Optimal Operation of Hydropower Reservoir Systems Using Weed Optimization Algorithm

The optimal hydropower operation of reservoir systems is known as a complex nonlinear nonconvex optimization problem. This paper presents the application of invasive weed optimization (IWO) algorithm, which is a novel evolutionary algorithm inspired from colonizing weeds, for optimal operation of hydropower reservoir systems. The IWO algorithm is used to optimally solve the hydropower operation problems for both cases of single reservoir and multi reservoir systems, over short, medium and long term operation periods, and the results are compared with the existing results obtained by the two most commonly used evolutionary algorithms, namely, particle swam optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA). The results show that the IWO is more efficient and effective than PSO and GA for both single reservoir and multi reservoir hydropower operation problems.     

基于可行空间搜索遗传算法的梯级水库群调度规则研究

以梯级水库群系统多年平均发电量和旬出力保证率最大为目标函数,以梯级水库群内各水库拐点式调度图为决策变量,建立梯级水库群联合发电调度模型,并采用可行空间搜索遗传算法进行求解。为了避免模型求解过程中对不可行解的过多处理,有针对性地对可行解进行优化。最后,以汉江流域梯级水库群为例,对模型和算法的有效性进行了验证。     

基于改进萤火虫算法的梯级水库优化调度研究

梯级水电站水库群联合调度问题具有复杂的约束条件,受到发电、供水、防洪等目标的制约。作为多目标非线性优化调度问题,为了解决传统算法中存在结果受初值参数影响较大、容易陷入局部最优解、收敛速度不理想等问题,首次尝试将萤火虫算法引入梯级水库优化调度研究中。在传统萤火虫算法模仿自然界萤火虫捕食求偶行为的基础上,对其进行优化与改进,引入目标空间中解的Pareto支配关系比较萤火虫荧光亮度,比较其优化解,采用轮盘赌法确定萤火虫每次更新过程中的移动路径,利用精英保留策略建立多目标萤火虫模型。通过典型的梯级水电站进行仿真计算,研究结果表明,改进的多目标萤火虫算法在优化过程中具有较强的寻优能力,能更好地进行全局搜索和局部搜索,计算过程中具有良好的稳定性,并且计算效率较高,优于遗传算法(GA)、粒子群算法(PSO)和蚁群算法(ACO),为多阶段、多约束的梯级水电站水库群中长期优化调度问题提供了新的途径和新方法。     

基于“3S”技术的水库特征曲线复核——以柘林水库为例

水库水位、库容是水库设计和运行管理中的重要指标,水库运行若干年后水库特征曲线可能发生变化,影响其调度运行的准确性。利用基于遥感技术的水体信息提取技术,提取了柘林水库死水位至正常蓄水位高程范围内的水面面积;利用RTK-GPS测量技术测量了库区局部高程,结合已有DEM和高程点,建立了数字高程三角网TIN,并提取了正常蓄水位至校核洪水位高程范围内的水面面积;整合两部分水位、面积数据,利用统计原理拟合了柘林水库死水位以上高程范围内的水位-面积曲线,并推算了其新的水位-库容曲线。经与原特征曲线比较,同水位下,新曲线整米级的水面面积平均比原曲线对应值大7.61%,库容平均比原曲线对应值大3.87%。新的水库特征曲线在经过水量平衡和实际运行检验后,可为柘林水库的防洪、发电调度提供可靠的基础资料。所采用技术方法能高效、准确地获取水库的特征曲线,且能节省较多成本,具有较广的应用前景。     

Reservoir Optimization-Simulation with a Sediment Evacuation Model to Minimize Irrigation Deficits

