Spatial analysis of climate in winegrape-growing regions in Australia

Background and Aims: Temperature-based indices are commonly used to indicate long-term suitability of climate for commercially viable winegrape production of different grapevine cultivars, but their calculation has been inconsistent and often inconsiderate of within-region spatial variability. This paper (i) investigates and quantifies differences between four such indices; and (ii) quantifies the within-region spatial variability for each Australian wine region. Methods and Results: Four commonly used indices describing winegrape growing suitability were calculated for each Australian geographic indication (GI) using temperature data from 1971 to 2000. Within-region spatial variability was determined for each index using a geographic information system. The sets of indices were compared with each other using first- and second-order polynomial regression. Heat-sum temperature indices were strongly related to the simple measure of mean growing season temperature, but variation resulted in some differences between indices. Conclusion: Temperature regime differences between the same region pairs varied depending upon which index was employed. Spatial variability of the climate indices within some regions led to significant overlap with other regions; knowledge of the climate distribution provides a better understanding of the range of cultivar suitability within each region. Significance of the Study: Within-region spatial variability and the use of different indices over inconsistent time periods to describe temperature regimes have, before now, made comparisons of climates between viticulture regions difficult. Consistent calculations of indices, and quantification of spatial variability, enabled comparisons of Australian GIs to be made both within Australia and with American Viticultural Areas in the western United States.     

气候变化对中国酿酒葡萄生产的影响

酿酒葡萄的产量和品质对温度和降水的变化很敏感,气候变化因而会影响酿酒葡萄的生产。该文概述了我国主要酿酒葡萄产区的生产和气候变化;分析了温度、降水和灾害天气对酿酒葡萄生产的影响;指出我国葡萄产区将总体暖化,但干湿变化的地区差异大,因此气候变化的影响多样。新疆、东北、宁夏、山东、甘肃等产区随变暖有望扩大种植范围并增加晚熟品种的种植,东北等地或因降水变化增大而产量不稳,京津冀优质葡萄种植区域可能因升温种植区域北移或减少。建议中国酿酒葡萄生产还需更多实验性研究来应对未来气候变化。     

An investigation of trends in viticultural climatic indices in Southern Quebec,a cool climate wine region

Climate and weather are key factors influencing winegrape growing conditions. Temperature variables (maximum, minimum and average) and precipitation variables (annual, monthly and daily) are often used to assess the regional climate, and monitor any changes in climatic conditions. A number of viticultural climatic indices formulated from these variables have been used in many regions to describe the climate of vineyards. Southern Quebec has been recognized as an emerging cool climate region where climatic conditions, particularly warming temperatures, are slowly altering growing conditions. Wineries are starting to switch from cold-resistant hybrid grapes to the more delicate Vitis vinifera varieties. The present study uses five temperature base indices (Huglin, Latitude-Temperature, Cool Night, Temperature Variability, Winkler) and one precipitation based index (Drought) to investigate any trends in the regional climate. The most significant positive trends were seen in the Huglin and Winkler indices; less significance was seen in the Cool Night, Latitude-Temperature and Temperature-Variability indices. No significant trend existed in the Drought index. Overall, the trends indicate significant changes in the temperature and viticultural possibilities for the region.     

Climate and Bordeaux wine quality: identifying the key factors that differentiate vintages based on consensus rankings

The climate of Bordeaux, France, was examined to determine if climatic factors can distinguish between consensus vintage rankings, developed using eight ratings sources, of red and sweet white wines from 1961 to 2009. Climate variables were computed for the growing season and average plant phenological stages and were compared between the 10 highest and lowest ranked vintages. Good vintages exhibited higher heat accumulation during the growing season and a general lack of rainfall, particularly during veraison. Most climate factors were consistent for both red and sweet white wines. Mean maximum temperature during the growing season was an important discriminator between good and poor vintages for both reds and whites, although sweet white wines were also affected by growing season precipitation and temperatures during the vine's dormant period. In general, consensus vintage quality is consistent between reds and whites (Spearman's ρ?=?0.66, p?相似文献   

