Microstructure characteristics of Ti3Al/TiC ceramic layer deposited by laser cladding

Al + TiC laser cladding coatings were prepared on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by CO₂ laser cladding technique. The microstructure, micro-hardness and phase constitutes of the laser cladding layer were investigated by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microsclermeter. The results indicated that the laser cladding layer solidified into the fine microstructure rapidly, and TiC hard phase was dispersived in the cladding layer. When the mass percent of TiC was 40%, the micro-hardness (1100HV_0.2-1250HV_0.2) of Al + TiC cladding layer was 3 times more than that of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrate (350-370HV_0.2). The cladding layer mainly consisted of α-Ti (Al), β-Al (Ti), Ti₃Al, TiAl, Al₃Ti and TiC phase. There phases were beneficial to improve the hardness and wear resistance of the cladding layer.     

Effects of TiC and Al4C3 addition on combustion synthesis of Ti2AlC

Preparation of the ternary carbide Ti₂AlC was conducted by combustion synthesis in the mode of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) from the elemental powder compacts of Ti:Al:C = 2:1:1, TiC-containing samples with TiC of 6.67–14.3 mol%, and Al₄C₃-containing samples with Al₄C₃ of 1.96–10 mol%. Effects of TiC and Al₄C₃ addition were studied on combustion characteristics and the degree of phase conversion. Due to the growth of laminated Ti₂AlC grains, the reactant compact was subjected to an axial elongation during the SHS process. Because the addition of TiC and Al₄C₃ led to a decrease in the reaction temperature, the flame-front propagation velocity was correspondingly reduced for the TiC- and Al₄C₃-containing samples when compared with the elemental reactants. Based upon the XRD analysis, formation of Ti₂AlC along with a secondary phase TiC was identified in the synthesized products. The grains of Ti₂AlC are typically plate-like with a size of 10–20 μm and several laminated Ti₂AlC grains form a layered structure. The content of Ti₂AlC yielded from the elemental powder compacts is about 85 wt%. The addition of TiC was found to facilitate the formation mechanism and therefore to enhance the extent of Ti₂AlC conversion approaching 90 wt%. As a result of the reduced exothermicity of the reaction, however, the content of Ti₂AlC decreased slightly in the products synthesized from the Al₄C₃-added samples.     

Effects of TiC addition on formation of Ti3SiC2 by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

Formation of Ti₃SiC₂ was conducted by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) from both the elemental powder compacts of Ti:Si:C = 3:1:2 and the TiC-containing samples compressed from powder mixtures of Ti/Si/C/TiC with TiC content ranging from 4.3 to 33.3 mol%. The effect of TiC addition was studied on combustion characteristics and the degree of phase conversion. For the elemental powder compacts, with the progress of combustion wave the sample experiences substantial deformation, including axial elongation and radial contraction. The extent of sample deformation and flame-front propagation velocity were considerably reduced for the samples with TiC addition, because the dilution effect of TiC lowered the reaction temperature. Two reaction mechanisms were adopted to explain the formation of Ti₃SiC₂, one involving the reaction of a Ti–Si liquid phase with solid reactants for the elemental powder compact and the other dominated by the interaction of solid-phase species for the TiC-containing sample. For all products synthesized in this study, the XRD analysis identifies formation of Ti₃SiC₂ along with a major impurity TiC and a small amount of Ti₅Si₃. The resulting Ti₃SiC₂ is typically elongated grains. Based upon the XRD profile, the Ti₃SiC₂ content at a level of 71.5 vol.% was obtained in the product from the elemental powder compact. With the addition of TiC, an improvement in the yield of Ti₃SiC₂ was observed and an optimal conversion reaching 85 vol.% was achieved by the sample with 20 mol% of TiC. However, further increase of the TiC amount led to a decrease in the Ti₃SiC₂ content, because of the low reaction temperature around 1150 °C.     

