三维网络结构Al2O3陶瓷/高铬铸铁复合材料干摩擦磨损性能

采用往复式滑动摩擦磨损（SRV）试验机研究了高铬铸铁及三维网络结构Al₂O₃陶瓷增强高铬铸铁复合材料的干摩擦磨损性能,测量了高铬铸铁和Al₂O₃陶瓷/高铬铸铁复合材料在不同摩擦频率及载荷下的摩擦系数和磨损率;用扫描电镜观察磨损表面形貌,并分析了三维网络Al₂O₃陶瓷对复合材料磨损机制的影响。结果表明：陶瓷Al₂O₃与高铬铸铁基体之间具有良好的界面结合,复合材料的摩擦系数随摩擦频率和载荷的变化保持稳定,耐磨性远优于高铬铸铁,而且随着摩擦频率和载荷的增加,Al₂O₃陶瓷/高铬铸铁复合材料的抗磨损性能明显提高,这是由于复合材料中Al₂O₃与高铬铸铁相之间三维空间结构和良好的界面结合有利于摩擦载荷的传递;三维Al₂O₃陶瓷骨架在磨损表面形成硬的网络突体并起承载作用,能有效保护金属基体;磨损机制为氧化磨损及磨粒磨损共同作用。     

三维网络Al2O3增强球墨铸铁基复合材料摩擦磨损性能

采用SRV摩擦磨损试验机研究了球墨铸铁及三维网络Al₂O₃增强球墨铸铁基复合材料的干摩擦磨损性能, 测量了球墨铸铁和复合材料在不同摩擦频率及载荷下的摩擦系数和磨损率; 用扫描电镜观察磨损表面形貌, 并分析了三维网络Al₂O₃对复合材料磨损机制的影响。结果表明: 陶瓷与金属基体之间具有良好界面结合的三维网络Al₂O₃/球墨鋳铁复合材料, 其摩擦系数随载荷和摩擦频率的变化保持稳定; 复合材料的耐磨性能远优于球墨铸铁, 而且随着摩擦频率和载荷的增加, 复合材料的抗磨损性能明显提高。这是由于复合材料中陶瓷与金属相之间三维空间结构和良好的界面结合有利于摩擦载荷的传递; 金属基体中的石墨减摩作用保持摩擦系数的稳定; 三维陶瓷骨架在磨损表面形成硬的微突体并起承载作用, 制约了基体的塑性变形和高温软化, 有利于磨损表面氧化膜的留存。     

The dispersion mechanism of TiB2 ceramic phase in molten aluminium and its alloys

Titanium diboride (TiB₂) ceramic particulates are dispersed in molten aluminium and its alloys for grain refining and for making cast metal–matrix composites. For producing cast MMC, the dispersion of the ceramic phase via in-situ aluminothermic reduction of K₂TiF₆ and KBF₄ flux mixture with molten aluminium and, via the addition of exogenously formed TiB₂ with the fluoride flux has been studied at 900°C. In this article, the aspects of interfacial energy that govern the dispersion and agglomeration of TiB₂ particulates are examined. The Gibbs-adsorption interface equation is particularly employed to define and to quantify the change in the surface energy as a function of the alloying element concentration and, consequently the effect of interfacial energy on the nucleation rate of TiB₂ formed via metallothermic reduction reaction and the size of the ceramic phase is also explained.     

NbSe2/Cu新型自润滑复合材料制备及其摩擦学性能

以片层状NbSe₂为原料, 通过粉末冶金复压复烧的方法制备出不同质量分数的NbSe₂/Cu复合材料。对复合材料的显微结构、物理性能及摩擦磨损性能进行了研究。结果表明, NbSe₂的加入可显著提高材料的摩擦学性能。这是由于复合材料在摩擦热和变形挤压的共同作用下, 基体中NbSe₂被逐渐挤出, 形成了NbSe₂的固体润滑膜。NbSe₂表面镀Cu可提高NbSe₂与Cu基体的界面结合强度, 所形成的固体自润滑膜不易脱落且更加完整, 从而使复合材料具有更优异的物理性能和摩擦学性能。     

Processing and interfacial bonding strength of 2014 Al matrix composites reinforced with oxidized SiC particles

The SiC powder with a SiO₂ protective layer is used as the reinforcements for 2014 Al/SiC_p composites to suppress the reaction between the Al matrix and the SiC particle. 2014 Al/SiC_p composites were fabricated by vacuum hot pressing (VHP) and subsequent extrusion using 2014 Al powders and the SiC particles covered with a SiO₂ layer. The interfacial product was found to be Mg spinel (MgAl₂O₄) formed mainly by the chemical reactions of the SiO₂ layer covered on SiC particles with the Mg, Al in the 2014 Al alloy matrix. Also the interfacial bonding strength of the composites was investigated using push-out tests of SiC rods with the SiO₂ oxidation layer, which were processed within 2014 Al alloy.     

