InxGa1-xN合金薄膜In的表面分凝现象

用MOCVD方法在α-Al2O3(0001)衬底上外延生长了InxGa1-xN合金薄膜.测量结果显示:所制备的InxGa1-xN样品中In的组分随外延生长温度而改变,生长温度由620℃升高到740℃,In的组分由0.72降低到0.27.这是由于衬底温度越高,In进入InxGa1-xN薄膜而成键的效率越低.样品的X射线衍射谱和X射线光电子能谱均显示:在生长温度为620℃和690℃时所生长的InxGa1-xN样品中均存在明显的In的表面分凝现象;而生长温度升至740℃时所得到的InxGa1-xN样品中,In的表面分凝现象得到了有效抑制.保持生长温度不变而将反应气体的Ⅴ/Ⅲ比从14000增加到38000,In的表面分凝现象也明显减弱.由此可以认为,较高的生长温度使得In原子的表面迁移能力增强,In原子从InxGa1-xN表面解吸附的几率增大,而较高的Ⅴ/Ⅲ比则能增加N与In成键几率,从而有利于抑制In的表面分凝.     

InxGa1-xN合金薄膜In的表面分凝现象

用MOCVD方法在α-Al2O3(0001)衬底上外延生长了InxGa1-xN合金薄膜.测量结果显示:所制备的InxGa1-xN样品中In的组分随外延生长温度而改变,生长温度由620℃升高到740℃,In的组分由0.72降低到0.27.这是由于衬底温度越高,In进入InxGa1-xN薄膜而成键的效率越低.样品的X射线衍射谱和X射线光电子能谱均显示:在生长温度为620℃和690℃时所生长的InxGa1-xN样品中均存在明显的In的表面分凝现象;而生长温度升至740℃时所得到的InxGa1-xN样品中,In的表面分凝现象得到了有效抑制.保持生长温度不变而将反应气体的Ⅴ/Ⅲ比从14000增加到38000,In的表面分凝现象也明显减弱.由此可以认为,较高的生长温度使得In原子的表面迁移能力增强,In原子从InxGa1-xN表面解吸附的几率增大,而较高的Ⅴ/Ⅲ比则能增加N与In成键几率,从而有利于抑制In的表面分凝.     

生长温度对于Ge衬底上分子束外延生长的InGaAs/GaAs量子阱结构质量的影响

本文研究了斜切割（100）Ge衬底上InxGa1-xAs/GaAs量子阱结构的分子束外延生长（In组分为0.17或者0.3）。所生长的样品用原子力显微镜、光致发光光谱和高分辨率透射电子显微镜进行了测量和表征。结果发现,为了生长没有反相畴的GaAs缓冲层,必须对Ge衬底进行高温退火。在GaAs外延层和InxGa1-xAs/GaAs量子阱结构的生长过程中,生长温度是一个至关重要的参数。文中讨论了温度对于外延材料质量的影响机理。通过优化生长温度,Ge衬底上的InxGa1-xAs/GaAs量子阱结构的光致发光谱具有很高的强度、很窄的线宽,样品的表面光滑平整。这些研究表面Ge 衬底上的III-V族化合物半导体材料有很大的器件应用前景。     

MOCVD生长的InGaN薄膜的离子束背散射沟道及其光致发光

采用MOCVD技术以Al2O3为衬底在GaN膜上生长了InGaN薄膜.以卢瑟福背散射/沟道（RBS/Channeling）技术和光致发光（PL）技术对InxGa1-xN/GaN/Al2O3样品进行了测试,获得了合金层的组分、厚度、元素随深度分布、结晶品质及发光性能等信息.研究表明生长温度和TMIn/TEGa比对InGaN薄膜的In组分和生长速率影响很大.在一定范围内,降低TMIn/TEGa比,InGaN膜的生长速率增大,合金的In组分反而提高.降低生长温度,InGaN膜的In组分提高,但生长速率基本不变.InGaN薄膜的结晶品质随In组分的增大而显著下降,InGaN薄膜的In组分由0.04增大到0.26,其最低沟道产额比由4.1%增至51.2%.InGaN薄膜中In原子易处于替位位置,在所测试的In组分范围,In原子的替位率均在98%以上.得到的质量良好的In0.04Ga0.96N薄膜的最低产额为4.1%.研究结果还表明用RBS技术和光致发光技术测定InGaN中In组分的结果相差很大,InGaN的PL谱要受较多因素影响,很难准确测定In组分,而以RBS技术得到的结果是可靠的.     

