Flexural behaviour of UHTCC‐layered concrete composite beam subjected to static and fatigue loads

As an engineered material, ultra‐high toughness cementitious composite (UHTCC) exhibits the characteristics of pseudo strain hardening and multiple cracking under uniaxial tension. It can be applied as the reinforcing and protective material of concrete structures. In this paper, static and fatigue flexural tests were carried out on UHTCC‐layered concrete composite beams, for which UHTCC layer was used on the tension side. Under both static and fatigue loads, plane section assumption was suitable for such composite beams, and a good bond strength was achieved between the two layers. For static specimens, the UHTCC layer enhanced the ductility of the concrete layer. While under cyclic loads, because of the reinforcing effect of UHTCC, more than one crack were formed in the concrete layer, which led to a ductile deformation. Furthermore, the fatigue damage process of the composite beam was analysed.     

配筋聚乙烯醇纤维增强水泥复合材料梁的曲率延性

聚乙烯醇纤维增强水泥（Polyvinyl alcohol fiber reinforced cement,PVA/C）复合材料具有优越的受拉应变硬化特性,可显著提高结构的变形能力。本文以PVA纤维体积分数和受拉钢筋配筋率为研究参数,对6根配筋PVA/C梁和2根普通混凝土梁（RC）进行四点弯曲试验,并对其曲率延性进行了试验研究和理论分析。试验研究表明:配筋PVA/C梁的荷载-挠度（P-δ）关系曲线所包围的面积是C梁的1.64~2.43倍,证明配筋PVA/C梁有较好的持荷变形能力;在PVA纤维体积分数一定的情况下,试验梁的曲率延性系数随受拉钢筋配筋率的增大而减小;在受拉钢筋配筋率一定的情况下,配筋PVA/C梁的曲率延性系数是C梁的1.56~2.02倍,证明掺入PVA纤维显著提高了试验梁的延性。建立了配筋PVA/C梁曲率延性系数的计算公式,并分析了PVA纤维体积分数对受压区高度系数和曲率延性系数的影响,试验结果与计算结果吻合较好。      

Analytical solution for composite layered beam subjected to uniformly distributed load

The article presents an analytical theory for multilayered composite beams subjected to transverse uniformly distributed loads. The formulation is based on a layerwise model characterized by third-order approximation of the axial displacements and fourth-order approximation of the transverse displacements. The layerwise kinematical model is rewritten in terms of generalized variables. The beam equilibrium equations, expressed in terms of stress resultant, allow writing the boundary value governing problem. The layerwise fields are obtained by postprocessing steps. The main advantage is to ensure the accuracy level associated to the layerwise formulations preserving the computational efficiency of the equivalent-single-layer theories.     

层状复合结构抗侵彻性能试验与数值模拟

为研究3层及以上层状复合结构和金属丝缠绕材料(Entangled metallic wire material,EMWM)夹芯复合结构的抗侵彻性能,本文设计了4种复合结构:碳化硅陶瓷/超高分子量聚乙烯/钛合金(SiC/UHMWPE/TC4)、SiC/TC4/UHMWPE、SiC/UHMWPE/EMWM/TC4和SiC/...     

钢筋混凝土复合防护梁的抗撞性能研究

传统结构构件设计较少考虑碰撞效应,因此有可能因碰撞荷载而引起严重的冲击破坏。鉴于此,在前期提出的刚柔复合防护结构体系的基础上,针对钢筋混凝土复合防护梁的抗撞性能进行了分析研究。在数值模拟的过程中,分别考虑了无防护、刚性防护、柔性防护和刚柔复合防护四种不同的措施以及两端固支、两端铰支和一端固支一端铰支三种不同的梁端约束形式。通过观测钢筋混凝土梁的应变、位移、加速度和冲击力等参数,可评价相应的抗撞效果。数值结果表明,提议的复合防护体系效果最好,可以有效抑制受撞构件的冲击响应;同时,构件约束形式对抗撞性能的影响也是不容忽视的。     

Flexural behaviour of glue-laminated fibre composite sandwich beams

This study involved experimental investigation onto the flexural behaviour of glue-laminated fibre composite sandwich beams with a view of using this material for structural beams. Composite sandwich beams with 1, 2, 3, and 4 composite sandwich panels glued together were subjected to 4-point static bending test in the flatwise and edgewise positions to evaluate their stiffness and strength properties. The results showed that the composite sandwich beams in the edgewise position failed with 25% higher bending strength but have 7% lower bending stiffness than beams in the flatwise position. The results however indicated that the bending stiffness of flatwise specimens converges to that of the edgewise specimens with increasing laminations. More importantly, the specimens in the edgewise position failed with greater ductility due to progressive failure of the fibre composite skins while the specimens in the flatwise position failed in a brittle manner due to debonding between the skin and core. Wrapping the glue-laminated sandwich beams with one layer of tri-axial glass fibres did not prove to be effective. Overall, it has been demonstrated that the glue-laminated sandwich beams exhibited better performance than the individual composite sandwich beams.     