Comparative studies on the antioxidant properties and polyphenolic content of wine from different growing regions and vintages,a pilot study to investigate chemical markers for climate change

Many health benefits of wine result from specific polyphenolic compounds. Factors such as climate, CO₂ levels and region are known to affect polyphenolic compounds in wine; therefore a pilot study was conducted to focus on the Australian climate which has shifted from El Niño to La Niña. This research paper presents the influence of climate conditions and growing regions on the in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant capacity of red and white wine and the profile and concentration of polyphenols in these wines from the 2008 and 2009 vintages. The ORAC and polyphenolic data show that warmer climate wines had lower in vitro antioxidant capacity values but retained good bioavailability based on data from the RBC ex vivo assay compared to cool climate wines. Based on this pilot study, further research is being conducted at the National Measurement Institute, Australia (NMIA) with the goal of determining more polyphenolic compounds which appear to be affected by climate conditions.     

Climatic potential for viticulture in Central Chile

Background and Aims: Central Chile represents a large area of viticultural potential for high‐quality wine production. Although climate has been commonly accepted as one of the main drivers of Chilean viticultural success, its main features have not been described from a viticultural perspective. Our work focused on analysing the spatial climatic structure in this area with respect to the potential for grapevine production. Methods and Results: Climatic indices were used to estimate heat accumulation during the growing season, thermal regime during ripening and the potential water balance at the end of the growth cycle. These indices were calculated for 54 weather stations and clustered using hierarchical classification. The spatial variability in climatic potential was well explained by differences in heat accumulation and by March thermal amplitude. Conclusions: General patterns showed that the ripening of grapes was associated with low night‐time temperatures. Proximity to the sea had a strong influence, and there was a dominant north–south orientation of the climatic groups. Significance of the Study: This study described the differences and relative importance of major climatic factors in Central Chile, providing an increase in knowledge about the climate of Chilean wine‐producing regions.     

耐热克鲁维酵母在葡萄酒发酵中的研究和应用进展

随着全球气候变暖，温暖种植区特别是我国西部产区出现葡萄果实成熟速度过快、酸度较低的现象，对葡萄酒的口感产生了很大的负面影响。耐热克鲁维酵母（Lachancea thermotolerans）是一种高产乳酸的非酿酒酵母，与酿酒酵母进行混合接种可实现有效增酸，同时降低pH值，从而维持葡萄酒的微生物和颜色稳定性。本文对国内外耐热克鲁维酵母在葡萄酒发酵中的研究和应用进行综述，包括耐热克鲁维酵母的基本生理生化和酿造特性，对葡萄酒主要代谢产物、香气和颜色等指标的影响以及高产乳酸的分子机制，最后简要介绍该菌的商业化应用情况，以期对耐热克鲁维酵母的研究提供一定的参考，加快其工业化应用进程。     

Vulnerability of African maize yield to climate change and variability during 1961–2010

Because of the necessity of feeding growing populations, there is a critical need to assess the variation and vulnerability of crop yields to potential climate change. Databases of maize yields and climate variables in the maize growing seasons were used to assess the vulnerability of African maize yields to climate change and variability with different levels of management at country scale between 1961 and 2010. The ratios of time-series trends or standard deviations of detrended yield deviation and climate variables including temperature (T_mean), precipitation (P) and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) were used to analyze the vulnerability of maize yields to climate change and variability for each country in Africa. Most countries, where soil fertility had been declining owing to low levels of fertilizer use over many years and limited water resources, had decreasing maize yields. The negative impacts of increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation and SPEI on maize yields progressively increased at the whole continent scale over the time period studied. During the maize growing seasons 1961–2010, each 1°C of T_mean increase resulted in yield losses of over 10% in eight countries and 5-10% in 10 countries, but yields increased by more than 5% in four relatively cool countries. Decreases of 10% average P resulted in more than 5% decreases in yields in 20 countries and each decrease of 0.5 SPEI resulted in over 30% losses of maize yields in 32 countries. Greater T_mean or P or SPEI variability in Africa may also bring about greater fluctuations in yield. In addition, countries with better management, which would be expected to have better yields, may be more vulnerable to yield losses due to adverse physical conditions. Better irrigation and fertilizer application will be important to sustain higher yields in the future, as will the development of maize varieties with greater heat and drought tolerance.     

