沟球环件冷辗扩过程中截面变化规律

在沟球环件冷辗扩过程中,环件外径的增长预测和导向辊的位置确定是确保平稳辗扩的条件之一,而这两者的决定因素在于辗扩过程中截面形状变化。采用商业软件ABAQUS/Explicit对冷辗扩过程进行三维建模,预测沟球截面环件的直径增长和截面形状变化过程。在D56G90型冷辗环机上进行实验,测量了不同阶段的环件直径和沟球截面形状。将实验测量结果分别与解析计算结果和有限元计算结果进行比较,得出三者之间的差别,从而发现误差。利用解析结果和实验结果来修正三维有限元模型,以便更加精确地利用有限元模型来预测环件直径的增长规律和截面变化规律。模拟结果可以用于指导环件冷辗扩的工艺制定和生产,以期提高环件的质量。     

FE simulation and experimental research on cylindrical ring rolling

During the conventional ring rolling process, the ring mainly produces the incremental deformation of wall-thickness reduction and diameter expansion, which makes it difficult to manufacture the cylindrical ring with small diameter and large height. In this paper, a new method for manufacturing the cylindrical ring using a ring blank with smaller height, i.e. cylindrical ring rolling, is proposed and its feasibility is verified. For evaluating the cylindrical ring rolling process and to better understanding its deformation characteristics, a 3D elastic–plastic FE model of cylindrical ring rolling is first established. Then, the comparison between conventional ring rolling and cylindrical ring rolling is investigated using this 3D FE model. Finally, the effects of the process parameters, such as the feed rate of the idle roll, diameter of the idle roll and friction coefficient between the rolls and ring, on cylindrical ring rolling are numerically revealed. The experiment is carried out on a vertical NC ring rolling machine and the good agreements between the experimental and simulation results verify the validity of the established 3D FE model of the cylindrical ring rolling.     

Research on gripping conditions in profile ring rolling of raceway groove

Ring gripping means that under the pressure of roll and friction, ring grips the rolling gap and produces rotating rolling motion, thus ring thickness receives equal rolling and the outer diameter expands equally, and this is a sufficient condition for ring rolling forming. In this paper, gripping course in profile ring rolling of raceway groove is analyzed based on ring rolling principle and static theory. The gripping mechanical model for profile ring rolling of raceway groove is established, and gripping conditions are researched according to the geometrical relationship in rolling. The results indicate that ring could be ensured to continuously grip the gap in rolling by controlling feed per revolution and preventing it from exceeding the maximum feed per revolution allowed by ring gripping. Furthermore, influencing factors of gripping conditions are analyzed. At last, the experiments and the FE simulation for profile ring rolling of raceway groove are performed to testify the validity of gripping conditions. Both the experimental and simulation results show that when feed satisfies gripping conditions, ring can continuously grip the gap and be formed by rolling. Otherwise, ring cannot grip the gap and is squashed between the rolls. The results of this research provide a theoretical basis for design of technological parameters of profile ring rolling of raceway groove.     

Lubrication of tube in cold pilgering

A new method of evaluating the lubrication state of a tube in cold pilgering has been studied. A method of calculating the oil film thickness in a bite area on both the outer and inner sides of a tube using the Reynolds equation was proposed. The calculation results revealed that the effects of the tool design, rolling speed, and feed rate on the oil film thickness were significant. Cold pilgering tests were performed on zirconium alloy tubes, including measurement of the oil film thickness using laser equipment and observation of the surface characteristics of tubes. The test results proved the validity of the proposed method. The method is expected to assist the selection of appropriate operation conditions in cold pilgering.     

