Factors Affecting the Acceptability of Low-Nitrite Smoked, Cured Ham

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the consumer acceptance of samples of cooked, smoked ham which varied in sodium nitrite concentration and to evaluate the importance of two factors hypothesized to affect their acceptability. The first experiment assessed the importance of color to the overall acceptability of smoked ham. Results indicated that satisfactory color in this product can significantly increase its acceptability, even when other attributes (e.g. flavor) of the product are inferior. The second experiment assessed the effect of a warning of the possible dangers of sodium nitrite on the acceptability of the products. Results showed that the warning had no effect on the consumers' acceptance of the product.     

射频等离子体活性水处理对火腿发色的影响

探讨射频等离子体活性水（radio frequency plasma activated water,RF-PAW）处理对肌红蛋白颜色及火腿发色的影响,对比亚硝酸钠溶液与RF-PAW的发色效果以及这2 种发色剂用于火腿发色后亚硝酸盐的残留量。结果表明,等离子体处理6 min以内得到的PAW,不会对高铁肌红蛋白（metmyoglobin,metMb）的颜色产生显著影响,会使氧合肌红蛋白逐渐氧化成metMb,颜色由鲜红色变为红棕色;肉眼观察发现,采用RF-PAW、亚硝酸盐溶液（nitrite,NI）作为亚硝酸盐来源来腌制火腿,都能使新鲜猪肉发色,且RF-PAW腌制的火腿发色效果更好,RF-PAW中的活性物质并未对火腿发色造成不良影响;色差分析结果显示,PAW腌制出的火腿有更高的a*、C*值以及更低的b*值,色素含量测定显示,PAW处理的火腿具有更高的亚硝化肌红蛋白色素百分比（43.52%）,说明PAW腌制比NI腌制形成更多的亚硝化肌红蛋白色素,使火腿的红色更深;通过亚硝酸盐残留测定发现,NI腌制的火腿亚硝酸盐残留量为54.45 mg/kg,而PAW腌制的火腿亚硝酸盐残留量为52.79 mg/kg,均小于国标限量值70 mg/kg。该研究结果为肉品低温等离子体保鲜与腌制技术的工程化应用提供理论基础和科学指导。     

正交试验优化蒸煮切片火腿工艺

研究加工工艺对低温肉制品颜色形成的影响。以蒸煮切片火腿为原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验考察亚硝酸钠添加量、混合磷酸盐添加量、蒸煮温度和滚揉/腌制时间比4种因素对产品红度值和亚硝基血红素质量分数的影响,并通过为期28d的贮藏实验,考察各正交处理组的色泽指标及非血红素铁、亚硝酸盐、pH值在贮藏中的变化情况。结果表明：最优工艺为亚硝酸钠添加量0.05g/kg、混合磷酸盐添加量5g/kg、滚揉16h后腌制8h、蒸煮温度70℃;各影响因素间无交互作用;添加亚硝酸钠越多,残留量越大,非血红素铁与色泽指标无显著相关性。     

Irradiation-induced Cured Ham Color Fading and Regeneration

ABSTRACT: Color stability of cured ham as a result of irradiation, packaging atmosphere, and storage time was evaluated. Sliced cured ham was packaged in aerobic or vacuum atmospheres, irradiated at 0, 1.2, 2.3, and 4.5 kGy and stored for 0 and 7 d. The ham treatments were evaluated for cured color, oxidation-reduction potential, and residual nitrite content. Irradiation decreased cured color as irradiation dose increased from 0 to 4.5 kGy as evidenced by lower a*/b* ratios and cured pigment analysis regardless of packaging atmosphere. Residual nitrite levels were also lower for the 4.5-kGy treatment compared with nonirradiated control following irradiation. Cured color was regenerated over time and resulted in higher a*/b* ratios on day 7 compared with day 0 for the 4.5-kGy treatment. Oxidation-reduction potential was decreased on day 0 and day 7 for the vacuum-packaged treatment that was irradiated at 4.5 kGy compared with the 0-kGy treatment.     

Effect of Sodium Nitrite on Flavor and TBA Values in Canned, Comminuted Ham

Canned, comminuted ham was manufactured with and without sodium nitrite to investigate the role of nitrite in developing and preserving cured meat flavor. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values were measured throughout processing and the canned storage period, and compared with sensory triangle testing and preference evaluations of the canned products at intervals throughout 26 weeks storage. The development of oxidative rancidity as measured by TBA values was also evaluated on refrigerated products held aerobically. Results show decreased TBA values in product with nitrite. Statistically significant flavor differences were observed in products with and without nitrite; statistically significant preferences were observed only when product color was evident.     