Effect of potential atmospheric warming on temperature-based indices describing Australian winegrape growing conditions

Background and Aims:  This paper describes the changes in temperature-based indices used to classify viticultural climates in Australia for three warming scenarios produced by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation: Mk3.0 global climate model for the years 2030, 2050 and 2070.
Methods and Results:  Temperature indices that describe grapevine growing season temperature (GST), ripening period temperature, accumulated biologically effective degree days and growing season length were calculated to produce maps of Australia for each warming scenario. Summary statistics of each index's median and range are presented for each Australian wine region under each warming scenario. The greatest change in GST (above the 1971–2000 mean) was modelled to occur for the Perth Hills region, increasing by 1.0°C by 2030, 1.9°C by 2050 and 2.7°C by 2070. The least change in GST was modelled to occur for the Kangaroo Island region, increasing by 0.5°C by 2030, 0.9°C by 2050 and 1.3°C by 2070.
Conclusion:  Of the 61 recognised wine regions, a median GST of over 21°C (an indicator of the limit of quality wine grape production conditions) was found for three regions for the period 1971–2000, for eight regions for the 2030 scenario, 12 regions for the 2050 scenario and 21 regions for the 2070 scenario.
Significance of the Study:  Without appropriate adaptations, some established viticultural regions of Australia may become less suitable for quality winegrape production, whereas regions that were once considered unsuitable for quality winegrape production may become more suitable.     

Phenolic profile in Czech white wines from different terroirs

Grapevine cv. Riesling is a traditional variety of cool climate viticulture regions to which the Czech Republic belongs too. In total 35 wine samples from 9 different terroirs of wine-growing regions in the Czech Republic were evaluated for the content of 20 phenolic compounds comprising hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamates, stilbenes, and flavan-3-ols. Phenolic compounds were evaluated by an HPLC method. Methods of multivariate statistical analysis were used to discriminate wine samples on the basis of their geographical origin. Canonical variate analysis proved that it is possible to differentiate wines according to their geographical origin by following authenticity markers: gallic acid, caffeic acid, caftartic acid, p-coutaric acid, ferulic acid ethylester, p-coumaric acid ethylester, (+)-catechin, and (?)-epicatechin. On the basis of statistical analyses, 100% wine samples were correctly classified. The results indicate that, for the case of white wines, mainly hydroxycinnamates and flavan-3-ols can be used for differentiation of their geographical origin.     

Relationship between Sensory Perception,Volatile and Phenolic Components in Commercial Spanish Red Wines from Different Regions

Polyphenols are an important fraction of the non-volatile components in the red wine matrix, and they are influenced in quantity and composition at all stages from the grape growing conditions until the time the wine is consumed. Evidence of their interaction with volatiles has been found, and this should affect wine flavour. A range of 12 commercial Spanish red wines from different regions and ages was analysed for their sensory properties, volatile composition in solution and headspace, and their non-volatile phenolic components. Maturation was the most important effect on sensory perception, while the chemical data showed also individual differences between the wines and their regions of production. Headspace volatiles and the phenolic fraction showed better correlations with the sensory perception, but volatiles in solution did not give a good prediction, though there were changes related to maturation. Some flavour components showed changes in their volatile behaviour in the matured wines. This supports the hypothesis that changes in the behaviour of the volatile fraction are related to the evolution of phenolic compounds.     

Quantification of time trends in vintage scores and their variability for major wine regions of Australia