Improved oxidation resistance of Ti with a thermal sprayed Ti3Al(O)–Al2O3 composite coating

A Ti₃Al(O)–Al₂O₃ in situ composite was explored as a coating system for Ti using thermal spray. Oxidation tests at 700–800 °C showed that this coating remarkably decreased the oxidation rate and increased the scale spallation resistance compared with Ti. The mechanisms for these improvements were then briefly discussed.     

Phase relations in the SrO–Ga2O3–B2O3 system

The subsolidus phase relations in the SrO–Ga₂O₃–B₂O₃ system were investigated. The system contains 10 binary compounds and two ternary compounds, and can be divided into 15 three-phase regions. The new ternary compound SrGaBO₄ has two modifications (- and β-phases), both of which crystallize in the orthorhombic system but with different space groups.     

Improvement in hydrogen sorption properties of Mg by reactive mechanical grinding with Cr2O3, Al2O3 and CeO2

We tried to improve the hydrogen sorption properties of Mg by mechanical grinding under H₂ (reactive mechanical grinding) with oxides Cr₂O₃, Al₂O₃ and CeO₂. The hydriding rates of Mg are reportedly controlled by the diffusion of hydrogen through a growing Mg hydride layer. The added oxides can help pulverization of Mg during mechanical grinding. A part of Mg is transformed into MgH₂ during reactive mechanical grinding. The Mg+10wt.%Cr₂O₃ powder has the largest transformed fraction 0.215, followed in order by Mg+10wt.%CeO₂ and Mg+10wt.%Al₂O₃. The Mg+10wt.%Cr₂O₃ powder has the largest hydriding rates at the first and fifth hydriding cycle, followed in order by Mg+10wt.%Al₂O₃ and Mg+10wt.%CeO₂. Mg+10wt.%Cr₂O₃ absorbs 5.87wt.% H at 573 K, 11 bar H₂ during 60 min at the first cycle. The Mg+10wt.%Cr₂O₃ powder has the largest dehydriding rates at the first and fifth dehydriding cycle, followed by Mg+10wt.%CeO₂ and Mg+10wt.%Al₂O₃. It desorbs 4.44 wt.% H at 573 K, 0.5 bar H₂ during 60 min at the first cycle. All the samples absorb and desorb less hydrogen at the fifth cycle than at the first cycle. It is considered that this results from the agglomeration of the particles during hydriding–dehydriding cycling. The average particle sizes of the as-milled and cycled powders increase in the order of Mg+10wt.%Cr₂O₃, Mg+10wt.%Al₂O₃ and Mg+10wt.%CeO₂. The quantities of hydrogen absorbed or desorbed for 1 h for the first and fifth cycles decrease in the order of Mg+10wt.%Cr₂O₃, Mg+10wt.%Al₂O₃ and Mg+10wt.%CeO₂. The quantities of absorbed or desorbed hydrogen increase as the average particle sizes decrease. As the particle size decreases, the diffusion distance shortens. This leads to the larger hydriding and dehydriding rates. The Cr₂O₃ in the Mg+10wt.%Cr₂O₃ powder is reduced after hydriding–dehydriding cycling. The much larger chemical affinity of Mg than Cr for oxygen leads to a reduction of Cr₂O₃ after cycling.     

Effect of LiSbO3 on the phase structure, microstructure and electric properties of Sr0.53Ba0.47Nb2O6 ceramics

LiSbO₃ doped Sr_0.53Ba_0.47Nb₂O₆ ceramics were synthesized by conventional mixed-oxide method. The phase structure, microstructure, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of obtained ceramics were investigated. Pure tungsten bronze structure could be obtained in all ceramics and LiSbO₃ additive could promote densification and reduce the sintering temperature. The dielectric characteristics showed diffuse phase transition phenomena for all samples, which was proved by linear fitting of the modified Curie-Weiss law with γ value varying between 1.65 and 1.92. With increasing LiSbO₃ content, the transition temperature T_c decreased gradually to near room temperature. Normal ferroelectric hysteresis loops could be observed in all compositions, but the remnant polarization (P_r) and coercive field (E_c) all decreased gradually. Besides, the underlying mechanism for variations of the electrical properties caused by LiSbO₃ doping was explained in this work.     

