无线中继网络中基于方向天线的MAC协议

无线中继网络是指网络中的节点互相通信成为中继节点之间,中继节点之间距离很近可以形成协作分集,该文对这种网络进行了研究,引入多天线技术(MIMO)中的波束成型技术来消除信道间干扰,实现并行传输数据,分析了协作传输策略,结合协作传输策略对中继节点的功率分配进行了优化,基于合协作传输策略设计了一种基于方向天线的MAC协议.经过分析和实验仿真,基于MIMO波束成型的协作传输方法在相同情况下比其它的方法增加15％以上的信道容量.     

Ad Hoc网络中具有远距离通信能力的方向性MAC协议

针对在使用方向性天线的AdHoc网络中没有合理利用远距离传输优势的问题,提出了一种支持远距离通信的方向性MAC协议.在该方向性MAC协议中,中间节点会利用一种远距离定向算法帮助发送节点获取位于两跳远的目的节点的定向信息从而建立远距离链路,这种链路的建立有助于解决局部拥塞,同时降低传输延时.本文中根据MAC层能否获得信号接收功率信息提出了两种LRO算法:基本LRO算法不使用信号接收功率信息,仅利用几何关系获得近似的远距离节点定向信息;而LRO-PI(LRO with power in for mation)算法在利用信号接收功率信息后可以进行更加准确的远距离节点定向.性能分析表明,在合理地选择相关参数后,LRO算法有着很高的定位准确性.并且仿真结果表明远距离链路的建立可以有效地提高网络的吞吐量,并且降低端到端延时.     

无线网络协作MAC 机制

协作通信利用空闲节点的天线,构成虚拟的MIMO(multiple-input multiple-output)系统,从而对抗无线信道衰落,获取分集增益.协作通信是下一代无线移动网络的关键技术,也是近几年的一个研究热点.目前,已有的研究成果大多集中在如何根据信道状态选取合适的协作节点,以增加信道容量、减低能量消耗及减小中断概率等方面.但由于协作通信改变了以往的传统通信模式,因此需要设计新的MAC(medium access control)机制(协作MAC机制),以适应协作通信的特点.针对协作MAC机制进行综述,重点讨论了协作通信中MAC机制面临的问题,并对现有的协作MAC机制进行分析和比较,最后给出协作MAC的进一步的研究方向.     

认知无线电网络双天线多信道MAC协议

在认知无线电网络中,媒体接入控制(MAC)协议的主要功能包括信道感知、选择和接入控制,其中感知时间和传输时间的长度对网络的性能有着重要的影响。在动态无线网络环境下,如何合理分配感知时间和传输时间是个挑战性问题。提出了一种双天线多信道分布式认知无线电MAC（TM-MAC）协议,不需要在传输之前对信道进行感知。节点可以在其它节点传输数据的同时对频谱资源进行检测,然后利用空闲的频谱资源通信。建立了数学模型分析在饱和网络状况下MAC协议的吞吐量。仿真分析表明TM-MAC协议能够有效提高网络的吞吐量。     

一种实现MIMO多包接收的Ad Hoc网络MAC协议

MIMO技术可以同时接收多个数据包并能对它们进行有效的分离,是改善Ad Hoc网络系统性能的新途径。提出一种利用MIMO系统中MPR能力来提高网络吞吐量的MAC协议。它通过在回复CTS前接收多个RTS来最大化可以同时发送的链路数,接收节点根据自身的天线数目和接收到的RTS数目决定发送数据流数目。与现有的同类协议相比,该协议可以无差错地接收并分离出多个节点同时发送的数据,且在同一竞争区域内,允许多对节点同时通信。在OPNET仿真软件中,从业务负载、节点场景密度对其进行了网络仿真,并在结果分析中验证了MIMO MAC协议的综合性能优势。     

WSNs中一种新的编码协作通信方式

采用空间分集的方法可以有效地对抗无线信道中的衰落,由于受到体积、重量、成本等因素的限制,在无线传感器网络(W SNs)节点上实现多天线技术较为困难。在W SNs中提出了一种基于π旋转LD-PC码的编码协作通信方式,2个单天线节点通过共享自己的天线,形成了一个虚拟的多天线系统。LDPC码的不同部分通过不同节点的上行链路传输到基站,获得发送分集增益。在相同的系统带宽和发送功率下,与非协作通信方式相比,该编码协作方式可显著提高系统性能。     

LPR MAC:一种采用并行协商机制的低功耗多信道MAC协议

本文通过分析不同类型的多信道MAC协议的特点,指出了并行协商类多信道MAC协议存在的消失节点问题和通信竞争问题。针对上述问题,基于无线传感器网络节点的能量有效性,本文提出了一种新的多信道MAC协议：LPR MAC。本协议采用全网同步,时间上划分为多个时间片,节点在网络建立时随机选择某个时间片作为自己的固定接收周期,在接收周期按各自的伪随机序列在多个信道之间进行跳跃,并行协商,在其余时间片休眠。仿真结果表明,该协议减少了通信竞争程度,降低了能量消耗。     