Importance of existing reservoirs for supplying fresh water has increased significantly due to population increase and enhanced living standards, while the reduced development of new reservoirs in recent decades has made it even more pertinent that the current battery of reservoirs be operated in a sustainable and efficient manner. In order to move a step towards the goal of sustainability, sediment evacuation must be considered when optimizing a reservoir??s operations. The Reservoir Optimization-Simulation with Sediment Evacuation (ROSSE) model is a recently developed tool which internalizes sediment evacuation routines and the simulation module in a newly developed GA-based optimization module. This article applies the ROSSE model with the aim of minimizing irrigation shortages in the Tarbela Reservoir, Pakistan. The article also calculates the suitable values of various GA parameters required to run the model through a sensitivity analysis. Simulation results of three sets of rule curves??one existing and two optimized sets??are compared with each other for parameters like irrigation shortage, power generation, sediment evacuation and flood dis-benefits (damages). It is found that the optimized rule curves of scenario 1 reduce the irrigation shortages by 39?% while the optimized rule curves of scenario 2 can reduce the irrigation shortages by 24?% of that of the shortages by existing rule curves. The optimized rule curves of scenario 2 also ensure the current level of hydropower generation and sediment evacuation for the Tarbela reservoir. The study recommends a change in the reservoir??s existing rule curves in order to reduce irrigation shortages. The incorporation of the sediment evacuation routine and availability of economic and hydro based objective functions in the optimization model will help achieving the goal of sustainability.     

Multi-objective reservoir operation using particle swarm optimization with adaptive random inertia weights

Based on conventional particle swarm optimization(PSO), this paper presents an efficient and reliable heuristic approach using PSO with an adaptive random inertia weight(ARIW) strategy, referred to as the ARIW-PSO algorithm, to build a multi-objective optimization model for reservoir operation. Using the triangular probability density function, the inertia weight is randomly generated, and the probability density function is automatically adjusted to make the inertia weight generally greater in the initial stage of evolution, which is suitable for global searches. In the evolution process, the inertia weight gradually decreases, which is beneficial to local searches. The performance of the ARIWPSO algorithm was investigated with some classical test functions, and the results were compared with those of the genetic algorithm(GA), the conventional PSO, and other improved PSO methods. Then, the ARIW-PSO algorithm was applied to multi-objective optimal dispatch of the Panjiakou Reservoir and multi-objective flood control operation of a reservoir group on the Luanhe River in China, including the Panjiakou Reservoir, Daheiting Reservoir, and Taolinkou Reservoir. The validity of the multi-objective optimization model for multi-reservoir systems based on the ARIW-PSO algorithm was verified.     

Optimizing Hydropower Reservoir Operation Using Hybrid Genetic Algorithm and Chaos

Genetic algorithms (GA) have been widely applied to solve water resources system optimization. With the increase of the complexity and the larger problem scale of water resources system, GAs are most frequently faced with the problems of premature convergence, slow iterations to reach the global optimal solution and getting stuck at a local optimum. A novel chaos genetic algorithm (CGA) based on the chaos optimization algorithm (COA) and genetic algorithm (GA), which makes use of the ergodicity and internal randomness of chaos iterations, is presented to overcome premature local optimum and increase the convergence speed of genetic algorithm. CGA integrates powerful global searching capability of the GA with that of powerful local searching capability of the COA. Two measures are adopted in order to improve the performance of the GA. The first one is the adoption of chaos optimization of the initialization to improve species quality and to maintain the population diversity. The second is the utilization of annealing chaotic mutation operation to replace standard mutation operator in order to avoid the search being trapped in local optimum. The Rosenbrock function and Schaffer function, which are complex and global optimum functions and often used as benchmarks for contemporary optimization algorithms for GAs and Evolutionary computation, are first employed to examine the performance of the GA and CGA. The test results indicate that CGA can improve convergence speed and solution accuracy. Furthermore, the developed model is applied for the monthly operation of a hydropower reservoir with a series of monthly inflow of 38 years. The results show that the long term average annual energy based CGA is the best and its convergent speed not only is faster than dynamic programming largely, but also overpasses the standard GA. Thus, the proposed approach is feasible and effective in optimal operations of complex reservoir systems.     

Reservoir Optimization for Energy Production Using a New Evolutionary Algorithm Based on Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Models

The study applies kidney algorithm for the optimization of reservoir operation for hydropower generation. The objective function defined for optimization is to minimize the hydroelectric power deficiency. Results of kidney algorithm are compared with those of bat algorithm (BA), water cycle algorithm (WCA), biogeography-based optimization algorithm (BBO), genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSOA), and scatter matters search algorithm (SMSA). All algorithms are evaluated by Complex proportional assessment (COPRAS), Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), modified TOPSIS, and Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS), as well as Borda count social choice theory. Then, vulnerability, time and volumetric reliability, as well as resiliency indices are used for comparison and multi-criteria decision-making indicators for selecting the best algorithm. It is found that no algorithm is ranked uniformly the best. Results indicate that kidney and particle swarm algorithms are ranked higher than other algorithms by most indices. Results of 10 random implementations of the objective function indicate that KA has a lower coefficient of variation and is computationally moe efficient. Further, most of the multi-criteria decision making models allocate the first rank to KA.     

