An adaptive supervised wide-area backup protection scheme for transmission lines protection

Maloperation of conventional relays is becoming prevalent due to ever increase in complexity of conventional power grids. They are dominant during power system contingencies like power swing, load encroachment, voltage instability, unbalanced loading, etc. In these situations, adaptive supervised wide-area backup protection (ASWABP) plays a major role in enhancing the power system reliability. A balance between security and dependability of protection is essential to maintain the reliability. This paper proposes multi-phasor measurement units (MPMU) based ASWABP scheme that can function effectively during faults besides power system contingencies. MPMU is an extended version of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU). It is an intelligent electronic device which estimates the synchronized predominant harmonic phasors (100Hz and 150Hz) along with the fundamental phasors (50Hz) of three phase voltages and currents with high precision. The proposed ASWABP scheme can detect the fault, identify the parent bus, determine the faulty branch and classify the faults using MPMU measurements at System Protection Center (SPC). Based on these MPMU measurements (received at phasor data concentrator (PDC) at SPC) the appropriate relays will be supervised to enhance the overall reliability of the power grid. Numerous case studies are conducted on WSCC-9 bus and IEEE-14 bus systems to illustrate the security and dependability attributes of proposed ASWABP scheme in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Also, comparative studies are performed with the existing conventional distance protection (Mho relays) for corroborating the superiority of the proposed scheme regarding security and dependability. Comparative studies have shown that the proposed scheme can be used as adaptive supervised wide-area backup protection of conventional distance protection     

双回线保护方案探讨

目前在220 kV系统中同杆并架双回线广泛存在,同杆并架双回线的保护配置要考虑一些以往非同杆并架双回线的问题,结合河北南网线路保护装置及通道的具体情况,对220 kV龙崇同杆并架线路保护配置方案进行了分析比较和方案论证,提出了可行的保护解决方案,并针对保护专用和复用通道进行了技术、经济分析比较,对开关与CT之间死区故障的快速切除、同杆并架双回线的重合闸等有关问题,提出了解决方案.     

An adaptive protection scheme for advanced series compensated (ASC)transmission lines

This paper presents an adaptive protection scheme for advanced series compensated (ASC) transmission lines. The scheme is based on Kalman and adaptive Kalman filters. The adaptive scheme utilizes the differences in the transient current signals for faults encountering and not encountering the ASC to determine the fault location with respect to the ASC and the faulted phases. Equations to determine the line impedance to the fault on these lines are developed. The adaptive scheme is tested for faults along and outside the protected line using EMTP simulated data     

An adaptive PMU based fault detection/location technique fortransmission lines. II. PMU implementation and performance evaluation

Part I of this paper set sets forth theory and algorithms for adaptive fault detection/location technique, which is based on phasor measurement unit (PMU). This paper is Part II of this paper set, A new timing device named “Global Synchronism Clock Generator, GSCG” including its hardware and software design is described in this paper, Experimental results show that the synchronized error of rising edge between the two GSCGs clock is well within 1 ps when the clock frequency is below 2.499 MHz. The measurement results between Chung-Jeng and Chang-Te 161 kV substations of Taiwan Power company by PMU equipped with GSCG is presented and the accuracy for estimating parameters of line is verified. The new developed DFT based method (termed as smart discrete Fourier transform, SDFT) and line parameter estimation algorithm are combined with PMU configuration to form the adaptive fault detector/locator system. Simulation results have shown that SDFT method can extract exact phasors in the presence of frequency deviation and harmonics, The parameter estimation algorithm can also trace exact parameters very well, The SDFT method and parameter estimation algorithm can achieve accuracies of up to 99.999% and 99.99%, respectively. The EMTP is used to simulate a 345 kV transmission line of Taipower System. Results have shown that the proposed technique yields correct results independent of fault types and is insensitive to the variation of source impedance, fault impedance and line loading. The accuracy of fault location estimation achieved can be up to 99.9% for many simulated cases, The proposed technique will be very suitable for implementation in an integrated digital protection and control system for transmission substations     

Electromagnetic unbalance in power systems with untransposed transmission lines

Transposition of power transmission lines represents high costs due to the required transposition towers and also results in low mechanical and electrical strengths. These disadvantages make it desirable not to transpose lines if the resulting unbalances are not adverse. This paper proposes a method to predict the electromagnetic (combination of inductive and capacitive) unbalance of untransposed lines. The method is validated by its application to typical lines under various load conditions and various geometric mean radii.     