Micro-EDM process investigation and comparison performance of Al3O2 and ZrO2 based ceramic composites

This paper investigates the micro-EDM behaviour of an Al₃O₂ and ZrO₂ based electrically conductive ceramic composites. The influence of the generator parameters on material removal rate, relative tool wear, surface quality and material removal mechanism is investigated towards the definition of suitable micro-EDM technologies. The study is based on a design of experiments, supported by a fundamental investigation of the generator parameters. Similar variations trends to the machining of steel are observed within the investigated process window, for exception of the tool wear performance. The developed EDM technologies are finally validated through the fabrication of industrial demonstrators.     

Effects of Al and Al4C3 contents on combustion synthesis of Cr2AlC from Cr2O3-Al-Al4C3 powder compacts

Preparation of the ternary carbide Cr₂AlC was conducted by combustion synthesis in the mode of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) from the Cr₂O₃-Al-Al₄C₃ powder compact. Effects of the contents of Al and Al₄C₃ on the product composition and combustion behavior were studied by formulating the reactant mixture with a stoichiometric proportion of Cr₂O₃:Al:Al₄C₃ = 3:5x:y, where x and y varied from 1.0 to 1.5. When compared to those of the powder compact with Cr₂O₃:Al:Al₄C₃ = 3:5:1 (i.e., x = y = 1.0), the combustion temperature and reaction front velocity increased with content of Al, but decreased with that of Al₄C₃. Besides Cr₂AlC and Al₂O₃, the final products always contained a secondary phase Cr₇C₃ that was substantially reduced by adopting additional Al and Al₄C₃ in the reactant compacts. For the sample with Cr₂O₃:Al:Al₄C₃ = 3:7.5:1 (x = 1.5), solid state combustion reached a peak temperature of 1245 °C and yielded Cr₂AlC with a trivial amount of Cr₇C₃. Although Cr₇C₃ was lessened by introducing extra Al₄C₃, the increase of Al₄C₃ from y = 1.1 to 1.5 produced almost no further reduction of Cr₇C₃ in the final product. This is partly attributed to the low combustion temperature in the range of 1065-1095 °C for the samples with additional Al₄C₃, and in part, due to the role of Al₄C₃ which might react with Cr to form Cr₇C₃, Cr₂Al, and Cr₂AlC.     

Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr合金表面激光熔覆Al-Si/Al_2O_3复合涂层研究

采用激光熔覆Al-Si/Al_2O_3粉体来对Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr镁稀土合金进行表面改性,并对熔覆层的形貌、组织、相组成及性能进行了表征。X射线衍射(XRD)分析和扫描电镜(SEM)观察显示,熔覆层主要由α-Mg、Mg_2Si、Mg_(12)Nd以及Al_(3.21)Si_(0.47)或Mg_(17)Al_(12)几种相组成,而Al_2O_3则大部分聚集在熔覆层和基体之间的界面处。截面硬度测试显示,熔覆层的显微硬度最高值在3090至4750 MPa之间,是基体硬度(550 MPa)的5~8倍以上,这主要归结为熔覆层内晶粒细化、固溶强化、增强相的形成以及氧化物颗粒的弥散强化作用。在3.5%(质量分数)NaCl水溶液中的电化学测试显示,激光熔覆后的镁合金腐蚀电位上升,腐蚀电流密度可由基体的1.683×10~(-4)A/cm~2下降至激光熔覆后的0.843×10~(-5)A/cm~2,表明激光熔覆后样品表面的腐蚀性能也得到显著提高。     

反应合成Ti3Al/TiC＋Al2O3复合材料烧结过程热力学分析

将高能球磨后的Ti-Al粉末和TiC,Al2O3粉末混合进行热压烧结,在烧结的过程中反应生成金属间化合物为增强相的复合材料.通过对粉料的X射线衍射分析、热分析（DSC）和烧结体的成分分析表明,最终的金属间化合物只有Ti3Al而没有其它金属间化合物相.通过热力学计算,分析了反应烧结过程并发现在低温由固相间原子扩散控制生成TiAl3,TiAl,Ti3Al的渐进过程,和在高温下金属间化合物的合成机理,而且增强相和基体界面间处于稳定状态.     

