0.49%Si活性钢热浸镀锌层组织的影响

研究了高硅钢(0.49%Si,质量分数)在不同浸镀温度(440,480,520,560,600℃)和不同浸镀时间(1,3,5,10min)下的热镀锌试样镀层组织,探讨了浸镀温度和浸锌时间对镀层组织的影响。SEM/EDS结果表明:440℃和480℃热镀锌,镀层由薄而连续δ层和破碎的块状ζ相组成,无Γ相。ζ相生长过快,镀层过厚、灰暗、黏附性差,镀层生长主要由界面反应机制控制;520℃热镀锌时,镀层由极薄的Γ层、致密δk层和疏松的δp层组成,镀层生长主要受扩散机制控制;560℃和600℃镀锌时,镀层为Γ层和致密的δ相层,部分δ粒子弥散分布在η层中,镀层生长为扩散机制控制并伴随有显著的δ溶解过程。最佳高温镀锌温度应在520~560℃。     

预镀镍对活性钢热镀锌的影响

研究了四种含硅钢板预镀镍后热浸锌时镀层的生长动力学,以及镀层中合金相的形成和生长规律,探讨了预镀镍对活性钢热浸锌镀层生长的抑制机理.实验结果表明:预镀镍法可以显著降低活性钢镀锌层的快速生长,获得厚度适宜、表面光亮,粘附性好的镀层.预镀镍钢板热浸锌时首先形成一系列的Ni-Zn合金γ',γ和δ2相,随着进一步的扩散和反应,γ',γ和δ2相逐渐消失,生成了Fe-Zn-Ni三元金属间化合物Г2和Fe-Zn金属间化合物Г和δ;随后Г2相消失,在δ相和液相Zn间生成块状的ζ晶粒,并逐渐变成稳定致密的连续ζ层.钢板预镀镍后热镀锌时完全改变了Fe-Zn相的生长顺序,明显延缓了ζ相的生长,显著抑制了活性钢热浸镀锌层的异常生长.     

低合金高强度结构钢预镀镍后热镀锌的镀层组织研究

研究了含0.38%Si(质量分数)的Q345钢预镀镍后热镀锌时镀层的生长和组织形成。结果表明:预镀一薄层镍可有效抑制含Si>0.3%的低合金高强度结构钢热镀锌时生成超厚、表面灰暗的锌层,镍层越厚,锌层生长越慢。在浸锌时,镀镍层先与Zn反应生成Ni Zn合金相γ,和γ,镍层消耗完后,出现Fe Zn合金相δ和Ni Zn合金相δ2,最后Ni Zn相消失,镀层为连续的δ相和分散在η相中的块状ζ相;Ni Zn相形成连续致密的层状组织是抑制锌层快速生长的主要原因。     

锌浴中加锡对0.37%Si钢热浸镀锌的影响

为避免热镀锌时含硅活性钢形成表面灰暗、超厚而粘附性差的镀层,研究了0.37%Si钢在含锡量分别为0,3%,5%,7%和12%(质量分数)的锌浴中浸镀不同时间时镀锌层的生长及组织变化.结果表明,在锌浴中加入一定量的锡以后,镀层的超厚生长得到了抑制.当锡含量小于5%时,抑制效果随锡量增加而增加,当锡含量大于5%时,抑制效果随锡量增加不再明显增加.在锌浴中加5%锡以后,高硅钢的镀层中的δ层变厚而非常致密,ζ层显著变薄并由疏松的块状变为排列整齐的柱状晶.基于镀层中微区成分分析结果,锌浴加锡抑镀层快速生长的原因是由于在ζ层的前沿形成了一个阻碍铁锌互扩散的富锡区.     

Si含量对热浸镀Zn-15% Al层组织的影响

为了解合金浴中Si含量对低Al含量的热浸镀Zn-Al层组织的影响,将Q235钢浸入不同Si含量的Zn-15%Al合金浴中浸镀不同时间,制备了热浸镀Zn-15%Al层。利用扫描电镜、能谱仪等观察镀层形貌结构、分析镀层成分,研究了Si含量对镀层组织的影响。结果表明:Zn-15%Al合金镀层分为Fe-Al界面反应所形成的金属间化合物层和由富Al枝晶和枝晶富Zn相组成的自由层;少量的Si就能强烈地抑制Fe-Al反应,使化合物层减薄,并使自由层晶粒细化;随Si含量的增加,化合物层由Fe2Al5相和FeAl3相向Fe-Al-Si三元化合物4相转变;化合物层厚度随Si含量的增加总体呈减薄趋势,但略有波动;合金浴中含Si时,化合物层主要受扩散控制,其厚度呈抛物线生长规律。     