基于低温In_xGa_(1-x)P组分渐变缓冲层的InP/GaAs异质外延

采用低温GaAs与低温组分渐变InxGa1-xP作为缓冲层,利用低压金属有机化学气相外延(LP-MOCVD)技术,在GaAs(001)衬底上进行了InP/GaAs异质外延实验。实验中,InxGa1-xP缓冲层选用组分线性渐变生长模式(xIn0.49→1)。通过对InP/GaAs异质外延样品进行双晶X射线衍射(DCXRD)测试,并比较1.2μm厚InP外延层(004)晶面ω扫描及ω-2θ扫描的半高全宽(FWHM),确定了InxGa1-xP组分渐变缓冲层的最佳生长温度为450℃、渐变时间为500s。由透射电子显微镜(TEM)测试可知,InxGa1-xP组分渐变缓冲层的生长厚度约为250nm。在最佳生长条件下的InP/GaAs外延层中插入生长厚度为48nm的In0.53Ga0.47As,并对所得样品进行了室温光致发光(PL)谱测试,测试结果表明,中心波长为1643nm,FWHM为60meV。     

生长温度对RF-MBE外延InAlGaN的影响

利用射频等离子体辅助分子束外延(RF-MBE)技术在蓝宝石衬底上外延了铟铝镓氮(InAlGaN)薄膜,研究了生长温度对RF-MBE外延InAlGaN薄膜的影响.X射线衍射测量结果表明,不同生长温度下外延生长的InAl-GaN薄膜均为单一晶向.卢瑟福背散射(RBS)测量结果表明,随着生长温度的提高,InAlGaN外延层中In的组分单调降低,Al和Ga的组分都有所增加.扫描电镜(SEM)的测试结果表明,在较高温度下(600和590℃)生长的In-AlGaN存在裂纹,580℃生长的四元合金表面比较平整,在570℃温度下生长的InAlGaN表面存在很多颗粒状突起.     

生长温度对RF-MBE外延InAlGaN的影响

利用射频等离子体辅助分子束外延(RF-MBE)技术在蓝宝石衬底上外延了铟铝镓氮(InAlGaN)薄膜,研究了生长温度对RF-MBE外延InAlGaN薄膜的影响.X射线衍射测量结果表明,不同生长温度下外延生长的InAl-GaN薄膜均为单一晶向.卢瑟福背散射(RBS)测量结果表明,随着生长温度的提高,InAlGaN外延层中In的组分单调降低,Al和Ga的组分都有所增加.扫描电镜(SEM)的测试结果表明,在较高温度下(600和590℃)生长的In-AlGaN存在裂纹,580℃生长的四元合金表面比较平整,在570℃温度下生长的InAlGaN表面存在很多颗粒状突起.     

低Al组分In1-xAlxSb薄膜的MBE生长和优化

采用分子束外延的方法进行了低Al组分In1-xAlxSb薄膜的生长和优化。通过在InSb(100)衬底上外延生长一系列不同条件的In1-xAlxSb薄膜,分析总结了衬底的热脱氧特征以及InAlSb薄膜低Al组分(2%左右)的控制,探讨了退火和InSb缓冲层的优化等参数对In1-xAlxSb外延薄膜表面形貌和质量的影响。测试结果表明薄膜质量得到极大改进。     

AlGaN紫外光探测器外延材料生长研究

报道了在蓝宝石衬底上采用金属有机物化学气相淀积技术成功地生长出了GaN基紫外探测器阵列外延材料,生长的高Al组分AlxGa1-xN(x≥0.4)薄膜不裂、表面光亮.并采用X-射线双晶衍射、显微照片等方法对薄膜质量进行了表征.生长的高Al组分AlxGa1-xN薄膜已用于研制64×64元日盲型紫外探测器焦平阵列.     

衬底温度和生长速率对MBE自组织生长In_xGa_(1-x)As/GaAsQD的影响

研究GaAs基InxGa1-xAs/GaAs量子点(QD)的MBE生长条件,发现在一定的/比下,衬底温度和生长速率是影响InxGa1-xAs/GaAsQD形成及形状的一对重要因素,其中衬底温度直接影响着In的偏析程度,决定了InxGa1-xAs/GaAs的生长模式;生长速率影响着InxGa1-xAs外延层的质量,决定了InxGa1-xAs/GaAsQD的形状及尺寸.通过调节衬底温度和生长速率生长出了形状规则、尺寸较均匀的InxGa1-xAs/GaAsQD(x=0.3)     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.