Effect of addition of Ba(W0.5Cu0.5)O3 in Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 ceramics on the sintering temperature, electrical properties and phase transition

In this work, we report on the Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-Pb(Zn_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-Pb(Zr_0.52Ti_0.48)O₃ (PMN-PZN-PZT) ceramics with Ba(W_0.5Cu_0.5)O₃ as the sintering aid that was manufactured in order to develop the low-temperature sintering materials for piezoelectric device applications. The phase transition, microstructure, dielectric, piezoelectric properties, and the temperature stability of the ceramics were investigated. The results showed that the addition of Ba(W_0.5Cu_0.5)O₃ significantly improved the sintering temperature of PMN-PZN-PZT ceramics and could lower the sintering temperature from 1005 to 920 °C. Besides, the obtained Ba(W_0.5Cu_0.5)O₃-doped ceramics sintered at 920 °C have optimized electrical properties, which are listed as follows: (K_p = 0.63, Q_m = 1415 and d₃₃ = 351 pC/N), and high depolarization temperature above 320 °C. These results indicated that this material was a promising candidate for high-power multilayer piezoelectric device applications.     

Ti3Al激光焊接接头组织与织构的EBSD分析

采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术对Ti-23A1-17Nb合金CO2激光焊接接头的焊缝、热影响区和母材的组织组成、晶粒大小及形态、晶粒取向和取向差分布进行了研究.结果表明,焊接接头中焊缝和热影响区的组织是B2相,母材由B2相和少量的α2相组成.从母材、热影响区到焊缝,晶粒尺寸依次增大,母材为细小等轴晶,母材内B2相尺...     

Dissociation of Ti2O3 from titania slag under mechanical activation

In this present study, the effects of mechanical activation on the characterization of titania slag were systematically investigated. The crystal structures, surface chemical functional groups, and microstructure of the samples were characterized before and after mechanical activation using XRD, FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopy techniques, respectively. It was found that untreated titania slag under mechanical activation was mainly composed of Fe₃Ti₃O₁₀ and rutile TiO₂, but that of being treated by mechanical activation was mainly composed of Fe₃Ti₃O₁₀, Ti₂O₃ and rutile TiO₂. Ti₂O₃ is transformed partially from Fe₃Ti₃O₁₀ under moderate mechanical activation conditions for 12 h. The demonstration of mechanical activation techniques can be applied effectively and efficiently to the treatment processing of titania slag.     

Crystal structure, thermal expansion and electrical properties of the new Al0.32ErGe2 compound

A new ternary compound Al_0.32ErGe₂ has been synthesized and studied from 298 K to 773 K using X-ray powder diffraction technique. Its structure has been determined at room temperature by Rietveld refinement of X-ray powder diffraction data. The ternary compound Al_0.32ErGe₂ crystallizes in the orthorhombic with the defect CeNiSi₂ structure type (space group Cmcm, a = 0.40701(2) nm, b = 1.60401(9) nm, c = 0.39240(2) nm, Z = 4 and D_calc = 8.326 g/cm³). The average thermal expansion coefficients , and of Al_0.32ErGe₂ are 1.72 × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹, 1.11 × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹ and 1.52 × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹, respectively. The bulk thermal expansion coefficient is 4.35 × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹. Electrical resistivity of Al_0.32ErGe₂ was measured between 5 K and 300 K.     

