防松胶对螺纹连接预紧力影响试验研究

鉴于螺纹在涂胶前后或涂不同种类防松胶、施加相同拧紧力矩时产生的螺栓预紧力差别较大,对空间光学遥感器装配中常用防松胶对螺纹连接预紧力影响进行定量试验研究,结果表明,在螺纹上涂硅橡胶D04(L)与不涂胶相比,相同拧紧力矩时螺栓预紧力减小50%~70%;涂厌氧胶乐泰243、相同拧紧力矩时螺栓预紧力增大46%~98%。某类防松胶使用前需对其对螺纹连接预紧力影响进行定量测试,据测试结果调整螺栓的拧紧力矩达到预期预紧力;在对预紧力精确控制的连接区域,力矩扳手紧固方式不再适用。     

螺纹拧紧扭矩值的计算公式

在装配过程中为了保证螺纹件的连接可靠,必须给定一个拧紧扭矩值M_(AO)在装配螺纹时使螺栓产生了一个轴向夹紧力F,轴向夹紧力F的大小与螺纹直径、螺纹螺距、螺纹材料、摩擦条件、装配零件的数量、装配方法等有关。目前我国各种手册上一般还查不到各种规格螺纹的装配力矩值。为此参考国外有关资料,根据本人实际工作经验,提出以下计算公式:     

室温下C/SiC复合材料螺纹紧固件的拧紧特性

探讨了C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料螺纹紧固件在室温下的拧紧特性。试验测试了紧固件在拧紧和拧松过程中, 力矩与预紧力两者的对应关系, 记录了预紧力在短时、 长时内的减小比率, 并用显微镜观察了螺纹面的磨损情况。另外, 分析了材料非线性拉伸行为对拧紧状态所造成的影响。结果表明: 拧紧、 拧松力矩与预紧力之间近似呈线性关系, 螺纹面和支承面的平均摩擦系数分别为0.52和0.46; 随拧紧力矩增大, 螺纹面产生一定程度磨损, 螺纹之间的相互嵌入作用减弱, 因此预紧力在拧紧后的降幅减小, 稳定性提高; 对螺栓进行适当的预拉伸处理, 提高材料的弹性极限后, 可提高紧固件的抗松弛能力。     

振动工况下螺栓连接自松弛机理研究

为研究振动工况下螺栓连接自松弛机理,利用ANSYS参数化语言建立考虑螺纹的三维螺栓连接有限元模型,用降温法加载预紧力,进行螺栓连接横向振动瞬态分析;研究横向激励幅值、初始预紧力、螺纹啮合面、螺栓头及螺母承压面以及连接物之间结合面的摩擦因数等对螺栓连接自松弛影响。结果表明,横向振动时完全滑移先发生于螺纹啮合面处;横向激励幅值越小、初始预紧力越大、螺纹啮合面及螺栓头、螺母承压面摩擦因数越大,螺栓连接自松弛越不易发生;激励幅值一定时连接物间结合面摩擦因数对自松弛无影响,但摩擦因数越大,发生横向振动所需剪切载荷越大。研究结果对理解螺栓连接自松弛、指导防松设计具有重要意义。     

螺栓拧紧过程中工况对复合材料连接结构夹紧力的影响

针对复合材料结构螺栓连接,拧紧工况的不同会改变端面和螺纹间的摩擦系数,从而影响到扭矩系数,使夹紧力随拧紧力矩变化的趋势十分复杂.首先对螺栓连接过程进行理论分析,得到了夹紧力和复合应力状态下螺栓屈服夹紧力的表达式.然后以某型号螺栓为对象进行试验研究,在规定的目标预紧力下,分别测得了不同润滑条件、垫圈条件和拧紧速度下的拧紧...     

室温下C/C复合材料紧固件拧紧特性

本文研究了C/C复合材料紧固件在不涂防松胶（简称不涂胶）和涂防松胶（简称涂胶）两种状态下的拧紧特性。试验测试了两种状态下C/C复合材料紧固件拧紧力矩与预紧力的关系,并对两种状态下紧固件摩擦系数和拧紧力矩分配关系进行了深入分析。结果表明:涂胶与不涂胶相比,相同拧紧力矩作用下,螺栓预紧力增大20%~82%,且不涂胶状态下预紧力与拧紧力矩线形关系较好;不涂胶和涂胶两种状态下,螺纹副摩擦系数分别为0.41、0.35,端面摩擦系数分别为0.59、0.41,涂胶后两对摩擦副摩擦系数均降低;另外,涂胶和不涂胶两种状态下施加拧紧力矩在端面摩擦副、螺纹摩擦副和附加力矩中比例分配规则略有不同。      

