基于首次着火循环的低温冷起动特性(Ⅱ)

在一台125cm^3单缸风冷电控喷射LPG发动机上,进行了单循环冷起动实验研究．通过分析发动机最初几个循环的瞬时转速、缸压以及HC排放,得到了发动机首次着火循环冷起动时的燃烧及排放情况．在对首次着火循环分析的基础上,研究了过量空气系数、环境温度、点火提前角和蓄电池电压对LPG发动机首次着火循环燃烧情况的影响．结果表明,蓄电池电压影响发动机冷起动首次着火循环的HC排放,同时对首次着火循环的起动转速也有影响;点火提前角对首次着火循环起动转速影响较大,但对单循环冷起动时的HC排放影响不大;LPG发动机首次循环可靠起动的最佳点火提前角为上止前10℃A．     

不同点火时刻下天然气掺氢缸内直喷发动机燃烧与排放特性

在缸内直喷火花点火发动机上开展了天然气掺混0％-18％氢气的混合燃料不同点火时刻下的试验研究。结果表明：对于给定的喷射时刻和喷射持续期，点火时刻对发动机性能、燃烧和排放有较大影响，喷射结束时刻与点火时刻的间隔对直喷天然气发动机极为重要，喷射结束时刻与点火时刻的间隔缩短时，混合气分层程度高，燃烧速率快，热效率高。最大放热率等燃烧特征参数随点火时刻的提前而增加。HC排放随点火时刻的提前而下降，CO2和NOx排放随点火时刻的提前而增加，NOx排放的增加在大点火提前角下更明显。掺氢可降低HC排放，对CO和CO2排放影响不大。掺氢量大于10％时可提高天然气发动机热效率。     

重型增压预混天然气发动机动力性和排放性试验研究

为解决天然气发动机排放问题,对严重影响天然气发动机HC和NOx排放的空燃比和点火提前角这两个参数进行试验研究。结果表明,增大点火提前角可以提高发动机功率输出,降低有效燃气消耗率和HC排放,增加NOx排放;增大空燃比,发动机功率和NOx排放下降,而有效燃气消耗率和HC排放上升,且均在稀燃极限空燃比时急剧变化。     

增压稀燃天然气发动机排放特性

为了研究增压稀燃天然气发动机的排放特性,对发动机进行了空燃比和点火提前角调整试验、十三工况排放等试验,并在增加氧化型催化转化器后进行了相关试验,对试验结果进行研究分析,获得了天然气发动机的排放规律.结果表明:NMHC排放随空燃比增大先减少后增加,NOx排放随空燃比增大先增加后减少,在空燃比19～21左右达到最大值.NMHC比排放随转速升高略有降低,NOx排放随转速升高先减小后增加,发动机最低NOx排放点所对应的发动机转速为1600～1800 r/min.定MAP下,NMHC排放随点火提前角增大先降低后增加,NOx排放随点火提前角增大而增大.加Ⅰ型氧化催化器后发动机NOx、CH4、CO、NMHC排放值分别减少了15%、97%、78%、60%.试验结果表明,增压稀燃和氧化型催化转化器相结合是天然气发动机一种有效方案.     

基于循环控制的LPG电喷发动机冷起动初探

基于循环控制策略，利用单循环和多循环燃烧分析方法研究了LPG发动机的冷起动特性。试验在一台四冲程、水冷125mL单缸电控喷射点燃式发动机上进行。通过对冷起动循环的缸压和瞬时转速的实对测量和分析，研究了LPG首次喷射脉宽及着火循环的关系对冷起动着火特性的影响，特别对如何实现可控循环着火进行了基于单次起动喷射脉宽的单循环和多循环燃烧研究。试验结果表明：冷起动首次着火循环对整个起动过程的HC排放及着火稳定性起着至关重要的作用；起动喷射脉宽对冷起动着火特性的影响最大，合理控制起动喷射脉宽和喷射时刻，即可实现“即喷即着”的理想可控循环着火。LPG首次着火循环所需的混合气浓度约是稳定怠速时的2．2倍；单循环起动喷射脉宽起动与多循环起动脉宽起动相比，具有HC排放低和起动可靠性好的优点。在首次喷射之前空转几循环可以使发动机的首次着火循环序数提前，并能提高冷起动可靠性。     

