Short‐Chain Fatty Acids Enhance the Lipid Accumulation of 3T3‐L1 Cells by Modulating the Expression of Enzymes of Fatty Acid Metabolism

Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid are produced by fermentation by gut microbiota. In this paper, we investigate the effects of SCFA on 3T3‐L1 cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms. The cells were treated with acetic acid, propionic acid, or butyric acid when cells were induced to differentiate into adipocytes. MTT assay was employed to detect the viability of 3T3‐L1 cells. Oil Red O staining was used to visualize the lipid content in 3T3‐L1 cells. A triglyceride assay kit was used to detect the triacylglycerol content in 3T3‐L1 cells. qRT‐PCR and Western blot were used to evaluate the expression of metabolic enzymes. MTT results showed that safe concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid were less than 6.4, 3.2, and 0.8 mM, respectively. Oil Red O staining and triacylglycerols detection results showed that treatment with acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid accelerated the 3T3‐L1 adipocyte differentiation. qRT‐PCR and Western blot results showed that the expressions of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), adipocyte fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), fatty acid transporter protein 4 (FATP4), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were significantly increased by acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid treatment during adipose differentiation (p < 0.05). In conclusion, SCFA promoted lipid accumulation by modulating the expression of enzymes of fatty acid metabolism.     

Activation of β-Adrenoceptors Promotes Lipid Droplet Accumulation in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells via cAMP/PKA/EPAC Pathways

Physiologically, β-adrenoceptors are major regulators of lipid metabolism, which may be reflected in alterations in lipid droplet dynamics. β-adrenoceptors have also been shown to participate in breast cancer carcinogenesis. Since lipid droplets may be seen as a hallmark of cancer, the present study aimed to investigate the role of β-adrenoceptors in the regulation of lipid droplet dynamics in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Cells were treated for up to 72 h with adrenaline (an endogenous adrenoceptor agonist), isoprenaline (a non-selective β-adrenoceptor agonist) and salbutamol (a selective β₂-selective agonist), and their effects on lipid droplets were evaluated using Nile Red staining. Adrenaline or isoprenaline, but not salbutamol, caused a lipid-accumulating phenotype in the MCF-7 cells. These effects were significantly reduced by selective β₁- and β₃-antagonists (10 nM atenolol and 100 nM L-748,337, respectively), indicating a dependence on both β₁- and β₃-adrenoceptors. These effects were dependent on the cAMP signalling pathway, involving both protein kinase A (PKA) and cAMP-dependent guanine-nucleotide-exchange (EPAC) proteins: treatment with cAMP-elevating agents (forskolin or 8-Br-cAMP) induced lipid droplet accumulation, whereas either 1 µM H-89 or 1 µM ESI-09 (PKA or EPAC inhibitors, respectively) abrogated this effect. Taken together, the present results demonstrate the existence of a β-adrenoceptor-mediated regulation of lipid droplet dynamics in breast cancer cells, likely involving β₁- and β₃-adrenoceptors, revealing a new mechanism by which adrenergic stimulation may influence cancer cell metabolism.     

3-溴-2-氟苯甲酸的合成

以2-氨基-6-氟苯腈为原料,经溴化、水解和重氮化脱氨基反应合成3-溴-2-氟苯甲酸,产物的含量为99.20%(HPLC),总摩尔产率约38%。产物结构通过MS和1 H NMR验证。其中溴化反应的最佳条件为n(2-氨基-6-氟苯腈)∶n(NBS)=1∶1.05,n(2-氨基-6-氟苯腈)∶n(DMF)=1∶6,反应温度为5℃;水解反应的最佳反应条件为n(2-氨基-5-溴-6氟苯腈)∶n(NaOH)=1∶1.5,水解时间为8h,温度控制在回流状态下。该法具有生产成本低、反应条件温和、易于工业化生产的优点。     

5%ZnO-3%MgO/SiO2催化2-乙基己醇直接合成2-乙基己酸

采用等体积浸渍法制备了5%ZnO-3%MgO/SiO2催化剂,以纯氧为氧化剂,在常压下催化氧化2-乙基己醇直接合成2-乙基己酸,对该合成的催化剂用量、氧气流量、反应温度、反应时间等工艺条件进行了优化,确定了最佳工艺条件。结果表明,该合成的最佳工艺条件为:2-乙基己醇50 mL,催化剂用量2.5 g,氧气流量30 mL/min,反应温度125℃,反应时间9 h,在此最佳工艺条件下,2-乙基己醇转化率达63.6%,2-乙基己酸选择性可达75.4%。     

酸催化法合成2—氨基—2，3—二甲基丁酰胺

对咪唑啉酮类除草剂通用中间体2-氨基-2,3-二甲基丁酰胺的合成方法进行了研究,并对影响反应收率的主要因素进行了讨论,收率达到95%,产品质量纯度为96%。     

固体酸SO42-/ZrO2-Fe2O3催化合成L-乳酸酯的研究

将固体酸SO42-/ZrO2-Fe2O3用于催化L-乳酸和2-异亚丙基氨基氧基乙醇的酯化反应.确定了最佳反应条件:带水剂为甲苯,醇酸摩尔比为3.5:1,催化剂用量为L-乳酸质量的6%,反应时间为8 h,在此条件下酯化率可达62.5%.     