车载自组织网络协作MAC协议研究

车载自组织网络(Vehicular Ad Hoc Network,VANET)的关键技术之一就是 设计一个高效的媒体接入控制(Medium Access Control,MAC)协议。MAC协议因对网络的吞吐量、时延和丢包率等具有重大影响而成为研究热点。针对车载自组织网络对MAC协议的特殊性要求,提出了一种基于协作方案的TDMA MAC协议,即C-TDMA MAC。该协议中,当源节点到目的节点间直接传输失败时,其邻近辅助节点利用未被预留的时隙协作重传其先前侦听到的数据包到目的节点,而不影响其它数据包的正常传输。数值分析和仿真结果表明,所提出的协议提高了数据包成功传输的概率。     

LPR-MAC:一种采用并行协商机制的低功耗多信道MAC协议

本文通过分析不同类型的多信道MAC协议的特点,指出了并行协商类多信道MAC协议存在的消失节点问题和通信竞争问题。针对上述问题,基于无线传感器网络节点的能量有效性,本文提出了一种新的多信道MAC协议:LPR-MAC。本协议采用全网同步,时间上划分为多个时间片,节点在网络建立时随机选择某个时间片作为自己的固定接收周期,在接收周期按各自的伪随机序列在多个信道之间进行跳跃,并行协商,在其余时间片休眠。仿真结果表明,该协议减少了通信竞争程度,降低了能量消耗。     

IEEE 802.11p协议MAC层自适应移动性改进研究

针对VANET环境下标准IEEE 802.11p协议的MAC层对车辆移动性因素支持不足的问题,对IEEE 802.11p协议MAC层自适应移动性机制进行了研究。首先,构建了一种VANET通信场景;然后,基于构建的通信场景,分别基于节点邻居数量和节点相对速度提出了一种P持续CSMA/CA机制和一种基于节点相对速度的动态优先级管理机制;最后,基于Veins仿真平台构建了测试场景,并对提出的改进机制进行了仿真测试。测试结果表明提出的两种机制能够有效增加系统吞吐量、减少丢包数量、降低平均数据传输延迟和平均数据重传次数,显著提升了VANET网络性能。     

Enhanced cooperative communication MAC for mobile wireless networks

In this paper, we propose a new MAC (medium access control) protocol called enhanced cooperative communication MAC (ECCMAC) based on IEEE 802.11. The major objective of ECCMAC is to maximize the benefits of cooperative communication. We first propose a scheme for selecting and maintaining the best relay node. Second, since both cooperative communication and network coding rely on the selection of a relay node, we consider exploiting a network coding technique for additional throughput improvement. Third, to accommodate asymmetric link rates between a sender and a relay node, we employ ECCMAC to measure forward and reverse link rates, whereas prior works have simply assumed symmetric rates. ECCMAC is evaluated in this paper through theoretical analysis, extensive simulation, and simulation with measured data, and the results show that ECCMAC effectively improves wireless network performance.     

A cross-layer multi-hop cooperative network architecture for wireless ad hoc networks

In this paper, a novel decentralized cross-layer multi-hop cooperative network architecture is proposed and presented. This cross-layer architecture introduces a new cooperative flooding scheme and two decentralized opportunistic cooperative forwarding mechanisms based on randomized coding, and a Routing Enabled Cooperative Medium Access Control (RECOMAC) protocol that enables cooperative forwarding, while incorporating physical, medium access control (MAC) and routing layers. RECOMAC employs randomized coding to realize cooperative diversity, so that relay selection and actuation mechanisms are alleviated and the MAC costs are reduced. The coded packets are routed in the network via the proposed cooperative forwarding schemes, which opportunistically form cooperative sets within a region, not needing a prior route to be established. Essentially, in the RECOMAC architecture, the routing layer functionality is submerged into the MAC layer to provide seamless cooperative communication, while the messaging overhead to set up routes, select and actuate relays is reduced. We evaluate the performance of RECOMAC in terms of network throughput, delay and MAC and routing overhead, in comparison to the conventional architecture based on the well-known IEEE 802.11 MAC and Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocols. RECOMAC is shown to provide quite significant improvement by an order of magnitude difference in all investigated performance metrics, under a variety of scenarios, considering different network sizes, static and mobile scenarios and networks with multiple flows.     

基于DF的协作节点选择及功率分配策略研究

对于无线通信系统来说,特别是单天线节点无线通信系统,采用协作通信技术可以有效地提高系统性能.其中,协作节点选择及协作策略是协作通信需要考虑的两个基本问题.以容量最大化为目标,基于DF中继模式,本文研究了协作节点选择及功率分配策略问题,结果表明,当协作节点满足一定条件时并采用合理的功率分配策略可有效提高系统容量.     