盐水火腿加工中影响亚硝基化合物生成因素的研究

在肉类加工中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐是很常用的食品添加剂,可以改善肉的色泽和风味,延迟脂肪的氧化和酸败,并且抑制肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌的繁殖,从而延长肉制品的货架期。但20世纪70年代人们发现了这些添加剂的危害:它们可以和氨基酸等含氮化合物反应生成致癌物-亚硝胺。而且亚硝酸盐在胃液环境下也可以形成亚硝胺。本文主要研究盐水火腿加工过程中,腌制时间、煮制时间和煮制温度以及亚硝酸钠和抗坏血酸钠的添加量对最终产品中残留的亚硝酸钠和生成的亚硝胺含量的影响,以期加工出更安全卫生的肉制品。研究表明,腌制时间控制在24h,亚硝酸钠的添加量为0.12g/kg,抗坏血酸钠的添加量为0.64g/kg,而煮制温度为85℃,煮制时间为1h(肉块大小为250g)时产品既能保持良好的色泽,又能使亚硝基化合物的含量降到最低水平。     

新型发酵火腿色泽的影响因素优化

色泽是评价火腿质量的一项重要指标。以色泽或感官评价为考察指标,采用响应面法,探讨了腌制剂对新型发酵火腿切片色泽的影响。结果表明:最佳的亚硝酸钠的添加量0.01%、Vc的添加量0.03%、食盐的添加量2.37%;此时发酵火腿的切片色泽及感官评价最好。     

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure and varying concentrations of sodium nitrite from traditional and vegetable-based sources on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on ready-to-eat (RTE) sliced ham

The objective of this study was to determine the effect the source of added nitrite and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) had on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on ready-to-eat (RTE) sliced ham. Use of 600 MPa HHP for 3 min resulted in an immediate 3.9–4.3 log CFU/g reduction in L. monocytogenes numbers, while use of 400 MPa HHP (3 min) provided less than 1 log CFU/g reduction. With the 600 MPa HHP treatment, sliced ham with a conventional concentration of sodium nitrite (200 ppm) was not different in L. monocytogenes growth from use with 50 or 100 ppm of sodium nitrite in pre-converted celery powder. Instrumental color values as well as residual nitrite and residual nitrate concentrations for cured (sodium nitrite and nitrite from celery powder) and uncured ham formulations are discussed.     

驴肉火腿的试制与质量控制

本文主要论述了在驴肉火腿的试制过程中,添加猪脂肪、β-环状糊精可以改善和提高制品的风味和质地,添加红曲米色素、淀粉和亚硝盐可以改善制品的色泽,结果都比较令人满意.     

腌制盐中磷酸盐用量和助色剂对方火腿质量的影响

<正> 一、前言: 方腿又名“洋火腿”,因方腿采用低温杀菌(巴氏杀菌)和0～5℃条件下冷藏,故又称“低温冷藏火腿”。 方腿是我国近年来肉制品中发展速度较快的一个新产品,最近已从国外引进多条生产线(成套设备或主要设备),由于方腿具有肉质鲜嫩、组织致密、粘接良好、富有弹性、色泽     

影响低温火腿肉色泽的因素研究

色泽是衡量低温火腿肉品质的重要感官指标。通过试验研究确定确定影响低温火腿肉色泽的主要因素是肉的比例结构、杀菌温度、亚硝酸钠加入量、乙基麦芽酚是否加入及其加入量，其中一个因素发生变化，肉的色泽没有相应的改变。     

The Effects of Irradiation at 1.6 kGy on Quality Characteristics of Commercially Produced Ham and Pork Frankfurters over Extended Storage

ABSTRACT: Commercially produced sliced ham and all-pork frankfurters were obtained from a national meat processor and irradiated at 1.6 kGy. The samples were evaluated for color, lipid oxidation, odor, flavor, and the production of volatiles over an 8-wk storage period. Irradiation processing did not affect color values for the ham or frankfurters. Lipid oxidation as measured by 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) did not increase for either the ham or frankfurters. Irradiation processing increased off-odor scores for the ham but not for frankfurters. On the other hand, off-flavor scores were not significantly different for ham but were higher in frankfurters after irradiation processing. Dimethyl disulfide content increased as a result of irradiation in both the ham and frankfurters but decreased during the 8-week storage period. Irradiation processing resulted in the formation of new volatile compounds in the ham samples including heptane, trans -1-butyl-2-methylcyclopropanone, 2-octene, and toluene, which were not present in nonirradiated ham. In the case of frankfurters, irradiation treatment resulted in the formation of 2-butanone, which was not present in the nonirradiated frankfurters. Most volatile compounds that were affected by irradiation processing of either the ham or frankfurters were increased when compared with nonirradiated controls. Although color and lipid oxidation (TBARS) did not seem to be affected by irradiation processing at 1.6 kGy, changes in odor, flavor, and the production of volatiles are of concern if irradiation is to be used to control microbial growth in ready-to-eat pork products.     