FABRICATION OF HIGH PERFORMANCE POWDER-METALLURGY ALUMINUM MATRIX COMPOSITES

Recent years have seen the development of a wide range of high-performance discontinuously reinforced aluminum powder metallurgy composites. These materials have combined both standard wrought, e.g., 6061 and 2124, and specialty matrix compositions, e.g., Al-Cu-Mg-Li and Al-Fe-Ce, with a wide variety of discontinuous reinforcements, e.g., Al₂O₃, B₄C, SiC_p and SiC_w. This paper discusses the manufacturing procedures utilized to fabricate these light-weight powder-metallurgy composites. Emphasis is given to developing a generalized framework for understanding the interrelationship existing between thermo-mechanical treatment and the mechanical behavior of these composite systems.     

CVD SiC fiber-reinforced barium aluminosilicate glass—ceramic matrix composites

Unidirectional CVD SiC (SCS-6) monofilament reinforced BaOAl₂O₃2SiO₂(BAS) glass—ceramic matrix composites have been fabricated by a tape lay-up method followed by hot pressing. The glass matrix flows around fibers during hot pressing resulting in nearly fully dense (95–98%) composites. Strong and tough composites having first matrix cracking stress of 250–300 MPa and ultimate flexural strength as high as 900 MPa have been obtained. Composite fracture surfaces showed fiber pullout with no chemical reaction at the fiber/matrix interface. From fiber push out, the fiber/matrix interfacial debond strength and the sliding frictional stress were determined to be 5.9 ± 1.2 MPa and 4.8 ± 0.9 MPa, respectively. The fracture surface of an uncoated SiC (SCS-0)/BAS composite also showed fiber/matrix debonding, fiber pullout, and crack deflection around the fibers implying that the SiC fibers may need no surface coating for reinforcement of the BAS glass-ceramic. Applicability of micromechanical models in predicting the first matrix cracking stress and the ultimate strength of these composites has also been examined.     

不同粒径TiB2/Cu复合材料热传导模拟与实验

采用ANSYS对不同粒径TiB₂/Cu复合材料热传导过程进行模拟。采用粉末冶金法制备了不同粒径TiB₂增强的Cu复合材料,采用LINSEIS LFA1600激光导热仪测试了室温至280℃下的TiB₂/Cu复合材料热传导性能变化,并与模拟结果进行对比。结果表明:热导率模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。在50~200℃之间,复合材料热导率变化不大,在6%~9%范围内波动。200℃之后,模拟值与实验值均呈现出随温度升高而增大的趋势,且吻合度较高。这是由于温度低于200℃时,在模拟过程中未考虑材料界面处两相不同热膨胀系数的影响,导致模拟值与实验值有较大的差异。当温度高于200℃时,模拟值和实验值吻合程度趋于稳定。在200℃时,由于两相热膨胀系数的影响,复合材料内部界面处等效应力大于Cu基体屈服强度,使其发生塑性变形,从而引起热导率发生较大幅度变化。此外,热导率随着TiB₂粒径的增大呈现出先提高后降低的趋势,在10 μm时达到最大。这是由于当颗粒直径小于临界平均直径时,颗粒直径的增大会减少界面数量,从而降低界面热阻。当颗粒直径大于临界平均直径时,平均自由程l的急剧增加导致热导率降低。      