点燃式 LPG 发动机暖机过程的排放特性与优化控制研究

介绍了冷起动暖机过程中HC和CO排放特性及其控制策略的研究.试验在一台单缸四行程125 cm3LPG电控喷射点燃式发动机上进行.通过对三效催化器前后HC和CO浓度的测量,计算出相应排放的转换效率.基于点火提前角的调整控制,使怠速转速控制在±25 r/min.研究了不同怠速转速和节气门开启角度对总排放和转化效率的影响,结果发现,本试验样机暖机阶段排放最优控制的怠速转速为1 500 r/min,节气门开启角度是11.5°.     

小型 LPG 发动机匹配三效催化器的起燃特性研究

对小型点燃式电控LPG发动机匹配三效催化器的冷起动过程进行了试验研究，测量了冷起动过程排气管不同位置的排温变化，对比了催化器不同安装位置、不同点火提前角下的起燃特性。通过优化催化器安装位置，调整发动机起动后的怠速转速和点火提前角来改变排气温度，从而使催化器快速起燃，降低了冷起动过程HC和CO的排放。     

发动机有害气体排放的RSM模型

在发动机试验台上,对测量系统进行分析,在此基础上,以发动机转速v和点火提前角θ为因子,以发动机有害气体HC,CO和NO的排放量为试验指标进行了试验研究,建立单因子的二次回归模型,依据响应面理论(RSM),建立了排放指标HC,CO和NO相对于因子v和θ的二次响应面模型,并进行了分析,主要结论:HC在发动机转速为4 000 r/min,点火提前角为4°时的排放量最小;CO在发动机转速为4 000 r/min,点火提前角为16°时的排放量最小;NO在发动机转速为1 000 r/min,点火提前角为4°时的排放量最小。     

电控喷射LPG发动机冷起动失火特性

为加强冷起动阶段的排放控制,在一台125 cm3单缸电控喷射LPG点燃式发动机上进行了冷起动失火特性的试验研究.通过程序设计,以电控断点火方式造成发动机在所设定循环的完全失火,研究了冷起动过程不同循环在单循环失火、连续两循环失火和连续三循环失火的起动转速和HC排放,并对冷起动前120循环在不同失火率时的HC排放进行了研究.通过试验找到了影响LPG发动机冷起动过程起动转速和HC排放的关键着火循环,即理想的首次着火循环及其次循环.发动机理想的首次着火循环失火对起动时的HC排放和转速影响最大.在首次着火循环的下一循环失火对起动HC排放影响次之,而其余循环的失火对起动HC排放影响基本相同.提高起动初期发动机转速有利于后续循环的稳定运行.HC排放与失火率呈一定比例关系.失火率增加1倍时,HC排放升高约1倍.当失火率超过500/时,HC排放总量急剧升高.     

PFI汽油机快速拖动起动控制策略与碳氢排放

搭建了汽油机起动过程模拟试验平台,对比分析了采用普通起动马达和ISG(起动/发电一体化)电机高转速拖动起动时,汽油机的瞬时转速、气缸压力、燃油补偿系数、进气压力、点火时刻、HC转化效率、排气温度及瞬态HC排放浓度的变化规律。试验结果表明:随着拖动转速升高,进气压力降低,进气量减少,燃油蒸发时间缩短,雾化不充分,缸内发生失火的可能性增加,瞬态排放急剧升高,并与冷却液温度有着对应关系。通过瞬态燃油补偿可以改善汽油机起动后若干工作循环混合气偏稀的情况,降低HC排放。推迟点火,可提高排气温度,但冷机和热机状况下三效催化器转化效率存在较大差异。暖机后,当点火提前角为-10°CA时,三效催化器能在40s内起燃,HC转化率在60s内达到90%左右。     

电控顺序喷射CNG发动机喷射定时的试验研究

从理论上分析了影响电控顺序喷射CNG发动机喷射定时的因素及其影响特点。建立了CNG发动机试验台架并确定了进行喷射定时试验的方法。在两个转速和三种负荷工况下进行了喷射定时试验。分析了喷射定时对单燃料CNG发动机动力性、经济性以及排放性能的影响，验证了发动机转速和喷射脉宽对于喷射定时的影响特点，得出了CNG发动机各工况下喷射定时调整的方向和大致范围。     