无硝干腌火腿中红色素形成机制研究进展

干腌火腿经过长时间腌制发酵成熟,富含生物活性物质,具有良好的感官特性。在传统干腌火腿加工过程中常添加硝盐（硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐）以获得稳定的色泽,然而,由亚硝酸盐与仲胺反应生成的亚硝胺具有致癌风险,已引起人们的广泛关注。研究发现,国外的著名干腌火腿如帕尔玛火腿,在腌制过程中不添加硝盐,其红色的主要贡献者被证实为Zn-原卟啉IX。本文综述了添加硝盐与未添加硝盐干腌火腿中红色素的研究进展,重点探讨Zn-原卟啉IX在无硝干腌火腿加工过程中的形成机制,以期为干腌火腿加工过程的色泽调控提供科学理论依据。     

新型发酵火腿色泽的影响因素优化

色泽是评价火腿质量的一项重要指标。以色泽或感官评价为考察指标,采用响应面法,探讨了腌制剂对新型发酵火腿切片色泽的影响。结果表明:最佳的亚硝酸钠的添加量0.01%、Vc的添加量0.03%、食盐的添加量2.37%;此时发酵火腿的切片色泽及感官评价最好。     

腌制剂对蒸煮火腿中亚硝酸钠残留量和亚硝胺形成影响的研究

为探讨低温蒸煮火腿生产过程中腌制剂对亚硝酸钠(NaNO2)残留量和二乙基亚硝胺(NDEA)形成的影响,在腌制过程中分别添加了抗坏血酸钠和三聚磷酸钠(STPP),研究了蒸煮火腿中NDEA及NaNO2含量的变化。结果表明,抗坏血酸钠能够显著降低(p<0.05)NDEA的形成量,随抗坏血酸钠添加量的增加,NDEA下降速度增大;同时能明显降低蒸煮火腿中NaNO2的残留量。添加STPP的处理组NaNO2残留量有所增加,随加入量的增加,NaNO2残留量上升趋势减缓;一定程度上提高蒸煮火腿中NDEA的形成量。     

Survey of naturally and conventionally cured commercial frankfurters, ham, and bacon for physio-chemical characteristics that affect bacterial growth

Natural and organic food regulations preclude the use of sodium nitrite/nitrate and other antimicrobials for processed meat products. Consequently, processors have begun to use natural nitrate/nitrite sources, such as celery juice/powder, sea salt, and turbinado sugar, to manufacture natural and organic products with cured meat characteristics but without sodium nitrite. The objective of this study was to compare physio-chemical characteristics that affect Clostridium perfringens and Listeria monocytogenes growth in naturally cured and traditionally cured commercial frankfurters, hams, and bacon. Correlations of specific product characteristics to pathogen growth varied between products and pathogens, though water activity, salt concentration, and product composition (moisture, protein and fat) were common intrinsic factors correlated to pathogen growth across products. Other frequently correlated traits were related to curing reactions such as % cured pigment. Residual nitrite and nitrate were significantly correlated to C. perfringens growth but only for the ham products.     

THE STUDY OF INGREDIENTS AND PROCESSING TECHNIQUES OF XUANWEI STYLE HAM

Xuanwei style ham is one of the famous dry-cured hams in the world. The influences of different ingredients and processing techniques on sensory properties, brine diffusing rate, chemical composition and hygienic quality of Xuanwei style cured ham were studied. Modified cured ham processing techniques were employed in this study. Massaging of green ham and injection of curing solution improved brine diffusing rate ( P <  0.05) and reduced curing time from the traditional 28 days to 21 days (weight of green ham about 13 kg). Ninety mg/kg sodium nitrite was used for improving cured ham color ( P <  0.05), and its residue still met the Chinese cured ham standard of 20 mg/kg. The hygienic and sensory qualities were not significantly affected by the addition of sodium ascorbate and polyphosphate ( P >  0.05).