Flexural performance of FRP reinforced concrete beams

A numerical method for estimating the curvature, deflection and moment capacity of FRP reinforced concrete beams is developed. Force equilibrium and strain compatibility equations for a beam section divided into a number of segments are numerically solved due to the non-linear behaviour of concrete. The deflection is then obtained from the flexural rigidity at mid-span section using the deflection formula for various load cases. A proposed modification to the mid-span flexural rigidity is also introduced to account for the experimentally observed wide cracks over the intermediate support of continuous FRP reinforced concrete beams.     

Flexural properties of z-pinned composite laminates in seawater environment

Unidirectional carbon-fibre reinforced composite laminates with and without z-pins were immersed in artificial seawater and exposed to two different temperature levels (?1.75 and 50 °C), as well as thaw–freeze cycles (+20/?20 °C). The investigation described is focused on the question to which degree seawater absorption, as well as bending properties are influenced by z-pin reinforcement. The results indicate an increasing influence of the z-pin reinforcement on the water sorption rate, while the sorption rate of unpinned laminates is lower. This is a result of the additional diffusion pathways of the moisture ingress into the laminate caused by the inserted z-pins which in turn change the micro-structure. Furthermore, the sorption rate depends on the immersion temperature. Laminates immersed into seawater with higher temperatures (50 °C) display a significantly higher diffusion rate than those immersed in colder seawater (?1.75 °C) or those immersed under thaw–freeze conditions (+20/?20 °C). Z-pin reinforced laminates with a unidirectional fibre orientation show a reduced bending strength by about 31 %, as well as a reduced flexural modulus by about 11 % in comparison to unpinned samples. Unpinned and z-pinned samples that were exposed to a seawater environment for 1344 h show a reduced flexural modulus depending on the immersion temperatures. As opposed to flexural modulus, flexural strength is not affected by immersion time or temperature. The overall bending strain energy that is necessary for a complete fracture of the unpinned samples under 4-point bending loads can be described with the value of the elastic bending strain energy. In contrast to this the overall bending strain energy of the z-pinned laminates is composed of two different components –the elastic bending strain energy and the post-fracture strain energy. The post-fracture strain energy occurs after exceeding the flexural strength. The overall bending strain energy of z-pinned and unpinned samples without immersion into seawater is around 7.2 J, while the percentage of the post-fracture energy of the pinned samples is 40 % with respect to the overall bending strain energy. The duration of the immersion into water and higher water temperatures increases the overall bending strain energy for both unpinned and pinned samples. The increase is higher for z-pinned samples and is mainly caused by the increase of the post-fracture energy.     

Flexural vibrations of elastic composite beams with interlayer slip

Summary The objective of the present paper is to analyze the dynamic flexural behavior of elastic two-layer beams with interlayer slip. The Bernoulli-Euler hypothesis is assumed to hold for each layer separately, and a linear constitutive equation between the horizontal slip and the interlaminar shear force is considered. The governing sixth-order initial-boundary value problem is solved by separating the dynamic response in a quasistatic and in a complementary dynamic response. The quasistatic portion that may also contain singularities or discontinuities due to sudden load changes is determined in a closed form. The remaining complementary dynamic part is non-singular and can be approximated by a truncated modal series of fast accelerated convergence. The solution of the resulting generalized decoupled single-degree-of-freedom oscillators is given by means of Duhamel,s convolution integral, whereby the velocity and acceleration of the loads are the driving terms. Light damping is considered via modal damping coefficients. The proposed procedure is illustrated for dynamically loaded layered single-span beams with interlayer slip, and the improvement in comparison to the classical modal analysis is demonstrated.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Franz Ziegler on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