一种基于在线称重的控制热环轧产品尺寸的方法

对每个上机前的环坯进行称重,输入计算机并与标准环坯的重量进行比对,用两者重量的相对误差,对应地修正环件厚度,即修正控制施压行程终点的感应同步器的初始设定值,使有重量误差的环件的中径,保持与标准环件的中径相一致。这样,重量误差就较均匀地分配到环件的外径和内径上,使外圆和内孔的加工余量等量增加或减少。     

42CrMo铸坯环件热辗扩有限元模拟与分析

基于ABAQUS软件平台,建立了42CrMo大型环形铸坯热辗扩三维热力耦合有限元模型,模拟了铸坯热辗扩过程中应变场和温度场,研究了初始辗扩温度对辗扩力的影响规律.模拟结果表明在环形铸坯热辗扩过程中：①铸坯等效应变呈阶梯状上升,内外表面应变大于中间层应变;在稳定成形阶段,沿环件径向方向,由于导向辊与芯辊直径差异,导致环件最大平均等效应变可能出现在环件内表面也可能出现在环件外表面;②初始阶段,变形区与成形辊接触处温度降低较快,非变形区温度变化不是很明显;随着辗扩的进行,芯部温度逐渐上升,边缘温度低,温度分布不均匀;③随着铸坯初始辗扩温度升高,平均辗扩力明显下降,但随时间变化趋势保持一致.     

Researches on the ring stiffness condition in radial–axial ring rolling

The radial–axial ring rolling technology is used mainly to manufacture large rings in many industrial fields. During rolling process the ring may be collapsed or deformed unexpectedly under the pressure of guide roll, and in this case the ring is wasted. To prevent ring collapsing is necessary for smooth rolling. On the basis of rolling theory, the forces exerted to ring in radial–axial ring rolling process were analyzed, and the stiffness model of ring was proposed. The stiffness condition was derived and the influencing factors of ring stiffness condition were explained. The ring stiffness condition in radial–axial ring rolling is related to the factors of ring size, rolling ratio, position angel of guide roll, rolls sizes, position of cones, radial and axial feed speed and friction condition. The effect laws of some factors on ring stiffness condition were revealed by FEM simulation. The stiffness condition can be used as a rule of design and manufacturing for radial–axial ring rolling.     

Ring-rolling design of yaw ring for wind turbines

In this work, a ring-rolling process to formulate ring-shaped components for a wind turbine is designed by means of a simulation and in an experimental approach. The target of the ring-rolling design is a yaw ring with an outer diameter of approximately 3,130 mm. The ring-rolling design includes the design of the geometry and the optimization of the process variables. A calculation method was used for the geometry design, in this case for the initial billet and the pre-form (or blank) sizes, and for the final rolled ring shape. Also, a deformation map-based approach was utilized to determine the initial ring-rolling temperature and feed rate of the mandrel. A three-dimensional finite element method was used to predict the formation of rolling defects and the deformed shape in the ring-rolled components. The design criteria are to achieve uniform distributions of the strains and temperatures as well as defect-free ring-shaped components. Finally, an optimum process design to obtain a sound large-scale yaw ring without defects is proposed. It is validated by comparisons between the experimental data and the FE analysis results.     

混合陶瓷球轴承振动特性仿真分析

为研究混合陶瓷角接触球轴承剥落故障振动特性,在ANSYS Workbench中建立了角接触球轴承的动力学有限元模型,通过在外圈滚道、内圈滚道及滚动体上设置剥落故障,分析特定工况下正常与剥落故障时轴承各零件受力变化。在此基础上,研究正常与不同零件故障对接触力的影响,并分析剥落故障对轴承零件运动特性的影响。结果表明：轴承各元件中应力最大的是滚动体,剥落故障使轴承最大应力增加,且最大应力大都出现在滚动体上;外圈剥落对经过剥落处的滚动体造成冲击,增大滚动体公转和自转周期,使滚动体速度降低,接触力明显增大;外圈剥落对内圈振动加速度的变化影响较小。     

阶梯孔环件轧制体积流动和毛坯设计

本文分析了阶梯孔环件轧制变形特点和尺寸变化规律；证明了阶梯孔环件轧制中存在轴向体积流动，导出了体积流动量的计算式，并指出了实现体积流动的进给条件。基于阶梯孔环件轧制体积流动规律，提出了阶梯孔环件轧制用毛坯设计原理和方法，并进行了轧制实验验证。     