Large scale reservoir operation by Constrained Particle Swarm Optimization algorithms

In this paper two adapted versions of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm are presented for the efficient solution of large scale reservoir operation problems with release volumes taken as the decision variables of the problem. In the first version, exploiting the sequential nature of the solution building procedure of the PSO, the continuity equation is used at each period to define a new set of bounds for the decision variable of the next period which satisfies storage volume constraints of the problem. Particles of the swarm are, therefore, forced to fly in the feasible region of the search space except for very rare cases and hence the name of the Partially Constrained Particle Swarm Optimization (PCPSO) algorithm. In the second, the periods of the operations are treated in a reverse order prior to the PCPSO search to define a new set of bounds for each storage volume such that partially constrained particles are not given any chance of producing infeasible solutions and, hence, the name of Fully Constrained Particle Swarm Optimization (FCPSO) algorithm. These methods are used here to solve two problems of water supply and hydropower operation of “Dez” reservoir in Iran and the results are presented and compared with those of the conventional unconstrained PSO and a genetic algorithm. Three cases of short, medium and long-term operations are considered to illustrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed methods for the solution of large scale operation problems. The methods are shown to be superior to the original PSO and genetic algorithm in locating near optimal solutions and convergence characteristics. Proposed algorithms are also shown to be relatively insensitive to the swarm size and initial swarm compared to the original unconstrained PSO and genetic algorithm.     

基于逐次逼近遗传算法的梯级水库优化调度

利用传统遗传算法求解水库优化调度问题时,经过遗传操作产生的新个体可能是不可行解,因此需要对其进行修正.但在梯级水库调度中,由于各时段间、水库间存在的水力电力联系,使这种修正变得复杂困难.鉴于此,提出了逐次逼近遗传算法(GASA),它可在包含不可行解的空间中寻优,并通过搜索空间的不断改变,逐渐逼近最优解.最后通过一个算例,并与离散微分动态规划法(DDDP)和逐步优化法(POA)的优化结果进行比较,说明了该方法的可行性与有效性.     

Optimization of Water Resources Utilization by PSO-GA

The objective of this paper is to present an optimal model to address the water resources utilization of the Tao River basin in China. The Tao River water diversion project has been proposed to alleviate the problem of water shortages in Gansu Province in China. A multi reservoir system is under consideration with multiple objectives including water diversion, ecological water demand, irrigation, hydropower generation, industrial requirements, and domestic uses in the Tao River basin. A multi-objective model for the minimization of water shortages and the maximization of hydro-power production is proposed to manage the utilization of Tao River water resources. An adjustable PSO-GA (particle swarm optimization – genetic algorithm) hybrid algorithm is proposed that combines the strengths of PSO and GA to balance natural selection and good knowledge sharing to enable a robust and efficient search of the solution space. Two driving parameters are used in the adjustable hybrid model to optimize the performance of the PSO-GA hybrid algorithm by assigning a preference to either PSO or GA. The results show that the proposed hybrid algorithm can simultaneously obtain a promising solution and speed up the convergence.     

大渡河流域混联水库群长期优化调度

以大渡河混联水电站水库群为研究对象,建立了兼顾不同保证出力情形下以发电量最大为目标的长期优化调度模型,并采用逐步优化算法（POA）及基于变域变步长搜索的POA改进算法求解。结果表明：在总发电量增加前提下,改进算法计算耗时较传统POA缩短约90倍;不同保证出力情形下,梯级、整体考虑惩罚较单库惩罚考虑,其流域多年平均发电量分别增加了241GW.h和309GW.h。     

Optimal and Adaptive Operation of a Hydropower System with Unit Commitment and Water Quality Constraints