A new non-communication protection technique for transmission lines

This paper proposes a new noncommunication protection technique for transmission line protection. The technique relies on firstly the detection of fault generated high frequency current transient signals. A specially designed multi-channel filter unit is then applied to the captured signals to extract desired bands of high frequency signals. Comparison between the spectral energies of different bands of the filter outputs determines whether a fault is internal or external to the protected zone. In addition to the saving in costs through negating the need for a communication link, the technique also retains many advantages of the `transient based protection' technology, such as insensitivity to fault type, fault position, fault path resistance and fault inception angle. It is also not affected by CT saturation, the power frequency short-circuit level at the terminating busbar or the precise configuration of the source side networks     

带并联电抗器的超/特高压输电线路的单相重合闸新方案

针对现有输电线路中采用固定时限的单相重合闸存在盲目重合于永久性故障的问题,研究了一种重合前可靠识别严重永久性故障不重合的重合闸新方案.结合带并联电抗器的超/特高压线路的提高供电可靠性和减小重合过电压的要求,提出了以单相故障可靠选相为基础、严重永久性故障可靠不重合、瞬时性故障可靠重合的单相重合闸新方案.利用测量精度高的并...     

Inductive unbalance in power systems with untransposed transmission lines

In the early days of electric power systems, it was the usual practice to have frequent line transpositions to reduce capacitive and inductive unbalances on them. Transposition represents higher line costs owing to the presence of transposition towers and results in lower mechanical and electrical strength. These disadvantages make it desirable not to transpose lines if the resulting unbalances are not adverse.In this paper, the inductive unbalances of a single- and a double-circuit untransposed transmission line are analysed. Effects of loads, of line geometric mean radii and of line ground wire arrangements are included. Results for negative- and zero-sequence components which arise from such unbalances for power systems with typical lines are given and compared with those obtained using methods developed earlier.     

基于小波变换的超高压输电线路暂态保护新原理

在分析电力系统故障时故障暂态电流特征的基础上,利用小波变换的奇异性理论构造新的保护算法.通过检测故障暂态电流的模分量小波变换的模极大值,利用最小二乘法估计其短时李氏指数.通过计算一段时间内李氏指数的平均值来区分区内和区外故障.通过大量ATP仿真证明,对各种故障情况该保护算法能准确可靠地区分.     

A new digital algorithm for adaptive reclosure of transmission lines

Contents A new numerical algorithm for blocking autoreclosure during permanent faults on overhead lines is presented. The fault nature (permanent or transient) is determined from the voltage signal of faulted and tripped line phase using Least Error Squares Technique. The algorithm was successfully tested using signals recorded on the real power system. The tests demonstrate the ability of presented algorithm to determine the secondary arc extinction time.

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übersicht Es wird ein neuer Algorithmus für das Blockieren des selbst?tigen Wiederzuschaltens bei Dauerfehlern auf Freileitungen vorgestellt. Die Art des Fehlers (dauernd oder transient) wird aus dem Spannungssignal der fehlerbehafteten und unterbrochenen Leitungsphase mittels einer Technik der kleinsten Fehlerquadrate ermittelt. Mit aufgezeichneten Signalen von einem realen Energieversorgungssytem wurde der Algorithmus erfolgreich getestet. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die F?higkeit des vorgestellten Verfahrens, die L?schzeit des sekund?ren Lichtbogens zu ermitteln.

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Received: 22 June 1999     

A novel approach to adaptive single phase auto-reclosing scheme for EHV transmission lines

In modern interconnected power systems, nearly 80% of faults in high voltage transmission lines are intrinsically transient. The necessity of rapid fault clearing has resulted in fast development of protection equipments. Moreover, need for reliable supply of loads has led to improvements in single phase auto-reclosing equipments. In this paper, a novel and efficient method is proposed that leading to improved performance and efficiency of single phase auto-reclosing. In the case of occurrence of permanent faults, the proposed yardstick is accurate and authentic to diagnose fault type (transient or permanent). To validate accuracy and authenticity of the proposed method, a 400 kV transmission system is simulated using EMTP software and results are presented.     

An adaptive PMU based fault detection/location technique fortransmission lines. I. Theory and algorithms

An adaptive fault detection/location technique based on a phasor measurement unit (PMU) for an EHV/UHV transmission line is presented. A fault detection/location index in terms of Clarke components of the synchronized voltage and current phasors is derived. The line parameter estimation algorithm is also developed to solve the uncertainty of parameters caused by aging of transmission lines. This paper also proposes a new discrete Fourier transform (DFT) based algorithm (termed the smart discrete Fourier transform, SDFT) to eliminate system noise and measurement errors such that extremely accurate fundamental frequency components can be extracted for calculation of fault detection/location index. The EMTP was used to simulate a high voltage transmission line with faults at various locations. To simulate errors involved in measurements, Gaussian-type noise has been added to the raw output data generated by EMTP. Results have shown that the new DFT based method can extract exact phasors in the presence of frequency deviation and harmonics. The parameter estimation algorithm can also trace exact parameters very well. The accuracy of both new DFT based method and parameter estimation algorithm can achieve even up to 99.999% and 99.99% respectively, and is presented in Part II. The accuracy of fault location estimation by the proposed technique can achieve even up to 99.9% in the performance evaluation, which is also presented in Part II     

A new protection scheme for fault detection, direction discrimination, classification, and location in transmission lines

This paper presents a new adaptive fault protection scheme for transmission lines using synchronized phasor measurements. The work includes fault detection, direction discrimination, classification, and location. Both fault-detection and fault-location indices are derived by using two-terminal synchronized measurements incorporated with distributed line model and modal transformation theory. The fault-detection index is composed of two complex phasors and the angle difference between the two phasors determines whether the fault is internal or external to the protected zone. The fault types can be classified by the modal fault-detection index. The proposed scheme also combines online parameter estimation to ensure protection scheme performance and achieve adaptive protection. Extensive simulation studies show that the proposed scheme provides a fast relay response and high accuracy in fault location under various system and fault conditions. The proposed method responds very well with regards to dependability, security, and sensitivity (high-resistance fault coverage).     