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The paper studied the Chinese famous Xuanwei dry-cured ham, modified curing ingredient and processing techniques of Xuanwei ham are beneficial for improving the ham quality and important to shorten the traditional cured ham processing procedure such as longer processing time and seasonal processing method to adapt to the new industrial procedures of manufacturing and marketing of Xuanwei cured ham.     

巴马火腿红色色素的研究进展

综述了巴马火腿红色色素研究的最新进展。巴马火腿在腌制时不添加硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐 ,经过长期的加工过程 ,巴马火腿肉具有稳定的红色。巴马火腿的红色色素与添加硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐腌制的普通火腿的红色色素具有不同的吸收光谱、颜色稳定性和抗氧化性。根据巴马火腿红色色素的吸收光谱、荧光光谱、高压液相色谱和高分辨率电喷雾电离质谱 ,证实了巴马火腿的红色色素是锌 原卟啉IX。     

Survey of naturally and conventionally cured commercial frankfurters,ham, and bacon for physio-chemical characteristics that affect bacterial growth

Natural and organic food regulations preclude the use of sodium nitrite/nitrate and other antimicrobials for processed meat products. Consequently, processors have begun to use natural nitrate/nitrite sources, such as celery juice/powder, sea salt, and turbinado sugar, to manufacture natural and organic products with cured meat characteristics but without sodium nitrite. The objective of this study was to compare physio-chemical characteristics that affect Clostridium perfringens and Listeria monocytogenes growth in naturally cured and traditionally cured commercial frankfurters, hams, and bacon. Correlations of specific product characteristics to pathogen growth varied between products and pathogens, though water activity, salt concentration, and product composition (moisture, protein and fat) were common intrinsic factors correlated to pathogen growth across products. Other frequently correlated traits were related to curing reactions such as % cured pigment. Residual nitrite and nitrate were significantly correlated to C. perfringens growth but only for the ham products.     

Effect of irradiation on colour and lipid oxidation of dry-cured hams from free-range reared and intensively reared pigs

The effect of irradiation dose (0, 5 and 10 kGy) of vacuum-packaged Iberian dry-cured ham slices from pigs fed on concentrate (CON) or free-range reared (FRG) was studied in relation to TBA-RS, hexanal content and instrumental colour changes. TBA-RS values increased after irradiation in the two sets of hams and the increase was dose-dependent. FRG samples showed higher TBA-RS values than CON samples in all treatments, although differences in the rate of formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were different in the two types of hams, being higher in CON samples than in FRG ones. Irradiation of dry-cured ham slices significantly increased hexanal contents in both sets of hams. Irradiation produced statistically significant increases in vacuum-packed dry-cured ham slices lightness (L^⁎-value), yellowness (b^⁎-value) and chroma (C^⁎-value). Irradiation resulted in significantly lower hue angle (h°) values and higher a^⁎-values in both sets of hams indicating a redder colour of irradiated samples than non-irradiated, and these changes were greater in FRG samples than in CON samples. Differences in composition characteristics of raw material could play an important role in the irradiation-induced changes on colour and lipid oxidation of vacuum-packaged dry-cured ham slices.Industrial relevanceIberian ham is dry-cured meat product with a high sensory quality due to pig fattening feature and the characteristics of its processing. Both factors lead to a product with characteristic cured red colour of the lean, an intense, characteristic and pleasant flavour, unique in dry-cured hams, derived from intense lipid oxidative phenomena. New commercialization formats of dry-cured Iberian hams include vacuum-packed sliced ham. Although the low Aw, NaCl and nitrite/nitrate contents make dry-cured ham not adequate for the growth of pathogens and spoilage microorganisms (cocci gram+ and yeast), those may be present on the surface of whole hams and reach the sliced product during the final boning, slicing and packaging operations even with the observation of strict hygienic procedures despite the implementation of modern technologies and HACCP systems, constituting a permanent risk of contamination. Dry-cured Iberian ham, as a result of its chemical characteristics, is a product with a long shelf-life at refrigeration temperature, however the risk of spoilage or pathogen growth could increase in the case of temperature abuse for a long stored period. Finally, due to health concerns, salting and curing process of dry-cured Iberian hams tend to a reduction in levels of NaCl and nitrite used. That could increase the risk associated to microorganism presence in dry-cured sliced hams. The use of irradiation could minimizes this risk, however irradiation could have important effects on overall quality of dry-cured Iberian products in which colour and extent of lipid oxidation and lipid oxidation-derived volatile compounds play an important role in consumer acceptation of the product.