多粒径TiB2颗粒增强铜基复合材料的制备与载流摩擦磨损性能

采用粉末冶金工艺分别制备了单一粒径TiB₂颗粒和多粒径TiB₂颗粒增强铜基复合材料,对比研究了非载流和载流条件下多粒径（2 μm+50 μm）TiB₂/Cu复合材料的摩擦磨损行为。微观组织观察表明:不同粒径的TiB₂颗粒在Cu基体中分布均匀。与单一粒径TiB₂/Cu复合材料相比,多粒径TiB₂/Cu复合材料具有更高的相对密度、硬度和导电率。摩擦磨损实验结果表明:多粒径TiB₂/Cu复合材料抗摩擦磨损性能明显高于单一粒径TiB₂/Cu复合材料,当2 μm与50 μmTiB₂颗粒配比为1:2时,多粒径TiB₂/Cu复合材料的抗摩擦磨损性能最佳。相对于2 μm单一粒径TiB₂/Cu复合材料,电流为0 A时,（2 μm+50 μm）TiB₂/Cu复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率分别降低了17.3%和62.5%;电流为25 A时,（2 μm+50 μm）TiB₂/Cu复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率分别降低了6%和45.8%,同时载流效率和载流稳定性得到明显提高,磨损表面更加平整。磨损机制分析表明:多粒径TiB₂颗粒合理配比有利于提高复合材料载流质量,同时摩擦过程中大粒径的TiB₂颗粒起到支撑作用,小粒径的TiB₂颗粒弥散强化Cu基体,二者的协同作用使TiB₂/Cu复合材料具有更好的抗载流摩擦磨损性能。      

Characterisation of proton irradiated Ba0.65Sr0.35TiO3/P(VDF-TrFE) ceramic–polymer composites

Barium strontium titanate/poly (vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene)70/30 (Ba_0.65Sr_0.35TiO₃/P(VDF-TrFE) 70/30) composite with high dielectric permittivity was developed by integrating high dielectric permittivity ceramic powder with proton irradiated polymer matrix. The composite after irradiation behaves as a relaxor ferroelectric material and this behaviour is similar to that of irradiated P(VDF-TrFE) 70/30 co-polymer. Due to the irradiation, dielectric peaks broadened and moved towards the lower temperature, creating high relative permittivity values in a broad temperature range. Ba_0.65Sr_0.35TiO₃/P(VDF-TrFE) composite with 0.5 ceramic volume fraction with a dosage of 80 Mrad can reach a relative permittivity of 160 at room temperature (at 1 kHz), which is about 14 times higher than that of pure copolymer. Polarization-electric field hysteresis loops of composites are strongly depended on the ceramic powder volume fraction and the effects of irradiation is less apparent in composites with higher ceramic powder volume fraction.     

Al_2O_3颗粒镀铜对铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料Al_2O_3-Fe-Sn-C/Cu摩擦磨损性能的影响

通过对陶瓷摩擦组元的表面进行化学镀铜来改善铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料中陶瓷相与基体间的结合效果,从而提高材料摩擦磨损性能。分别采用镀铜Al2O3颗粒和未镀铜Al2O3颗粒与铜粉和铁粉等经混合、压制、加压烧结制备Al2O3-Fe-Sn-C/Cu摩擦磨损试样。测试并分析了摩擦材料的微观结构、力学性能及摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:摩擦组元镀铜可使硬质颗粒与铜基体结合紧密;摩擦材料的布氏硬度增加了12%,弹性模量提高了约7%,摩擦系数提高了5%~10%,线磨损量降低了20%~50%;表面镀铜后的Al2O3颗粒不易脱落,摩擦系数稳定性提高了13%~23%。研究结果表明,摩擦组元表面镀铜可提高材料的综合性能。     

Ti3SiC2/Cu复合材料的制备与摩擦磨损性能

以Ti₃SiC₂陶瓷粉和Cu粉作为原料,采用放电等离子烧结(SPS)工艺制备Ti₃SiC₂/Cu块体复合材料,研究不同Ti₃SiC₂添加含量及烧结温度对Ti₃SiC₂/Cu复合材料的组织、致密度和显微硬度的影响,研究SPS后Ti₃SiC₂/Cu复合材料的摩擦磨损性能。研究表明:采用SPS工艺制备的Ti₃SiC₂/Cu复合材料的Ti₃SiC₂在Cu中分布均匀,但随着Ti₃SiC₂含量的增加和烧结温度的升高,组织中出现团聚趋势,部分Ti₃SiC₂与Cu在界面处发生互溶现象,互溶增强了Ti₃SiC₂与基体的结合能力;Ti₃SiC₂含量和烧结温度对Ti₃SiC₂/Cu复合材料的致密度和显微硬度影响较大,当烧结温度为900℃时,Ti₃SiC₂/Cu复合材料的致密度达到99.7%,接近完全致密,Ti₃SiC₂/Cu复合材料的硬度较纯Cu提高了2倍左右;对于不同Ti₃SiC₂含量的Ti₃SiC₂/Cu复合材料的磨损机制也有所差异,当Ti₃SiC₂含量较低时(1vol%~5vol%),磨损机制为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损;随着Ti₃SiC₂含量的增加(10vol%~15vol%),Ti₃SiC₂发挥了本身的自润滑性,Ti₃SiC₂/Cu复合材料的摩擦磨损性能有所改善,磨损机制转为犁削磨损和轻微黏着磨损;当Ti₃SiC₂含量增加到20vol%时,Ti₃SiC₂/Cu复合材料的磨损表面变得均匀而平整,表明Ti₃SiC₂/Cu复合材料的耐磨性提高。      