Management of water resources has become more complex in recent years as a result of changing attitudes towards sustainability and the attribution of greater attention to environmental issues, especially under a scenario of water scarcity risk introduced by climate changes and anthropogenic pressures. This study addresses the optimal short-term operation of a multi-purpose hydropower system under an environment where objectives are conflicting. New optimization models using mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) with binary variables adopted for incorporating unit commitment constraints and adaptive real-time operations are developed and applied to a real life hydropower reservoir in Brazil, utilizing evolutionary algorithms. These formulations address water quality concerns downstream of the reservoir and optimal operations for power generation in an integrated manner and deal with uncertain future flows due to climate change. Results obtained using genetic algorithm (GA) solvers were superior to gradient based methods, converging to superior optimal solutions especially due to computational intractability problems associated with combinatorial domain of integer variables in the unit commitment formulation. The adaptive operation formulation in conjunction with the solution of turbine unit commitment problem yielded more reliable solutions, reducing forecasting uncertainty and providing more flexible operational rules.     

Chaotic Evolutionary Algorithms for Multi-Reservoir Optimization

The water sharing dispute in a multi-reservoir river basin forces the water resources planners to have an integrated operation of multi-reservoir system rather than considering them as a single reservoir system. Thus, optimizing the operations of a multi-reservoir system for an integrated operation is gaining importance, especially in India. Recently, evolutionary algorithms have been successfully applied for optimizing the multi-reservoir system operations. The evolutionary optimization algorithms start its search from a randomly generated initial population to attain the global optimal solution. However, simple evolutionary algorithms are slower in convergence and also results in sub-optimal solutions for complex problems with hardbound variables. Hence, in the present study, chaotic technique is introduced to generate the initial population and also in other search steps to enhance the performance of the evolutionary algorithms and applied for the optimization of a multi-reservoir system. The results are compared with that of a simple GA and DE algorithm. From the study, it is found that the chaotic algorithm with the general optimizer has produced the global optimal solution (optimal hydropower production in the present case) within lesser generations. This shows that coupling the chaotic algorithm with evolutionary algorithm will enrich the search technique by having better initial population and also converges quickly. Further, the performances of the developed policies are evaluated for longer run using a simulation model to assess the irrigation deficits. The simulation results show that the model satisfactorily meets the irrigation demand in most of the time periods and the deficit is very less.     

A Novel Optimization Method for Multi-Reservoir Operation Policy Derivation in Complex Inter-Basin Water Transfer System

Joint operation of multiple reservoir system in inter-basin water transfer-supply project is a complex problem because of the complicated structure and cooperated operation policy. The combination of high-dimensional, multi-peak and multiple constraints makes it incredibly difficult to obtain the optimal rule curves for multi-reservoir operation. In view of this, we constructed a joint optimization operation model, considering both water supply and transfer, and proposed the concept of “shape constraints”. To obtain the solution of this high-dimensional optimization model, a novel progressive optimum seeking method, namely Progressive Reservoir Algorithm-Particle Swarm Optimization (PRA-PSO), is presented based on the nature of progressive optimization algorithm (POA) and standard particle swarm optimization (PSO). The water transfer project in northeast China, consisting of three routes eight reservoirs, is selected as a case study. The results show that (1) PRA-PSO is yielding much more promising results when compared with other optimization techniques; (2) shape constraints would narrow the scope of feasible solution area but increase the convergence of algorithm; (3) because of the strong interaction between water transfer and water supply action, the progressive setting of PRA-PSO should be in accordance with the order of reservoir water transfer. The case study indicates the novel optimization method could effectively increase the chance of jumping out of local optimal points, thereby searching for better solutions.     