输电线路无通道保护

针对单端工频电气量保护不能做到输电线路全线速动的缺点,在故障分析的基础上,提出了一种基于阻抗加速圆的瞬时动作判据.瞬时动作判据具有全线速动的优点,同时利用重合闸并根据动作后的信息纠正错误动作的结果.仿真实验验证了所提保护原理和动作判据的正确性.     

Wavelet transform based digital protection for transmission lines

This paper presents a high speed, computationally efficient scheme for protection of transmission lines. The relay logic consists of three parts: directional protection, fault classification and fault location. Wavelet transform is used for extracting information from the fault transients and only the first level high frequency details of the voltages and currents are used. Proposed protection logic compares the directional signals from both terminals to discriminate between faults inside and outside the zone of interest. Fault classification is achieved using local terminal current information. An estimate of the location of the faults is obtained utilizing single faulted phase current information from both terminals. The logic is deterministic and can work reliably in the presence of fault resistance, load variation and CT saturation. The validity of the proposed logic was exhaustively tested by simulating various types of faults on a four bus meshed system modeled in EMTP/ATP.     

Phasor measurement unit based transmission line protection scheme design

This paper presents an adaptive transmission line protection scheme based on synchronized phasor measurement units. This scheme uses the positive-sequence voltage and current phasors at both ends of a transmission line to determine the parameter of the transmission line and the location of a fault on the transmission line. This scheme can be used for the protection of both single- and double-circuit transmission lines. This scheme is also robust against power swing conditions. A novel adaptive single pole auto re-closer is introduced based on the proposed scheme due to its capability of differentiating transient and permanent faults. System simulation studies show that the proposed scheme is able to operate fast and accurately for transmission line protection.     

A cross-layer adaptive transmission scheme over correlated fading channels

Conventional adaptive transmission schemes perform poorly in wireless correlated slow-fading channels. A cross-layer adaptive transmission scheme combined with selective repeat automatic repeat request (SR-ARQ) is proposed. We apply a multi-state Markov system model for analyzing the performance of systems and optimizing the selection of modulation levels and packet sizes in correlated fading channels, which is also described by a finite-state Markov chain. A general closed-form expression of the average throughput for our suggested scheme is presented. Numerical results show that our adaptive scheme combined with SR-ARQ can obtain good performance in correlated fading channels. Translated from Journal on Communications, 2006, 45(1): 35–41 [译自: 通信学报]     

A self-coordinating adaptive control scheme for HVDC transmission systems

The transients in a HVDC system can temporarily change line currents, voltages, and power substantially from the reference steady state values and the behavior of the system depends greatly upon the parameters of the converter controller. The DC system performances are affected by the AC system characteristics such as the short circuit ratio, and the AC system inertia. A controller which has good performance for a particular operating condition may not have sufficiently good performance under another operating condition or vice versa. Performance of the controller also depends on the impedance at the rectifier and the inverter bus, which may vary according to the operating conditions of the AC network. A controller with self-coordinating adaptive capability can perform better in various situations. The proposed controller is tested at a very low SCR, the most critical value for system performance evaluation, and at the low inertia of the AC system. Simulation results are compared between proposed controller, fuzzy tuned controller, gain scheduling controller, and fixed-parameter controller. All simulations are conducted using MATLAB/SIMULINK software package.     

特高压输电线基于贝瑞隆模型的距离保护

提出了应用贝瑞隆模型实现特高压输电线距离保护的新原理.介绍了应用贝瑞隆模型计算输电线故障的方法,提出了实现距离保护的原理和保护动作判据,推导了在各种故障状态下保护的动作情况,用ATP和Matlab仿真证明该原理的正确性.     

Algorithmic-knowledge-based adaptive coordination in transmission protection

Changes in power system operating conditions can affect both the reach point of distance relays and the coordination of distance and overcurrent relays. To improve the performance of the protection system, an adaptive scheme of relay settings is proposed. That is possible since the protection relays became digital . This paper describes a system for online adaptive setting and coordination of protection relays in meshed networks where the backup protection is achieved in remote form. After changes in the state of the network, an expert system (ES) performs the detection and proposes the correction of erroneous settings of protection zones and miscoordinations between relays at different stations; through an algorithm based on a fast determination of a nonminimal set of "break-points" (BPs) relays , new time characteristics for the coordination are found. The results of the application of the developed system to a test network of 34 nodes, 55 branches, and 110 relays are shown.