几何非线性高性能复合材料筋混凝土梁Heterosis组合壳单元

对于高性能碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料(CFRP)筋混凝土梁,研究几何非线性组合壳单元模型,对预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁进行了全过程分析。引入Von Karman理论,推导了局部坐标系下Piola2Kirchhoff 应力矩阵和几何刚度矩阵;分别采用组合壳单元和分层壳单元模拟预应力CFRP 筋和玻璃纤维增强聚合物复合材料(GFRP)筋,并推导了CFRP筋对组合壳单元刚度矩阵的贡献,同时采用Heterosis选择积分技术以避免剪切锁定和零能量模式,研制了相应的非线性计算程序。计算结果与试验数据对比可知,挠度发展规律和预应力CFRP筋应变发展规律均吻合良好,说明了研究单元的有效性及研制程序的正确性;CFRP筋具有高强度性能,梁试件破坏时CFRP筋均未失效;利用预应力CFRP筋应变重分布系数研究了梁的刚度退化规律,表明采用GFRP筋代替普通钢筋在加载后期会使梁的刚度退化减小。      

轴向载荷周期结构梁的弯曲振动带隙特性

各种载荷广泛存在于结构振动中,影响结构的振动特性。利用传递矩阵法,建立了轴向载荷周期结构梁弯曲振动特性理论模型,能够计算轴向载荷周期结构梁弯曲振动的能带结构和传输特性。研究表明,轴向载荷周期结构梁弯曲振动存在带隙,并分析了轴向载荷对带隙频率范围和衰减的影响。通过调节载荷条件,可以实现了超低频带隙特性。通过调节轴向载荷的大小和方向可以提高带隙的适应性。     

Flexural damping of a P55 graphite/magnesium composite

Recent studies have shown that when magnesium is alloyed with particular solute species having very low solid solubilities (< 1%), such as aluminium, copper, tin, zirconium, manganese or silicon, the characteristically high damping is preserved while the mechanical properties are enhanced. Moreover, both damping, and the amplitude dependence of damping, increase with decreasing solute atom concentration. Accordingly, these materials are considered candidates in the fabrication of metal matrix composites (MMCs) for use in large space structures. This paper presents damping data on two magnesium alloys, Mg-0.6%Zr and Mg-1.0%Mn, and a recently developed magnesium MMC, a [0₈] P55Gr/Mg-0.6%Zr. The alloy data demonstrate the increase in damping and amplitude dependence which accompanies a decrease in alloy concentration. A comparison between the damping of the Mg-0.6%Zr alloy and the [0₈] P55Gr/Mg-0.6 %Zr composite shows that the addition of the strength-enhancing fibres reduces the high damping properties of the matrix.     

Two moving cracks in a layered composite

This paper deals with the problem of the uniform motion of two cracks located at the central plane of an elastic layer embedded in bonded contact with two elastic half-space regions. The material properties in the layer are assumed to be different from the material properties of the half-space regions. The uniform motion of the cracks is induced by antiplane and in-plane extension modes. The analysis of the problem employs successive application of Galilean and Fourier transformations. The results of primary interest to fracture mechanics, namely the dynamic stress-intensity factors, are illustrated in graphical form.     

压电复合材料层合结构中的SH波

考虑压电耦合效应,通过传递矩阵-二维谱分析研究了压电复合材料层合板稳态SH波的频散特性和瞬态SH波的传播特性。数值分析表明: 压电耦合作用提高了SH波的截止频率和相速度; 由表面扰动激发的SH波, 一部分能量向板深度方向传播, 一部分以表面波的形式在两倍波长深度内传播。所采用的传递矩阵-二维谱分析为层合结构瞬态波动研究提供了一种有效的数值方法。      

Flexural behavior and microstructure analysis of a gypsum-SBR composite material

A more flexible organic–inorganic composite material with low density has been obtained using low cost and flexible latex, SBR latex in a gypsum matrix. Because of this, the microstructure and flexural properties of the new composite were studied. It is shown how, by the addition of the SBR latex in the gypsum matrix, either a polymer network (PN) or a thin polymer film is developed between the gypsum crystals increasing the elasticity or flexural behavior of normal gypsum.     