Reservoir Operation by a New Evolutionary Algorithm: Kidney Algorithm

This article shows an application of a new algorithm, called kidney algorithm, for reservoir operation which employs three different operators, namely filtration, secretion, and excretion that lead to faster convergence and more accurate solutions. The kidney algorithm (KA) was used for generating the optimal operation of a reservoir namely; Aydoghmoush dam in eastern Azerbaijan province in Iran whose purpose was to decrease irrigation deficit downstream of the dam. Results from the algorithm were compared with those by other evolutionary algorithms, including bat (BA), genetic (GA), particle swarm (PSO), shark (SA), and weed algorithms (WA). The results showed that the kidney algorithm provided the best performance against the other evolutionary algorithms. For example, the computational time for the KA was 3 s, 2 s, 4 s, 6 s and 3 s less than BA, SA, GA PSA and WA, respectively. Also, the objective function for the optimization problem was the minimization of the irrigation deficits and its value for the KA was 55%, 28%, 52%, 44 and 54% less than GA, SA, WA, BA and PSA, respectively. Also, the different performance indexes showed the superiority of the KA compared to the other algorithms. For example, the root mean square error for the KA was 74%, 61%, 68%, 33 and 54% less than GA, SA, WA, BA and PSA, respectively. Different multi criteria decision models were used to select the best models. The results showed that the KA achieved the first rank for the optimization problem and thus, it shows a high potential to be applied for different problems in the field of water resources management.     

Optimal Short-term Reservoir Operation with Integrated Long-term Goals

A methodology to incorporate long-term goals within the short-term reservoir operation optimization model is proposed. Two conflicting objectives for the management of hydropower generation in two different power plants are incorporated. A chance-constrained optimization model is used to derive long-term (annual) operation strategies. With the time horizon of operation for the short-term optimization model kept equal to a single time-step of the long-term optimization model, the optimum end storages derived from the long-term model are incorporated as constraints (storage lower bounds) within the short-term model. The long-term benefits accrued from such an operation model are illustrated for a small reservoir, in South India. The solutions are compared with the historic operation. These are also compared with the solutions of a short-term optimal operation model ignoring long-term goals. The optimization model is solved using a multi-objective genetic algorithm.     

免疫粒子群算法在梯级电站短期优化调度中的应用

将免疫原理引入粒子群算法(PSO)中,利用其免疫记忆与自我调节机制保持各适应度层次的粒子维持一定的浓度,保证种群的多样性;引入疫苗接种等操作,对算法的进化过程进行有目的、有选择地指导,提高算法的搜索性能.随后在分析梯级电站短期优化调度数学模型及该算法特点的基础上,建立了基于免疫粒子群(IPSO)算法的梯级电站短期优化调度数学模型,并给出其具体的求解步骤.最后应用该方法进行仿真计算,并与常规调度及PSO算法进行对比,结果表明,该算法可获得较优的优化调度方案,并可提高解的精度,加快其收敛速度.     

Derivation of Aggregation-Based Joint Operating Rule Curves for Cascade Hydropower Reservoirs

Operating rule curves have been widely applied to reservoir operation, due to their ease of implementation. However, these curves are generally used for single reservoirs and have rarely been applied to cascade reservoirs. This study was conducted to derive joint operating rule curves for cascade hydropower reservoirs. Steps in the proposed methodology include: (1) determining the optimal release schedule using dynamic programming to solve a deterministic long-term operation model, (2) identifying the forms of operating rule curves suitable for cascade hydropower reservoirs based on the optimal release schedule, (3) constructing a simulation-based optimization model and then using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) to identify the key points of the operating rule curves, (4) testing and verifying the efficiency of the generated joint operating rule curves using synthetic inflow series. China’s Qing River cascade hydropower reservoirs (the Shuibuya, Geheyan and Gaobazhou reservoirs) were selected for a case study. When compared with the conventional operating rule curves, the annual power generation can be increased by 2.62% (from 7.27 to 7.46 billion kWh) using the observed inflow from 1951 to 2005, as well as by about 1.77% and 2.52% using the synthetic inflows generated from two alternative hydrologic simulation methods. Linear operating rules were also implemented to simulate coordinated operation of the Qing River cascade hydropower reservoirs. The joint operating rule curves were more efficient and reliable than conventional operating rule curves and linear operating rules, indicating that the proposed method can greatly improve hydropower generation and work stability.     

蚁群算法求解梯级水电厂日竞价优化调度问题

应用蚁群算法(Ant Colony algorithm,ACA)，即利用蚂蚁群体相互协作和邻域搜索寻找功能，求解梯级水电站日竞价优化调度问题。计算中定义水库调度线为蚂蚁路径，利用状态转移、信息素更新和邻域搜索，不断调整路径逐步向最优值逼近。计算结果表明，梯级电站电量时空分配合理，并且满足约束条件，该算法可以求解具有复杂约束条件的非线性梯级优化调度问题。