This paper quantifies time‐trends of vintage scores and their variability in 24 wine regions of Australia. Our working hypotheses are that, owing to improved crop husbandry and winemaking techniques, (1) vintage scores had increased with time, and (2) variability in vintage scores had decreased with time, whereas (3) interactions between improved technologies and climate should be reflected in temperature‐related time trends of vintage score and its variability. Published data were used to calculate rates of change in vintage score and its variability for the period 1980–2005. Rates were calculated as the slopes of regressions between two dependent variables, i.e. 3‐year running average of vintage score (10‐point scale) and 3‐year running coefficient of variation of vintage score (%), and year of vintage as independent variable. The statistical agreement (r= 0.86, P < 0.05) between rates of change in vintage score derived from two independent sources indicated the vintage scores used in this analysis were fairly robust. Our analysis supported the hypotheses of improvement in vintage score and reduction in variability. More importantly, we provide a quantitative assessment of these trends: the rate of change in vintage scores averaged 0.09 per year, ranged from –0.07 to 0.20 per year, was dominantly positive (35 out of 48 cases), and significant (P < 0.05) in 29 cases, whereas the rate of change in variability of vintage scores averaged –0.52%/year, ranged from –2.1 to 0.8%/year, was dominantly negative (37 out of 48 cases), and significant (P < 0.05) in 19 cases. Consistent with hypothesis 3, the rate of change in vintage score for red wine and the rate of change in variability of vintage score for white wine, were inversely related to temperature (long‐term daily mean during the month prior to harvest in each of the regions). By contrast, the rate of change in vintage score for white wine and the rate of change in variability of vintage score for red wine were unrelated to daily mean regional temperature. Owing to the intricate correlations between climate variables, however, the associations between change in vintage scores and temperature cannot be interpreted in terms of cause and effect.     

The 2016 Wines of Portugal Challenge: general implications of more than 8400 wine-score observations

The Wines of Portugal Challenge is an annual competition among wines produced by over 1000 vintners in over 30 of the country’s wine growing regions. In 2016, judges assigned scores to over 1300 wines resulting in over 8400 wine-score observations. Analysis of that large sample yields implications about wine judges’ ratings that are difficult to detect with statistical significance in the small samples that are typical of most wine tastings. The Challenge’s frequency distribution of scores showed left skewness and local peaks just below the score thresholds for bronze, silver and gold awards. Student’s t-tests showed that there were no significant differences in scores assigned by gender-of-judge, nationality-of-judge and to wines from different regions. However, judges did assign higher scores to sweet wines than to other types of wine. While the dispersion in scores was material, p-values showed that the aggregate order of rating was very unlikely to be random and the distributions of mean scores showed that the strengths of judges’ preferences against the least-preferred wines were stronger than those in favor of the most-preferred wines. Ties between wines’ mean scores were common and could be broken by several methods including the preference probabilities implied by a Plackett-Luce model.     

基于GIS的菏泽市酿酒葡萄种植适宜性评价

根据山东省菏泽市各气象站2008年～2011年的降水量、年日照时数、积温等气候资料,在运用Su-perMap技术对菏泽市各气候要素进行空间插值的基础上,利用我国北部地区主要酿酒葡萄种植区域的经验资料,将7月～8月份的水热系数和7月～9月份≥10℃积温作为评价指标,采用属性查询的方法对菏泽市酿酒葡萄的种植适宜性进行筛选,通过空间叠置得到菏泽市酿酒葡萄种植适宜性评价图。分析结果表明,菏泽市酿酒葡萄种植可以划分为优质区、适宜区和不适宜区3类。优质区主要集中在成武、单县,适宜区包括牡丹区、郓城,不宜种植酿酒葡萄的地区为巨野、定陶、曹县、鄄城和东明5个县。     

Spatial-temporal changes of cropland and climate potential productivity in northern China during 1990–2010

Large areas of cropland expansion have been reported in northern China. The sustainable use of cropland may be greatly affected by climate and is vulnerable to climatic changes, particularly in northern China. Here, we investigated climate change during 1961–2010 and the spatial and temporal characteristics of climate resources in newly converted cropland during 1990–2010 across northern China. Significant climate warming occurred in the last 50 years concurrently with relative stable precipitation rates, which provided a favorable climatic background for expanding the extent of cropland. During 1990–2010, the major cropland expansion had shifted from the humid northeast of China with good natural conditions to the arid northwest with fragile environmental conditions. In the newly converted cropland areas, temperatures increased significantly with small fluctuations; the average precipitation decreased considerably from 422.40 to 257.97 mm, with high and increasing inter-annual and seasonal variability. Water shortages became the most important climatic factor, limiting sustainable use of newly converted cropland. The average climate potential productivity of newly converted cropland decreased considerably from 672.41 to 440.40 t/km², indicating a substantial decline in the quality of newly converted cropland. Understanding the spatial and temporal changes in climatic resources is critical to coordinating cropland expansion and sustainable land use.     