无线传感器网络协作通信技术综述

无线传感器网络的发展中存在生存周期和资源共享两大瓶颈,其重要原因之一在于缺乏射频信号级协作,通信能耗难以降低,通信资源难以虚拟化.协作通信技术通过节点间射频信号级的协作处理,使仅具单根天线的节点彼此共享天线,从而得到类似于“多入多出”系统的空间分集增益,显著地提升了通信的能量效率,它将是未来传感器网络的重要技术.综述了传感器网络中的协作通信技术,内容包括：在局部构造协作通信节点组以形成虚拟通信链路,利用协作通信组以直传或中继方式实现端到端的数据传输,协作通信与传感器网络的系统优化和资源虚拟化手段等.总结了传感器网络协作通信研究中的主要趋势、技术进展与关键问题.     

基于协作网络编码的高效媒体访问控制协议

针对Ad Hoc网络中现有的编码感知的协作MAC协议（NCAC-MAC）在选择协作中继节点时未考虑节点的传输能耗以及候选协作中继节点发送的控制消息不能使其他不在彼此通信范围内的候选节点放弃竞争而产生碰撞的问题,提出一种基于协作网络编码的高效媒体访问控制协议（HECNC-MAC）。该协议主要提出以下三个优化思路：首先,候选协作中继节点对其目的节点能否解码进行解码预判,减少参与竞争节点的同时保证其目的节点能成功解码;其次,在选择协作中继节点时综合考虑节点所需的传输能耗;最后,取消ETH（Eager To Help）控制消息,且目的节点通过伪广播的方式通告确认消息。理论分析与仿真结果表明,与载波侦听多路访问（CSMA）、Phoenix和NCAC-MAC相比,HECNC-MAC能够有效减少节点的能耗,降低数据包端到端时延,提高网络吞吐量。     

A decentralized MAC protocol for opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive wireless networks

Cognitive MAC protocols are designed to efficiently utilize the scarce spectral resources without affecting the performance characteristics of primary users. The use of spectrum opportunities can often require stochastic approaches due to difficulty in predicting their appearance. Infrastructure based coordinated access techniques are not viable for many applications and spectrum bands, especially in the case of wireless local area and sensor networks. In this article, we describe CogMAC, a decentralized cognitive MAC protocol, which is based on the multichannel preamble reservation scheme. The protocol dynamically selects an available communication channel using a distributed channel selection scheme and allows nodes to be completely asynchronous to each other. CogMAC does not require a common control channel or a cooperative infrastructure. The MAC design addresses practical issues such as network dynamics and traffic awareness. We have carried out the performance evaluation of our CogMAC protocol on Wireless Open Access Research Platform (WARP) SDR testbed. Experimental results indicate that our protocol is able to achieve reliable data communication by opportunistically utilizing the available spectrum holes even in harshly interfering environments.     

Improving fairness in IEEE 802.11 networks using MAC layer opportunistic retransmission

This paper introduces DAFMAC (Decode And Forward MAC), a scalable opportunistic cooperative retransmission enhancement for the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol which operates without the need for additional explicit control signalling. Distributed opportunistic retransmission algorithms rely on selecting a single suitable relay without direct arbitration between nodes. Simulations show that DAFMAC offers a significant improvement in fairness for both throughput and jitter, giving multiple parallel data flows a more equal opportunity to utilise the channel. DAFMAC cooperative retransmissions are shown to reduce node energy consumption for a given throughput. Further, the DAFMAC relay selection algorithm is shown to scale very well in terms of complexity and memory requirements in comparison to other cooperative retransmission schemes.     

Energy-efficient cooperative data aggregation for wireless sensor networks

Recently, cooperative communication mechanism is shown to be a promising technology to improve the transmit diversity only by a single transceiver antenna. Using this communication paradigm, multiple source nodes are able to coordinate their transmissions so as to obtain energy savings. As data aggregation is one of the most important operations in wireless sensor networks, this paper studies the energy-efficient data aggregation problem through cooperative communication. We first define the cooperative data aggregation (CDA) problem, and formally prove that this problem is NP-Hard. Due to the difficult nature of this problem, we propose a heuristic algorithm MCT for cooperative data aggregation. The theoretical analysis shows that this algorithm can reach the approximate performance ratio of 2. Moreover, the distributed implementation DMCT of the algorithm is also described. We prove that both centralized and distributed algorithms can construct the same topology for cooperative data aggregation. The experimental simulations show that the proposed algorithms will decrease the power consumption by about 12.5% and 66.3% compared with PEDAP and PEGASIS algorithms respectively.     

基于EGC极化分集技术的最优中继选择协同通信

最优中继选择(Optimal Relay Selection, ORS)无需所有节点精准同步,可极大地简化网络物理层设计。等增益合并(Equal Gain Combining, EGC)不需要对衰落幅度估值,每条支路具有相等的单位增益,权重系数不随衰落信道信号的强度发生改变,可简化系统设计与实现的复杂度。本文提出给通信终端配置极化天线,在不增加终端体积的同时采用EGC处理极化分集信号,达到克服信道衰落和提升解码转发ORS协同通信系统性能的目的。理论分析和仿真结果表明,解码转发ORS协同通信系统在信道衰落和信噪比相同的条件下,中断概率指标明显好于未采用EGC极化分集技术的协同通信系统。最后将EGC与其它分集合并技术进行了比较。