超高温复相陶瓷基复合材料烧蚀行为研究

采用前驱体浸渍热解(PIP)工艺制备了ZrC-SiC、ZrB2-ZrC-SiC和HfB2-HfC-SiC复相陶瓷基复合材料,复合材料中的超高温陶瓷相均呈现出亚微米/纳米均匀弥散分布的特征,对比研究了上述材料在大气等离子和高温电弧风洞考核环境中的超高温烧蚀行为.研究结果表明,超高温复相陶瓷基复合材料相比传统的未改性SiC...     

CNTs添加对Cu-Al2O3复合材料耐电弧侵蚀性能的影响

Cu-Al₂O₃复合材料具有优异的传导性能和力学性能,在耐磨材料领域具有广阔的应用前景。为进一步提升电摩擦条件下复合材料的耐电弧侵蚀性能,本文采用内氧化法与粉末冶金法相结合制备了不同碳纳米管(CNTs)含量的CNTs/Cu-Al₂O₃复合材料,观察了CNTs/Cu-Al₂O₃复合材料中增强相的分布及其与基体界面结合情况,研究了添加不同含量CNTs对Cu-Al₂O₃复合材料传导性能和力学性能的影响,重点探究了CNTs/Cu-Al₂O₃复合材料的耐电弧侵蚀机制。结果表明：原位生成的纳米Al2O3颗粒钉扎位错及对CNTs分布具有调控作用,使CNTs弥散分布在铜基体中。与Cu-Al₂O₃复合材料相比,CNTs/Cu-Al₂O₃复合材料燃弧时间和燃弧能量明显降低,波动更平稳。在电弧侵蚀过程中,...     

单向纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料界面滑移规律

建立了分析单向纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料力学特性的界面摩擦模型。采用基体应变能准则对基体损伤状态进行预测; 由Weibull分布模型拟合出纤维断裂分数; 将界面磨损处理为纤维/基体相对滑移历程的函数τ_i=τ_i (Δδ), 很好地表征了不同位置纤维/基体相对滑移历程不同所引起的界面磨损程度的区别。运用该模型分析了准静态加载和拉-拉循环载荷下的应力-应变特性, 预测结果与实验数据吻合较好。最后采用此模型研究了任意载荷历程下界面的滑移规律。     

添加La_2O_3对搅拌摩擦加工制备Ni/Al复合材料组织和性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦加工(FSP)方法在Al基体中添加微米级Ni粉及(Ni+La_2O_3)混合粉末,制备Ni/Al及(Ni+La_2O_3)/Al复合材料。采用SEM、EDS及XRD对复合区微观结构及相组成进行分析,采用室温拉伸试验对Ni/Al、(Ni+La_2O_3)/Al复合材料力学性能进行了测试。结果表明:Ni/Al复合材料中主要成分为Al、Al3Ni和Ni粉团聚物,Ni粉团聚物尺寸粗大,形貌呈壳-核结构,核为团聚的Ni,壳为Al3Ni增强相层;La_2O_3对Al-Ni原位反应有较大影响,能够强化Al-Ni原位反应,生成更多增强相;La_2O_3阻碍了Ni粉的相互吸附和聚拢行为,从而减少了团聚现象;(Ni+La_2O_3)/Al复合材料的抗拉强度可以达到186 MPa,与Al基体(抗拉强度72 MPa)、纯Al FSP(抗拉强度90 MPa)、Ni/Al复合材料(抗拉强度144 MPa)相比,其抗拉强度分别提高了158%、107%、29%。     