满足国-IV排放的电控稀燃天然气发动机燃烧系统开发

针对电控单点喷射稀燃天然气发动机燃烧系统进行了开发研究.在原柴油机上加装了电控系统、天然气供气系统和点火系统,并对燃烧室结构和凸轮轴参数进行了优化设计,以适应稀燃天然气发动机的要求.研究了燃烧室形状、压缩比和凸轮轴型线、配气相位对天然气发动机性能和排放的影响,确定了最终的匹配方案.结果表明:采用优化设计的无气门重叠角凸轮轴和压缩比为11的直口碗形燃烧室,所开发的天然气发动机具有良好的动力性、经济性,安装氧化型后处理器的排放结果达到国-IV排放法规要求.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of effects of CNG and gasoline fuels on engine performance and emissions in a dual sequential spark ignition engine

Compared to widening usage of CNG in commercial gasoline engines, insufficient but increasing number of studies have appeared in open literature during last decades while engine characteristics need to be quantified in exact numbers for each specific fuel converted engine. In this study, a dual sequential spark ignition engine (Honda L13A4 i-DSI) is tested separately either with gasoline or CNG at wide open throttle. This specific engine has unique features of dual sequential ignition with variable timing, asymmetrical combustion chamber, and diagonally positioned dual spark-plug. Thus, the engine led some important engine technologies of VTEC and VVT. Tests are performed by varying the engine speed from 1500 rpm to 4000 rpm with an increment of 500 rpm. The engine’s maximum torque speed of 2800 rpm is also tested. For gasoline and CNG fuels, engine performance (brake torque, brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake mean effective pressure), emissions (O₂, CO₂, CO, HC, NO_x, and lambda), and the exhaust gas temperature are evaluated. In addition, numerical engine analyses are performed by constructing a 1-D model for the entire test rig and the engine by using Ricardo-Wave software. In the 1-D engine model, same test parameters are analyzed, and same test outputs are calculated. Thus, the test and the 1-D engine model are employed to quantify the effects of gasoline and CNG fuels on the engine performance and emissions for a unique engine. In general, all test and model results show similar and close trends. Results for the tested commercial engine show that CNG operation decreases the brake torque (12.7%), the brake power (12.4%), the brake mean effective pressure (12.8%), the brake specific fuel consumption (16.5%), the CO₂ emission (12.1%), the CO emission (89.7%). The HC emission for CNG is much lower than gasoline. The O₂ emission for CNG is approximately 55.4% higher than gasoline. The NO_x emission for CNG at high speeds is higher than gasoline. The variation percentages are the averages of the considered speed range from 1500 rpm to 4000 rpm.     

缸内直喷混合燃料发动机的性能研究

采用了一套定压配比燃料供给系统,通过向缸内直接喷射混合气,经电控系统精确控制喷射量,对天然气掺氢的发动机性能进行分析研究。结果表明,发动机燃用天然气掺氢燃料通过定压配比直喷技术,可以提高充气效率,与纯天然气发动机相比能够提高发动机动力和排放性能。     

降低汽油机起动及暖机过程中HC排放的探讨

根据实测的催化器入口、出口 HC排放浓度及排气管不同位置的温度 ,结合示功图对电喷汽油机冷起动时 HC排放量在台架上进行了模拟分析 ,将起动过程以节气门突开为界划分为 3个阶段 ,其中HC的主要排放量发生在开始起动到节气门开这一段时间内。通过控制点火提前角使缸内发生不完全燃烧 ,将燃烧延续到排气管内 ,即可降低 HC排放量 ,也有助于加速催化器起燃。     

天然气发动机点火正时的自适应控制策略研究

提出了一种新的天然气发动机点火正时自适应控制策略。通过对点火正时实施抖动形成寻优控制因素的变化、测量发动机转速波动差作为寻优控制响应的判据 ,从而实现以燃料经济性为寻优目标的闭环优化控制策略 ,弥补了点火正时开环控制方式的不足。通过软件和硬件控制系统的设计 ,在一台单缸天然气发动机上进行了应用 ,验证了其可行性。     