Old world and new world wine concepts of terroir and wine: perspectives of three renowned non-French wine makers

The concept of ‘terroir’ has roots steeped in French history of wine and evocative stories of the land. Today terroir is important as a quality marker in brand management for upmarket wines. French wines have benefited from their historical connotation with terroir but other wine growing countries have also adopted the term to mean characteristics in wine attributable to place of origin. However there is no universally accepted definition of terroir except to say it refers to a particular place. This paper addresses this ambiguity by seeking the practice-based views of three experienced non-French winemakers. This reveals a social dimension to terroir that in various degrees supports and extends both the technical/scientific progress and brand value for premium wines in both Old and New World regions. This article contributes to the growing body of research that seeks to understand the practicality of terroir as a marketing and brand value indicator.     

Climate change and food safety: A review

Climate change and variability may have an impact on the occurrence of food safety hazards at various stages of the food chain, from primary production through to consumption. There are multiple pathways through which climate related factors may impact food safety including: changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, ocean warming and acidification, and changes in contaminants’ transport pathways among others. Climate change may also affect socio-economic aspects related to food systems such as agriculture, animal production, global trade, demographics and human behaviour which all influence food safety.This paper reviews the potential impacts of predicted changes in climate on food contamination and food safety at various stages of the food chain and identifies adaptation strategies and research priorities to address food safety implications of climate change. The paper concludes that there is a need for intersectoral and international cooperation to better understand the changing food safety situation and in developing and implementing adaptation strategies to address emerging risks associated with climate change.     

Do wine experts share the same mental representation? A drawing elicitation study with wine makers,sellers, and critics

Wine experts’ mental representations have often been studied by comparing experts and novices without differentiating between the types of experts. Yet, it seemed that experts developed skills through their training and practice, and thus may have different wine representations. The first objective of this study was to examine the effect of experts’ background and actual occupation on their wine representation. Beaujolais was used as a case study as this vineyard was in constant evolution with the emergence of new mentions such as Pierres Dorées. The second objective was to evaluate how new information was integrated in experts’ mental representation. Three panels were recruited: wine makers, wine sellers, and wine critics. To access their mental representations, a drawing elicitation method was combined with an interview. The results highlighted a common structure in the representations of experts based on two poles: the first pole was linked to the environment and the vineyard, and the second pole was linked to the intrinsic aspects of wines. This universal mental representation of wine would be based on the experts' long-term memory knowledge acquired during training. Some differences linked to the experts’ profession, experience and exposure were also observed. These differences could be explained in terms of perceptual learning. Through shared experiences and exposures, experts with similar occupations and backgrounds developed similar mental representations (e.g., wine makers or wine sellers). Conversely, despite a common occupation, experts with a different experience, practice and background developed idiosyncratic wine representations (e.g., wine critics).     

Evolving varietal and quality distinctiveness of Australia’s wine regions

In an ever-more-competitive global market, vignerons compete for the attention of consumers by differentiating their product while responding to technological advances, climate changes and evolving demand patterns. In doing so, they increasingly highlight their regional and varietal distinctiveness. This paper examines the extent to which the mix of winegrape varieties in Australia differs from the rest of the world and differs across wine regions within the country, and how that picture has altered over the first decade of this century. It reports varietal intensity indexes for different regions, indexes of similarity of varietal mix between regions and over time, and quality indexes across regions and varieties within Australia. The study is based mainly on a new global database of vine bearing areas circa 2000 and 2010, supplemented by a more detailed database for Australia back to the 1950s. It reveals that the varietal distinctiveness of Australia vis-à-vis the rest of the world, and varietal differentiation between regions within the country, is far less than for most other countries – a pattern that has become even more pronounced since 2000. It concludes that there is much scope for Australia’s winegrape plantings to become more diversified as producers respond to market and climate changes.