C.V.D. Coating of Alumina Reinforcing Particles to Improve the Wear Resistance of H.S.S. Based Composites

C.V.D. coating of the reinforcing ceramic particles used in particulate metal matrix composites allows the control of reactivity at the particle/matrix interface. Wear resistant high speed steel-based composites containing uncoated A1₂0₃, uncoated TiC and C.V.D. coated A1₂0₃ were liquid phase sintered, then characterized using “pin-on-disc” wear testing. TiC or TiN C.V.D. coatings of A1₂0₃ were tested to determine die increase in reactivity of the particles with the liquid phases formed during sintering. This resulted in a porosity decrease at the particle/matrix interface in addition to a better ceramic/metal cohesion due to improved wettability. Reactivity and wettability were studied using differential thermal analysis, electron microprobe analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and image analysis. Results from pin-on-disc wear testing illustrated the role of the C.V.D. coating on the wear behavior of the studied materials. Lower wear rates were obtained with the composites containing TiC or TiN-coated Al₂0₃. These results showed that there is a relation between wettability of ceramic particles by the metallic phases and wear resistance of the composites.     

Chemical stability, microstructure and mechanical behavior of LaPO4-containing ceramics

The use of LaPO₄ as a weak interface in composites for high temperature applications was investigated using tape-cast laminates and fiber model systems. Three laminates were fabricated with LaPO₄ as one component and Al₂O₃, Y₃Al₅O₁₂ or LaAl₁₁O₁₈ as the other. The chemical compatibility between the different components of the laminates, as well as the mechanical responses to flexural deformation and the propagation of indentation cracks, were examined. Two fiber model systems (Al₂O₃ fiber/LaPO₄ coating/Al₂O₃ matrix and Y₃Al₅O₁₂ fiber/LaPO₄ coating/Al₂O₃ matrix) were studied by fiber pushout tests to measure the interfacial shear strengths. The interfacial shear strengths were calculated by the linear and shear-lag approaches for different embedded fiber lengths. The results suggest that Y₃Al₅O₁₂ fiber-reinforced composites with LaPO₄ coatings have potential as high temperature materials in oxidizing environments.     

Fabrication and mechanical properties of carbon short fiber reinforced barium aluminosilicate glass–ceramic matrix composites

Dense BaSi₂Al₂O₈ (BAS) and Ba_0.75Sr_0.25Si₂Al₂O₈ (BSAS) glass–ceramic matrix composites reinforced with carbon short fibers (C_sf) were fabricated by hot pressing technique. The microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of the composites were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, and three-point bend tests. The carbon fibers had a good chemical compatibility with the glass–ceramic matrices and can effectively reinforce the BAS (or BSAS) glass–ceramic because of associated toughening mechanisms such as crack deflection, fiber bridging and pullout effects. Doping of BAS with 25 mol% SrSi₂Al₂O₈ (SAS) can accelerate the hexacelsian to celsian transformation and result in the formation of pure monoclinic celsian in C_sf/BSAS composites, which can avoid the undesirable reversible hexacelsian to orthorhombic transformation at 300 °C and reduce the thermal expansion mismatch between the fiber and matrix.     

粉末烧结法和铸造法制备ZrO2增韧Al2O3陶瓷颗粒增强高铬铸铁基复合材料及其耐磨性能

将粒径为1~2 mm的ZrO₂增韧Al₂O₃陶瓷颗粒(ZTA_p)、高铬合金粉末和黏结剂混合真空烧结制备蜂窝状预制体,再浇注高铬铸铁液制备出ZTA_p增强高铬铸铁基复合材料。采用SEM、EDS、XRD分析复合材料的界面微观结构和物相组成,通过三体磨损试验评价复合材料的耐磨性能。结果表明,烧结高铬铸铁基体在铸造过程中发生重熔,与铸造高铬铸铁基体呈冶金结合,ZTA_p与金属基体界面结合致密,无裂纹、气孔等缺陷。复合材料三体耐磨性能达到高铬铸铁的3倍以上。将该复合材料应用于制备磨辊件,经过5 000 h服役,柱状区和复合区在磨辊半径方向上的磨损量分别为8.2 mm、5.9 mm,预计寿命可达到高铬铸铁磨辊的2倍以上。