Solidification microstructure of laser remelted Al2O3ZrO2 eutectic

Surface resolidification experiments using a high power CO₂-laser have been performed on an Al₂O₃ZrO₂ containing 36.8 at.% ZrO₂ eutectic alloy at beam velocities between 0.3 and 8 mm·s⁻¹. The local growth rate has been measured by observation of the orientation of the microstructure using scanning electron microscopy. In the whole range of velocities, the structure is essentially a regular lamellar eutectic and the value of the growth productλ²V was found to be ≈ 9.6·10⁻¹⁷ m³·s⁻¹. The measured eutectic spacings were compared with Jackson and Hunt model. Using thermophysical properties from the literature, the measured spacings were more than four times larger than the calculated ones. Assuming all parameters of the growth relationship except the diffusion coefficient to be of the right order of magnitude or to have a negligible influence, agreement is found when using a larger liquid diffusion coefficient,D_L≈5·10⁻¹⁰m²·s⁻¹.     

Synthesis, structural and microwave dielectric properties of Al2W3−xMoxO12 (x = 0-3) ceramics

Low dielectric ceramics in the Al₂W_3−xMo_xO₁₂ (x = 0-3) system have been prepared through solid state ceramic route. The phase purity of the ceramic compositions has been studied using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The microstructure of the sintered ceramics was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The crystal structure of the ceramic compositions as a result of Mo substitution has been studied using Laser Raman spectroscopy. The microwave dielectric properties of the ceramics were studied by Hakki and Coleman post resonator and cavity perturbation techniques. Al₂Mo_xW_3−xO₁₂ (x = 0-3) ceramics exhibited low dielectric constant and relatively high unloaded quality factor. The temperature coefficient of resonant frequency of the compositions is found to be in the range −41 to −72 ppm/°C.     

Structural impact of tungsten ions on ZnO-Sb2O3-As2O3 glass system

Five glasses in the quaternary system 5 ZnO-(50 − x) As₂O₃-45 Sb₂O₃: x WO₃ with the values of x ranging from 0 to 20 mol% (in steps of 5 mol%) are prepared. The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques. The DTA studies have indicated that the glass forming ability decreases with the increasing content of WO₃. A number of studies, like, spectroscopic (optical absorption, IR, Raman, ESR spectra) and dielectric studies (dielectric constant ?, loss tan δ, a.c. conductivity σ_a.c.) over a wide range of frequency and temperature and dielectric break down strength at room temperature, have been carried out and are analysed in the light of different oxidation states and environment of tungsten ions in these glasses. These glasses have potential photonic applications.     

Relationship between structure and properties in high-temperature Bi(Al0.5Fe0.5)O3-PbTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics

Ceramic samples of xBi(Al_0.5Fe_0.5)O₃-(1 − x)PbTiO₃ (BAF-PT, x = 0.05-0.5) solid solutions were fabricated using the conventional solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that all compositions can form single perovskite phase with tetragonal symmetry. The relationship between the tetragonal lattice parameters, tetragonality c/a, cell volume, and ferro-piezoelectric characterization as a function of x was systematically investigated. The BAF modification can effectively improve the poling condition at a proper BAF content. A combination of piezoelectric constant of d₃₃ (50-60 pC/N), electromechanical planar coupling coefficients of k_p (20.3-22.5%), and high Curie temperature T_c (>478 °C) suggested that BAF-PT could be a good candidate for high-temperature piezoelectric applications.     

Influence of B2O3 additives on microstructure and electrical properties of ZnO-Bi2O3-Sb2O3-based varistors

B₂O₃-doped ZnO-Bi₂O₃-Sb₂O₃-based varistors were fabricated by conventional ceramic technique. The microstructure and electrical properties were investigated by SEM, XRD and electrical measurements. With the addition of B₂O₃, the liquid-assisted sintering based on Bi₂O₃ was improved, and the Bi₂O₃-B₂O₃ glass and Zn₃(BO₃)₂ phase were formed on the grain boundaries. The doping of B₂O₃ markedly improved the varistor performance of the ZnO-Bi₂O₃-Sb₂O₃-based varistors. The nonlinear coefficient of the sample with 3.5 mol% B₂O₃ sintered at 1100 °C reached 56 and the leakage current was only 0.3 μA.