以稀土固体超强酸Gd3+-SO2-4/ZrO2催化合成三氯水杨酸正戊酯

以不同配比的Gd3+-SO2-4/ZrO2稀土固体超强酸合成三氯水杨酸正戊酯为探针反应,筛选出制备稀土固体超强酸Gd3+-SO2-4/ZrO2的最佳工艺条件为:20 g ZrOCl2·8H2O、1.0 %(质量分数)Gd2(SO4)3和0.8 mol·L-1H2SO4混合液,搅拌60 min后浸泡3 h,600 ℃焙烧3 h.以GSZ-1合成三氯水杨酸正戊酯的最佳反应条件为:72.8 g (0.3 mol) 3,5,6-三氯水杨酸、17.6 g (0.2 mol) 正戊醇、40 mL二甲苯和1.5 g的催化剂,电热套加热(105～110 ℃)回流反应2 h,酯化率可达93 %.     

用KF/Al2O3催化合成肉桂酸的研究

采用KF/Al2O3催化剂催化合成肉桂酸.用新催化剂催化反应可以降低反应温度,缩短反应时间,提高肉桂酸的产率.探索出了最佳反应条件当反应温度控制在160℃,苯甲醛和乙酸酐的摩尔比1∶3,用6.0 g KF/Al2O3催化反应1.0 h,得到肉桂酸的产率为85.4%.     

固体碱K2CO3/Al2O3催化酯交换法合成乙二醇甲醚乙酸酯

以固体碱K2CO3/Al2O3为催化剂,催化乙酸乙酯和乙二醇甲醚酯交换合成了乙二醇甲醚乙酸酯。考察了反应物摩尔比,催化剂用量,反应时间,催化剂重复使用等因素对反应的影响,结果表明:当n(乙酸乙酯)∶n(乙二醇甲醚)=4∶1,K2CO3/Al2O3用量为总反应物质量的1.0%,反应4.5h时,乙二醇甲醚的转化率为98.8%,选择性为100%;催化剂重复使用5次后,乙二醇甲醚的转化率仅下降3.7%。     

复合固体酸SO4^2-／Fe2O3-TiO2催化合成环己酮缩乙二醇

以复合固体酸SO4^2-／Fe2O3-TiO2为多相催化剂,通过环己酮和乙二醇反应合成了环己酮缩乙二醇。探讨SO4^2-／Fe2O3-TiO2对缩酮反应的催化活性,较系统地研究了酮醇物质的量比,催化剂用量,反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明：SO4^2-／Fe2O3-TiO2是合成环己酮缩乙二醇的良好催化剂,在酮醇物质的量比为1：1．5,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的2％,带水剂选用环己烷,反应时间1．5h的条件下,环己酮缩乙二醇的收率可达92．7％。     

Synthesis of bulk and alumina-supported γ-Mo2N catalysts by a single-step complex decomposition method

A single-step complex decomposition method for the synthesis of bulk and alumina-supported γ-Mo₂N catalysts is described. The complex precursor (HMT)₂(NH₄)₄Mo₇O₂₄·2H₂O (HMT: hexamethylenetetramine) is converted to γ-Mo₂N under a flow of Ar in a temperature range of 823–1023 K. Furthermore, decomposition of the precursor in a NH₃ flow forms γ-Mo₂N in a temperature range of 723–923 K. Compared with direct decomposition of the precursor in Ar, the reaction in NH₃ shows obvious advantages that the nitride forms at a lower temperature. In addition, alumina-supported γ-Mo₂N catalysts with different nitride loadings can be prepared from the alumina-supported complex precursor in the Ar or NH₃ flow. The resultant catalysts exhibit good dibenzothiophene HDS activities, which are similar to the γ-Mo₂N/γ-Al₂O₃ prepared by traditional TPR method. The catalyst prepared by decomposition in an Ar flow exhibits highest activity. It proves that such a single-step complex decomposition method possesses the potential to be a general route for the preparation of molybdenum nitride catalysts.     

KF/Al_2O_3催化下亚胡椒基丙醛的合成

KF Al2O3作催化剂,催化洋茉莉醛和丙醛进行Claisen-Schmidt缩合反应合成了亚胡椒基丙醛。通过正交实验确定了适宜的工艺条件,洋茉莉醛∶丙醛为0 3∶0 42(摩尔比),14g催化剂,丙醛滴加时间2h,反应温度60℃～70℃,反应时间2h。平均摩尔收率80 2%。     

高纯2-甲基-3-氯苯甲酸的合成

以2,6-二氯甲苯和镁为原料,在THF中制备了单格氏试剂,然后与碳酸二甲酯偶联得到3-氯-2-甲基苯甲酸甲酯,经熔融结晶纯化含量99.4%,纯化的酯经皂化、酸化以及重结晶,得到高纯目标产物,含量99.5%,总收率84%。该方法用规模化生产的2,6-二氯甲苯、碳酸二甲酯等为原料,操作简便易控,适合于产业化。     