Thermo-mechanical coupled analysis of hot ring rolling process

A 3D rigid-plastic and coupled thermo-mechanical FE model for hot ring rolling（HRR） was developed based on DEFORM 3D software, then coupled heat transferring, material flow and temperature distribution of the ring in HRR were simulated and the effects of process parameters on them were analyzed. The results show that the deformation nonuniformity of ring blank increases with the increase of the rotational speed of driver roll and friction factor or the decrease of the feed rate of idle roll and initial temperature of ring blank. The temperature nonuniformity of ring blank decreases with the increase of the feed rate of idle roll or the decrease of initial temperature of ring blank and friction factor. There is an optimum rotational speed of driver roll under which the temperature distribution of ring blank is the most uniform. The results obtained can provide a guide for forming parameters optimization and quality control.     

滚压参数对螺纹成形影响的实验研究

冷滚压法是加工优质高精螺纹件的一种先进方法,在实际生产加工时通过在数控系统中设置滚丝机的主轴转速、滚丝轮进给速度和精整时间进行加工。本文通过对主轴转速、滚丝轮进给速度和精整时间三因素进行正交实验,分析这三个参数对螺纹外径和加工过程中螺纹温升的影响,得出各因素对这两个指标的影响次序,综合分析外径和温升获得较优滚压参数,为实际生产时合理设置滚压参数提供实验依据。     

An analytical approach to asymmetrical cold strip rolling using the slab method

An analytical model for general asymmetrical cold rolling is proposed to investigate the behavior of sheet during asymmetrical rolling using the slab analysis. Neutral points between the upper and lower rolls and the strip, rolling pressure distribution along the contact interface of the roll and strip, and rolling forces, as well as rolling torque, can be calculated easily using this model. Rolling pressure distribution, rolling force, and rolling torque, which are affected by various rolling conditions such as roll speed ratio, thick-ness reduction, front and back tension, etc., are analyzed. Additionally, the limiting rolling conditions be-tween reduction and roll speed ratio, or front and back tension, under which the rolling process can be accomplished successfully, are discussed. By comparing analytical results and experimental measure-ments of rolling force, it is apparent that the proposed model can successfully provide useful knowledge for designing the pass schedule of the asymmetrical cold strip rolling process.     

驱动辊转速对环件轧制工艺影响规律研究

针对环件轧制成形规律,以数值仿真和数学解析相结合的方法,以有限元分析软件ABAQUS为平台,建立弹塑性动态显式有限元模型,研究驱动辊转速对环件成形工艺的影响。研究表明,在环件轧制过程中,随着驱动辊转速的增加,每转进给量减小,外径部分金属轴向流动增加,环件自由端面形状系数FT增加,最大宽展系数增加,环件自由端面质量下降;在驱动辊转速增加过程中,轧制力和轧制力矩减小,对轧环机的力学性能要求降低。同时平均等效应变PEEQa增加,环件塑性变形程度增大,有利于提高环件力学性能,但同时变形不均匀程度也加大,内部质量缺陷的可能性增加。     

薄壁大口径Gr12钛合金超长无缝管生产工艺的研究

从Gr12钛合金铸锭的杂质含量的变化对管材加工性能的影响、不同温区斜轧穿孔加热速度对管材表面氧化程度的影响、三辊冷轧最佳轧制速度的选择及成品管材最佳矫直方式的确定等4个方面,研究了薄壁大口径Gr12钛合金超长无缝管的生产工艺。结果表明,严格控制Gr12钛合金铸锭的化学成分,使其N≤0．01％,C≤0．03％,H≤0．005％,Fe≤0．08％,O≤0．08％,可保证该合金的冷加工性能,轧出薄壁大口径超长无缝管;斜轧穿孔加热时不同的温区应选择不同的加热速度,低于650℃,氧化层较致密,氧化速度较慢,氧和氮不容易被吸入,升温速度要慢,在5～5．5℃／min,在650-820℃,氧化层开始疏松,氧化速度加快,氧、氮较容易被吸入,升温速度要稍快些,在6．8—7．2℃／min;在820℃以上,氧化层更为疏松,氧化速度更快,氧和氮吸入更容易,表面将更氧化严重,升温速度进一步提高,在7．6～8．5℃／min,避免管材严重氧化;三辊冷轧的合适的轧制速度应为60～70r／min;成品管最佳矫直方式是先进行预平整,使其不直度∠2mm／m,再在矫直机上进行精矫,这样不会矫凹或成椭圆形。     