Interface crack in periodically layered bimaterial composite

A directional crack growth prediction in a compressed homogenous elastic isotropic material under plane strain conditions is considered. The conditions at the parent crack tip are evaluated for a straight stationary crack. Remote load is a combined biaxial compressive normal stress and pure shear. Crack surfaces are assumed to be frictionless and to remain closed during the kink formation wherefore the mode I stress intensity factor K _I is vanishing. Hence the mode II stress intensity factor K _II remains as the single stress intensity variable for the kinked crack. An expression for the local mode II stress intensity factor k ₂ at the tip of a straight kink has been calculated numerically with an integral equation using the solution scheme proposed by Lo (1978) and refined by He and Hutchinson (1989). The confidence of the solution is strengthened by verifications with a boundary element method and by particular analytical solutions. The expression has been found as a function of the mode II stress intensity factor K _II of the parent crack, the direction and length of the kink, and the difference between the remote compressive normal stresses perpendicular to, and parallel with, the plane of the parent crack. Based on the expression, initial crack growth directions have been suggested. At a sufficiently high non-isotropic compressive normal stress, so that the crack remains closed, the crack is predicted to extend along a curved path that maximizes the mode II stress intensity factor k ₂. Only at an isotropic remote compressive normal stress the crack will continue straight ahead without change of the direction. Further, an analysis of the shape of the crack path has revealed that the propagation path is, according the model, required to be described by a function y=cx , where the exponent is equal to 3/2. In that case, when =3/2, predicts the analytical model a propagation path that is self-similar (i.e. the curvature c is independent of any length of a crack extension), and which can be described by a function of only the mode II stress intensity factor K _II at the parent crack tip and the difference between the remote compressive normal stress perpendicular to, and parallel with, the parent crack plane. Comparisons with curved shear cracks in brittle materials reported in literature provide limited support for the model discussed.     

自组装制备有机/无机层状复合材料

自然界中形成的生物材料在结构和性能上具有优异的配备性。模仿生物矿化的形成机制,利用自组装原理能够仿生合成出性能优良和具有多级结构特点的有机/无机界面层状复合材料。本文在总结近年来最新研究的成果上,简要介绍了自组装和生物矿化的机理,重点阐述了基于无机相层的自组装和以有机大分子为模板自组装制备有机／无机层状复合材料两种合成连径,并对未来的发展趋势做了展望。     

Thixoforming of a novel layered metal matrix composite

Abstract

Thixoforming is a semisolid processing route capable of producing near net shape components with low levels of porosity in a single, rapid operation. It has potential for the processing of aluminium alloy based metal matrix composites (MMCs). In contrast with casting of fully liquid metal, the flow of material into the die in thixoforming is primarily laminar. Thus, a novel layered MMC structure, generated by spray forming, consisting of alternate lamellae of reinforced and unreinforced alloy, might be preserved in thixoforming. The laminated structure is intended to give an increase in toughness, compared to a homogeneously reinforced material. The material was produced by spray forming alternate layers of aluminium matrix alloy 2014 (Al–4Cu–0·8Si–0·8Mn–0·5Mg) and matrix alloy reinforced with ～17 vol.%SiC particles. Following thixoforming, the layered structure was well preserved with good retention of layer integrity and arrangement. Impact measurements for estimating toughness (Charpy and Izod) showed limited improvement with the layered materials, relative to homogeneously reinforced ones. However, in slow crack growth (Tattersall–Tappin tests), toughness was nearly doubled when estimated in terms of an average energy of fracture from the area below the load–crosshead displacement curve. This was attributed to the reduction in the energy of the propagating crack at low strain rates, which led to a greater potential for the structure, and in particular for the unreinforced layer, to stop or slow the crack. Additionally, these layered MMC materials have provided a striking record of the die filling behaviour for metallic materials during thixoforming. The flow pattern is akin to that in conventional hot forging. This may assist in the establishment of design rules for thixoforming dies.     

Bending of shape-memory alloy-reinforced composite beam

Based on the one-dimensional thermo-mechanical constitutive relation of a shape-memory alloy (SMA) in which the dependence of the elastic modulus of SMA upon the martensite fraction is considered, a constitutive relation for the bending of a composite beam with eccentrically embedded SMA wires has been developed. The deflection-temperature relation upon heating and cooling has been analysed for the SMA-reinforced composite beam.     

Flexural properties of glass fiber reinforced composite with multiphase biopolymer matrix

The aim of this study was to evaluate flexural properties of glass fiber-reinforced composites with a multiphase biopolymer matrix. Continuous unidirectional E-glass fibers were preimpregnated with a novel biopolymer of poly(hydroxyproline) amide and ester. The preimpregnated fibers were then further impregnated in a co-monomer system of Bis-GMA-TEGDMA, which formed semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPN) with the preimpregnated polymer. After light initiated polymerization of the monomer system, rectangular shaped bar specimens (n = 4) were tested by the three-point bending test. The control material was a fiber-reinforced composite with a Bis-GMA-TEDGMA-matrix only. The mean flexural strength of poly(hydroxyproline) amide preimpregnated fiber composite was higher than that of the control (FS = 888 vs. 805 MPa). The poly(hydroxyproline) ester preimpregnated fibers resulted in lower strength (FS = 541 MPa). The results of this study suggest that preimpregnation of glass fibers with poly(hydroxyproline) amide and the use of such fibers in fiber-reinforced composites with IPN polymer matrices, can reach relatively high mechanical properties.