用Mn2O3氧化法合成对羰基苯磺酸

研究了以Mn2O3为氧化剂，在硫酸介质中氧化对甲基苯磺酸合成对羰基苯磺酸的工艺条件，最适宜的条件是：反应温度高于95℃，c(H2SO4)：8．0mol／L，Mn2O3的加入量为理论量的110％。Mn2O3是在650℃下灼烧MnO2得到。     

MiR-320-3p Regulates the Proliferation and Differentiation of Myogenic Progenitor Cells by Modulating Actin Remodeling

Skeletal myogenesis is essential for the maintenance of muscle quality and quantity, and impaired myogenesis is intimately associated with muscle wasting diseases. Although microRNA (miRNA) plays a crucial role in myogenesis and relates to muscle wasting in obesity, the molecular targets and roles of miRNAs modulated by saturated fatty acids (SFA) are largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the role of miR-320-3p on the differentiation of myogenic progenitor cells. Palmitic acid (PA), the most abundant dietary SFA, suppressed myogenic factors expression and impaired differentiation in C2C12 myoblasts, and these effects were accompanied by CFL2 downregulation and miR-320-3p upregulation. In particular, miR-320-3p appeared to target CFL2 mRNA directly and suppress the expression of CFL2, an essential factor for filamentous actin (F-actin) depolymerization. Transfection of myoblasts with miR-320-3p mimic increased F-actin formation and nuclear translocation of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), a key component of mechanotransduction. Furthermore, miR-320-3p mimic increased myoblast proliferation and markedly impeded the expression of MyoD and MyoG, consequently inhibiting myoblast differentiation. In conclusion, our current study highlights the role of miR-320-3p on CFL2 expression, YAP1 activation, and myoblast differentiation and suggests that PA-inducible miR-320-3p is a significant mediator of muscle wasting in obesity.     

Pd-Fe/TiO2催化加氢合成2-氯-3-氨基吡啶的研究

2-氯-3-氨基吡啶是一种重要的医药和农药中间体。用Pd-Fe/TiO2催化2-氯-3-硝基吡啶常压下选择性加氢合成了2-氯-3-氨基吡啶,考察了Pd和Fe质量分数、催化剂用量、溶剂及其用量、反应温度和反应时间等对加氢反应的影响。结果表明,Pd-Fe/TiO2对2-氯-3-硝基吡啶的加氢反应有很高的催化活性和选择性,在2-氯-3-硝基吡啶0.05 mol,催化剂0.15 g,无水乙醇40 mL,氢气压力0.1 MPa,50℃反应2 h的条件下,2-氯-3-氨基吡啶的收率98.3%,选择性达到99.5%,无脱卤现象。催化剂经重复使用10次,催化活性和选择性仍无明显下降。     

纳米固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/Fe_2O_3催化合成乙酸异戊酯

纳米固体超强酸可作为酯化反应的催化剂.本文研究了纳米固体超强酸SO42-/Fe2O3在乙酸异戊酯合成中的催化活性,探讨了影响酯化反应的因素,分析了反应中催化剂的用量、带水剂的选择及用量和反应时间。     

CuO-Bi2O3粉体催化合成1,4-丁炔二醇的研究

采用均匀沉淀法,以尿素与硝酸铜、硝酸铋反应制得CuO-Bi2O3粉体,研究了其对炔醛法合成1,4-丁炔二醇的催化性能.考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、乙炔空速、甲醛初始浓度以及反应时间等多种因素对反应的影响,实验结果表明,CuO-Bi2O3粉体对合成1,4-丁炔二醇具有较高催化活性,在实验优化条件下反应10 h,丁炔二醇的收率可达91.60%.     

γ-氧化铁/山梨酸/银-二氧化钛的制备及抗菌性能

采用溶胶凝胶-水热法制备了γ-氧化铁/山梨酸/银-二氧化钛催化剂。以可见光驱动下对大肠埃希氏菌的对数去除率为评价指标,获得了催化剂的最佳制备参数：n（银）/n（钛）=0.03、n（山梨酸）/n（钛）=0.2、水热温度为160 ℃、水热时间为12 h。利用X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、BET法比表面积（BET）、高倍扫描电镜（FESEM）等表征方法对其结构、表面特性、光学性能和磁性性能进行分析。催化剂的物化性能优异：构成为纯锐钛矿二氧化钛、顺磁性γ-氧化铁和单质银,山梨酸以单齿方式与二氧化钛结合;外观为类球形构成的比表面积为125.726 m²/g的介孔结构;可响应200~800 nm全波段光;是饱和磁化强度为10.478 A·m²/kg的超顺磁材料。自由基淬灭试验确定活性氧（ROS）影响抗菌活性的顺序从大到小依次为·OH、O₂^·-、h⁺。自由基、游离银离子和山梨酸构成协同抗菌体系,使催化剂在可见光和黑暗条件下均具有良好的抗菌活性,对数去除率分别为5.91和2.54。