基于事件的电喷汽油机喷油点火时序控制策略研究

针对所研究的吉利MR479Q 4缸四冲程电控汽油机,分析了曲轴转速、凸轮轴位置等信号与喷油点火及同步过程关系,给出了曲轴位置同步、喷油时序、点火时序相应具体控制策略.在此基础上,提出了完整的基于事件的电喷汽油机喷油点火及同步协调控制方案,同步过程、喷油时序、点火时序控制均由相应事件激活,并将其应用于自行研发的EMS控制器中.台架试验结果表明:汽油机起动顺利,运行平稳,稳态及瞬态工况下喷油相位、喷油脉宽、闭合角及点火提前角等重要参数传递准确及时,喷油点火控制信号准确,控制策略切实可行.     

Effect of spark timing on the performance of a hybrid hydrogen–gasoline engine at lean conditions

Hydrogen addition is an effective way for improving the performance of spark-ignited (SI) engines at stoichiometric and especially lean conditions. Spark timing also heavily influences the SI engine performance. This paper experimentally investigated the effect of spark timing on performance of a hydrogen-enriched gasoline engine at lean conditions. The experiment was carried out on a four-cylinder, port-injection gasoline engine which was modified to be an electronically controlled hybrid hydrogen–gasoline engine (HHGE) by adding a hydrogen port-injection system on the intake manifolds while keeping the original gasoline injection system unchanged. A hybrid electronic control unit (HECU) was developed to govern the injection timings and durations of hydrogen and gasoline to enforce the timely mixing of hydrogen and gasoline in the intake ports at the expected blending levels and excess air ratios. During the test, the engine speed was fixed at 1400 rpm and the manifolds absolute pressure (MAP) was kept at 61.5 kPa. The hydrogen volume fraction in the intake was increased from 0% to 3% through adjusting the hydrogen injection duration. For a specified hydrogen addition level, gasoline injection duration was reduced to ensure the engine operating at two excess air ratios of 1.2 and 1.4, respectively. The spark timing for a specified hydrogen addition level and excess air ratio was varied from 20 to 50 °CA BTDC with an interval of 2 °CA. The test results showed that the indicated mean effective pressure (Imep) first increased and then decreased with the increase of spark advance. The optimum spark timing for the max. Imep (OST) was retarded for the HHGE at a specified excess air ratio. The max. indicated thermal efficiency appeared at the OST. Flame development period was shortened whereas flame propagation period was prolonged with the decrease of spark advance. The coefficient of variation in indicated mean effective pressure generally gained its minimum value at the OST. HC and NOx emissions were continuously decreased with the retarding of spark timing. However, the effect of spark timing on CO emission was found insignificant.     

Study on combustion and emission characteristics of a n-butanol engine with hydrogen direct injection under lean burn conditions

The n-butanol fuel, as a renewable and clean biofuel, could ease the energy crisis and decrease the harmful emissions. As another clean and renewable energy, hydrogen properly offset the high HC emissions and the insufficient of dynamic property of pure n-butanol fuel in SI engines, because of the high diffusion coefficient, high adiabatic flame velocity and low heat value. Hydrogen direct injection not only avoids backfire and lower intake efficiency but also promotes to form in-cylinder stratified mixture, which is helpful to enhance combustion and reduce emissions. This experimental study focused on the combustion and emissions characteristics of a hydrogen direct injection stratified n-butanol engine. Three different hydrogen addition fractions (0%, 2.5%, 5%) were used under five different spark timing (10° ,15° ,20° ,25° ,30° CA BTDC). Engine speed and excess air ratio stabled at 1500 rpm and 1.2 respectively. The direct injection timing of the hydrogen was optimized to form a beter stratified mixture. The obtained results demonstrated that brake power and brake thermal efficiency are increased by addition hydrogen directly injected. The BSFC is decreased with the addition of hydrogen. The peak cylinder pressure and the instantaneous heat release rate raises with the increase of the hydrogen addition fraction. In addition, the HC and CO emissions drop while the NOx emissions sharply rise with the addition of hydrogen. As a whole, with hydrogen direct injection, the power and fuel economy performance of n-butanol engine are markedly improved, harmful emissions are partly decreased.