普通螺母及自锁螺母对螺栓标定特征曲线的影响

采用纵波法并使用自制的内螺纹夹具,分别选择普通螺母和自锁螺母来标定螺栓,通过不同的拧紧策略和标定方法,分析普通螺母和自锁螺母标定螺栓特征曲线的差异.结果表明:采用普通螺母和自锁螺母标定螺栓因方法不同会获得不同的标定特征曲线,自锁螺母的锁紧扭矩使螺栓温度升高导致超声波声时差增加,因此获得的标定特征曲线会平行右移.     

基于振动疲劳试验的复合材料螺栓连接预紧力松弛特性

在强迫弯曲振动试验的基础上,建立了基于模态参数(共振频率和阻尼比)表征螺栓连接结构动态性能的分析方法和试验测试手段;通过施加不同初始预紧力和激振频率,探究碳纤维/环氧复合材料螺栓连接预紧力松弛的时变行为及其影响因素。结果表明:在10h振动疲劳过程中,螺栓初始预紧力越小,激振频率越大,连接件预紧力松弛程度越大;振动疲劳损伤会导致连接结构刚度衰退、阻尼增加;复合材料螺栓连接松弛受到材料黏弹性以及界面摩擦的共同影响,其中约50%的松弛是由复合材料黏弹性效应引起的。      

利用固有频率异常值分析法检测螺栓拧紧力

为了定量评估螺栓松动损伤程度,依据统计学中的马氏平方距离(Squared Mahalanobis Distance,MD)异常值分析法,研究了综合利用结构前5阶固有频率(称为固有频率矢量)检测螺栓拧紧力的方法。首先测试了不同拧紧力下结构的固有频率;然后计算了各拧紧力工况与紧固工况固有频率矢量间的标准欧几里德距离(Standard Euclidean Distance,SED),利用Matlab拟合了SED与拧紧力之间的关系曲线,据此提出了定量检测螺栓拧紧力的方法;最后对该方法进行了试验验证和应用举例。结果表明,固有频率矢量的SED与拧紧力呈指数关系,而且利用此关系曲线能够比较可靠地评估螺栓松动程度。     

金属材料力学性能试验：第二讲 拉伸试验（二）

5 金属拉伸性能指标的测定 5.1 各种力值和伸长量的测定方法 为了测定材料的拉伸性能指标,必须测量当变形达到某一特征值(转折点)或达到某一规定值时的力值或伸长量。各种力值和伸长量的测定方法,归结起来有下面几种: 5.1.1 指针法 试样在拉伸过程中,当材料产生屈服现象或开始颈缩时,测力度盘上的指针的运动会发生明显的变化,于是我们便可根据指针运动的变化来测定特征点(屈服点和抗拉强度)的力值。例如,材料有明显屈服平台的,指针在进入屈服后就会停滞在某一力值上,这时的力值就是F_s;材料有锯齿状屈报的,指针就会来回小幅度摆动,这时就可测得上、下屈服的力值F_(su)和F_(sl);当超过屈服点,指针上升到一定程度而开始回落时,则回落前的最高载荷就是F_b。     

Tightening Tests and Friction Coefficients Definition in the Steering Shaft of Front Motorbike Suspension

Abstract: The steering shaft of front motorbike suspensions is, usually, tightened up the fork by means of a nut and a locknut. The aim of this study is to evaluate the actual relation between the bolt torque and the preloading force of the steering shaft by performing some tightening tests. The bolt torque is given by a torque wrench whereas the preloading force has been evaluated by means of a strain gauge located on the steering shaft. The steering shaft has a hollow section with an external thread so that the strain gauge has been applied on its internal surface. In relating the bolt torque to the bolt tension, the friction coefficients have been accurately calculated: the friction coefficient values increase notably after the first set of tightening tests mainly because of the spoiling of the contact surfaces.     

The effect of thread dimensional conformance on yield and tensile strength

This paper presents the results from tests that investigate the effect of thread dimensional conformance of fasteners on yield and tensile strength. Test specimens include combinations of bolts and nuts within dimensional conformance as specified by ASME Standard B1.1-1992, as well as bolts with undersized pitch and major diameters and nuts with oversized pitch and minor diameters. Tensile tests were performed in accordance with ASTM F606-95b. Data from the tests show reduced yield and tensile strength for the fastener combinations with undersized pitch and major bolt diameters or oversized pitch and minor nut diameters, compared to fastener combinations within conformance. Variations in bolt pitch diameter were found to affect the yield and tensile strength by about an order of magnitude more than variations in bolt major diameter or nut pitch and minor diameters. The mean tensile strength for conforming product was found to be as much as 20% greater than the tensile strength for nonconforming product.     