冷轧机轧制过程中的轧辊振动研究

以冷轧机轧辊垂直振动为研究对象,在分析冷轧机振动机理的前提下,建立轧机垂直振动简化模型,运用数值仿真方法,分析了轧制压下量、摩擦系数及辊缝阻尼的轧制工艺参数对轧机垂直振动的影响。分析结果表明:减小轧机压下量有利于提高轧机振动临界速度;增加辊缝摩擦系数有利于减小轧辊的振动位移;增加辊缝阻尼能够有效降低振动幅值。在此基础上提出了抑制冷轧机垂直振动方法为:优化各道次压下量,以使轧制临界速度由1340 m·min-1提升到1520 m·min-1;适当降低乳化液浓度,以使辊缝摩擦系数增大,此调节过程应考虑窜流现象;增设液压衬板减震器或多孔阻尼减震器,以增加辊缝阻尼。     

冷轧薄板表面色差原因分析

利用共聚焦显微镜对冷轧薄板的色差表面形貌进行观察,发现条状色差主要是由于带钢表面粗糙度不均匀引起。通过生产现场调研发现,在焊缝连接处色差纹路具有连续性特征,且通过轧机急停取样后发现色差主要是由于连轧机的5#机架引起。分析表明,带钢粗糙度不均与轧制过程中乳化液油膜在工作辊面分布不均相关,而油膜不均与乳化液的喷射方式、轧制速度、乳化液的颗粒度和接触角存在直接关系。通过增加乳化液辅助喷嘴,控制轧制速度,并将轧制油的颗粒度由13μm降低至8μm,油滴接触角由80°降低至63°,色差缺陷得到解决。     

冷轧磁性过滤设备内乳化液流动特性的研究

实验研究了搅拌器转速、搅拌时间和静置时间等因素对冷轧乳化液的粒径大小及浓度变化的影响;对生产现场磁性过滤器内不同粒径乳化液的两相流动进行了数值模拟研究,发现过大粒径的乳化液是导致现场乳化液浓度不稳定的关键因素。根据研究结果指导现场生产时对乳化液粒径进行了优化,最终解决了生产过程中因乳化液系统导致的轧制不稳定问题。     

鼓形环坯轧制的宏微观变化数值模拟研究

针对鼓形环坯建立了环件径轴向轧制三维有限元模型,通过Simufact软件对鼓形环坯轧制的宏微观变化进行了耦合模拟,模拟揭示了鼓形环坯在轧制过程中的温度、等效应变、晶粒、动态再结晶的分布和演化规律;深入研究了轧制成形过程中径向每圈压入量对环锻件微观组织大小的影响规律。结果表明:基于鼓形环坯获得的环锻件,其内外侧棱边处发生的动态再结晶体积分数最大,晶粒最为细小,其次是内外表面和上下表面,心部动态再结晶体积分数最小,晶粒尺寸最大;适当增大径向每圈压入量,能够扩大动态再结晶区域,获得晶粒尺寸细小的环锻件。     

Slab Analysis of Ring Rolling Assuming Constant Shear Friction

In this article, an analytic solution for ring rolling process based on the slab method theory is presented, in which the non-uniformity of the normal and shear stresses across the section of the deforming material throughout the plastic region is considered. The friction factor multiplied by the shear yield strength (τ = mk) is used to present friction between the main roll and the ring. The influence of the process parameters such as friction factor, feed speed, main roll rotational speed, and radii of the main roll and mandrel on process outputs is investigated. Complete expressions for the ring rolling pressure, force, and torque are obtained, and the position of neutral point is predicted. Comparison of the analytic results of this model with the experimental results of other investigators and FEM analysis show that they are in good agreement.