阴极偏压对Zn-Ni合金镀层电沉积行为的影响

碱性锌酸盐体系电沉积Zn-Ni合金镀层的研究还不系统。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散谱仪(EDX)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等研究了碱性锌酸盐体系中A3钢表面Zn-Ni合金镀层的共沉积行为,考察了阴极偏压对Zn-Ni合金镀层成核/生长速率的影响规律。结果表明:通过恒电流电沉积技术得到的Zn-Ni合金镀层表面平整光亮,镀层中Ni含量为10.6%;Zn-Ni合金镀层的沉积过程遵循异常共沉积机制,镀液中的Zn2+阻碍了Ni2+的阴极还原反应过程;Zn-Ni合金镀层的沉积速率随着阴极偏压的变负而呈指数规律提高。     

高强度航空结构钢电镀Zn-Ni合金的氢脆性能

目前,对航空300M超高强度结构钢电镀Zn-Ni合金的氢脆性能研究鲜见报道。采用正交试验法研究了工艺参数对300M钢Zn-Ni合金镀层含Ni量和氢脆性能的影响规律;采用EDA能谱分析、SEM形貌观察、缺口拉伸试验和断口分析等方法,对Zn-Ni合金镀层的氢脆性能和断口特征进行了分析研究,探讨了其代替松孔镀镉层的可行性。结果表明:从工程应用安全性出发的氯化物-硫酸盐体系Zn-Ni合金电镀优化工艺条件为镀液Ni2+/Zn2+质量浓度比0.53、温度30℃、电流密度4 A/dm2,所得镀层的氢脆敏感性低,符合航空工业高强度钢氢脆性能要求,可以代替剧毒镀镉工艺用于航空结构钢的表面防护处理。     

脉冲电镀Zn-Ni合金工艺参数对镀层Ni含量及形貌的影响

为了优化Zn-Ni合金制备工艺,在硫酸盐型Zn-Ni合金镀液中脉冲电镀Zn-Ni合金层。分别采用扫描电镜和X射线成分分析镀层形貌和成分,通过中性盐雾试验测试镀层耐蚀性。研究了脉冲参数、工艺条件对Zn-Ni合金镀层Ni含量与形貌的影响。结果表明:镀液温度、平均电流密度、频率、逆向脉冲系数及占空比对镀层性能和形貌均有较大影响;最佳工艺参数为温度60℃,平均电流密度70 m A/cm2,脉冲频率200 Hz,逆向脉冲系数0.4,占空比0.7,此时Zn-Ni合金镀层晶粒细小,表面平整光亮,呈银白色,镀层Ni含量为13%,耐蚀性优良。     

Zn-Ni合金电镀、钝化工艺及镀层性能

为了简化碱性体系Zn-Ni合金电镀,进一步提高镀层质量,对自制、多功能镀锌添加剂SD-1采用多乙烯多胺、香草醛等改性后,进行Zn-Ni合金电镀.以控制变量法通过霍尔槽和小槽试验获得了光亮、平整、细致的Zn-Ni合金镀层.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量弥散X射线(EDAX)、X射线衍射(XRD)能谱仪分别对Zn-Ni合金镀层的微观结构及镍含量进行了表征;讨论了改性SD-1、镍离子、三乙醇胺(TEA)、电流密度等对Zn-Ni合金镀层性能的影响.结果表明:改性SD-1能使镀液透明稳定,可获得含镍量13％左右、结构致密、均匀平整、单一相的Zn-Ni合金镀层;Zn-Ni合金镀层的结合力较大,经彩色钝化之后,耐盐雾腐蚀高达1200h以上.     

助镀剂中氯化镍对热浸镀锌层增重、厚度及形貌结构的影响

目前,就热浸镀锌助镀剂中Ni盐含量的变化对镀层的影响研究报道不多。将低碳钢退火板采用不同NiCl2含量的助镀剂助镀后热浸镀锌,并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、光学显微镜(OM)对镀层的厚度、结构、形貌及成分进行分析。结果表明:NiCl2含量在0～6 g/L内,锌镀层质量及厚度随着氯化镍含量的增加而减小,NiCl2含量超过6 g/L时,则不随氯化镍的增加而变化;氯化镍会增加锌镀层中δ金属间化合物相的厚度,细化ζ金属间化合物相,使ζ金属间化合物相更加致密,并减少ζ金属间化合物相的厚度,对η金属间化合物相影响无影响。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from