基于8.8级螺栓疲劳性能的预紧力优化

测量了8.8级螺栓的拉伸性能,根据螺栓材料的强度极限和屈强比研究了预紧力分别为强度的10%、30%和50%的极限条件下材料的疲劳性能。结果表明,当8.8级螺栓的预紧应力从10%强度极限提高到50%强度极限时,其疲劳极限由370 MPa降低到263 MPa。根据有效应力(σˉσˉ)参数法处理预紧应力对8.8级螺栓疲劳曲线的影响,得到了疲劳极限处的有效应力(σˉ10^7=562.75MPaσˉ10^7=562.75MPa)。当有效应力σˉ<σˉ10^7σˉ<σˉ107时预紧的8.8级螺栓不会发生疲劳失效,由此得到了8.8级M6和M27两种螺栓在不同应力比下所对应的最大预紧力和预紧扭矩曲线。     

Evaluation of the Clamping Force of Bolted Joints Using Local Mode Characteristics of a Bolt Head

It is important to determine and control the clamping force of a bolted joint. Due to its simple setup, the torque control method is typically used to control the clamping force when tightening bolts. After tightening, hammer tests, ultrasonic techniques and methods employing sheet materials as sensors are often used. Many methods have been proposed, but using them to determine and control the clamping force during or after tightening bolts is labor intensive or expensive. Here we conduct impact tests with an impulse hammer combined with experimental modal analysis to determine the clamping force by interpreting the change in the local mode frequency of a bolt head in the high frequency region as a function of the clamping force. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, we also investigate its limits with regard to bolt sizes.     

Stress analysis of multi-bolted joints for FRP pultruded composite structures

In the last decades, FRP composites have been widely used for constructing entire civil structures. One of the challenging issues for building with pultruded FRP composites is understanding the behaviour of bolted joints. In this paper, the results of a numerical analysis performed on different types of bolted composite joints with different geometry and subjected to tensile loads are reported. The aim of this study is to examine the distribution of shear stresses among the different bolts by varying the number of rows of bolts as well as the number of bolts per row. The study also considers the presence of variable diameter washers and their influence on the bearing stresses of composites with different fibre orientations. For verification of the validity of the analytical models, numerical results are compared to experimental results reported elsewhere. The results of this study showed that in multi-bolt joints, the load is not distributed equally due to varying bolt position, bolt-hole clearance, bolt-torque or tightening of the bolt, friction between member plates and at washer-plate interface. The results also indicated that in the presence of washers, the stress distributions in the fibre direction, varying fibre inclinations, are decreasing for each value of washer pressure.     

Numerical studies of microstructurally optimized bolts with graded grain size

Demands on fastening bolts in mechanical engineering and automotive industry are discussed in this paper. The possibility of using microstructurally graded material for bolts is derived from this discussion. This material consists of a conventional coarse-grained core or main body and an ultra-fine-grained (UFG) layer surrounding it. Current research focuses on the manufacture of UFG layers by means of incremental metal forming. The examinations were carried out on an UFG material with elevated yield strength. An elasto-plastic model of an M6 bolt, made of aluminum alloy EN AW-6082, was set up and the bolt was loaded with tensile forces. The resulting distributions of stress and equivalent plastic deformation were analyzed. Result of this analysis is a recommendation for an optimum thickness of the ultra-fine-grained layer. Bolts from graded materials can withstand higher loads in the groove of the thread, which is the section with the highest load on the bolt. At the same time high toughness in the bolt’s core is obtained, which allows its use as a safety component.     

声时差法测定螺栓的预紧应力

本文利用超声波沿轴向传播时的波速同轴向应力以及三阶弹性常数的关系，推导了声时差与应力的关系，采的时差法多探头同时测量同一法兰上的各螺栓的预紧应力，整个过程中各探头位置不变，可以克服多次耦合误差并使测量过程简便，精度高，本文还应研究了温度变化对声时差的影响，提出并且从实验数据算出几个只与材料有关，与螺栓的夹紧距离，直径以及总长我关的常数，使测量和应力计算变得简单，实验结果表明应力低于２４０ＭＰａ，夹