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AbstractThis paper explores the major determinants of heavy reliance on groundwater and the extent to which conjunctive use of ground and surface water affects the production efficiency of Pakistan’s irrigators. The results show that the major drivers of groundwater use in Pakistan’s agriculture are the variability and uncertainty associated with surface water delivery and that any effort to address the groundwater–energy nexus challenge should first consider fixing the problems associated with surface water supplies. The findings also suggest that having access to groundwater does not directly translate into improvements in technical efficiency of production. 相似文献
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参与式灌溉管理模式科层化问题分析 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
从管理模式的权限结构和交易成本视角出发,分析参与式灌溉管理模式科层化的内涵、成因及类别,探讨解决科层化问题的途径与方法。结果表明,理论上参与式灌溉管理模式在权限结构、决策方式和管理机制等方面表现为混合关系、共同决定和多种管理机制相融合的特点,但实践中却往往体现出等级制、层级决策、单一行政管理机制的科层化特征。基于节约交易成本的组织行为激励,政府凭借其权限控制权进行的选择性干预和农民用水户协会等组织的适应性反应是导致科层化问题的主要成因。将政府职责限定在公共服务范围内、完善法律体系支持成立非政府灌溉管理经营组织以及提高农民用水户协会等相关组织的自我管理能力是参与式灌溉管理模式得以可持续发展的关键所在。 相似文献
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Kai Wegerich 《国际水资源开发杂志》2015,31(1):88-105
In the literature on the implementation of national policies there is an assumption that these get implemented uniformly within one country. Here, with a focus on the implementation of national policy on shifting from administrative to hydrological/hydrographic principles of water management in the Zerafshan Valley and the Ferghana Valley in Uzbekistan, this assumption is questioned. The case study demonstrates that national policies are resisted by lower-level bureaucrats, leading to diverse, even contradictory, outcomes of the same policy. The vested interests of a multiplicity of bureaucracies, the power of individual bureaucrats, and the discretional power given to bureaucracies in interpreting national policy are responsible for the different outcomes. The article calls for more comparative assessments across different regions for a better understanding of policy implementation. 相似文献
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This paper finds productivity-enhancing effects of watercourse-level water users’ associations for farms at the tail of a watercourse and for those that rely exclusively on groundwater – two groups that are marginalized from surface water use and more likely to rely increasingly on groundwater. Yet, heavy reliance on groundwater consumes vast energy resources and leads to environmental degradation through overdraft and groundwater salinization. Improving the management of surface water through functioning watercourse-level institutions can increase use efficiency across water, energy and land resources through increasing agricultural productivity of those now least able to access fresh surface water resources. 相似文献
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针对灌区信息化过程中因投资的阶段性而导致的软件系统分割和异构给集成带来的困难,研究了基于门户的异构软件系统的集成模型、结构和实现方法。这个方法充分利用Java所固有的平台无关性,通过Web服务来实现基于门户的集成。门户采用网站方式,通过模型视图控制(Model View Control,MVC)模式访问外网的订阅数据库,实现对各种页面的浏览。业务系统通过Web服务建立与异构子系统的交互,实现访问控制和数据交换。而单点登录则实现了对用户权限的一次性认证,因此,简化了操作,也保证了系统执行过程管理的统一性。 相似文献
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近几十年来,人们开始将注意力和努力投入到改善行业的形象(业绩)上来,工作的重点从农业耕作条件的改进转移到农户参与式灌溉管理和灌溉管理的转让以及以质量服务为导向的社团组织中.公私伙伴关系实际上应该被看作这一系列探索的一个合理的结果,投资和管理的功能主要保留在政府公共事务部门;运行和维护管理功能略微表现出私营部门的参与;而农业生产的功能则完全是私有化的.投资和运行维护管理可能是公私伙伴关系的两个潜在发展方向.同样重要的是,问题的关键在于我们并非要寻找一个"完全私有化"的伙伴,而是一个在农户和政府间的职业化的"第三方",它可能是一个公共部门(如一个改良的和财务独立的政府部门),或是私有的企业(如一个正在寻找商业机会的私营服务商,或一个正在转换为私营企业的水务机构). 相似文献
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阐述了巴基斯坦电力市场电力系统分布、装机容量、电力供需缺口、水电资源分布等方面情况,给出了中国水电设备制造和建筑施工企业开发巴基斯坦水电市场的建议。 相似文献
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Intizar Hussain Muhammad Mudasser Munir A. Hanjra Upali Amrasinghe David Molden 《国际水》2013,38(2):189-200
Abstract Increasing water scarcity, degradation of land and water resources, continuing low agricultural productivity, and increasing populations are posing the largest ever challenges for development of agricultural economies in many developing countries including Pakistan. Using panel data from irrigated settings in Chaj sub-basin of the Indus basin in Pakistani Punjab, we attempt to: (a) analyze the causes of low productivity; (b) disentangle factors (both land, water and other factors) contributing to productivity variations; and (c) identify limits and opportunities for narrowing productivity gaps and increasing overall wheat production, with a view to enhance food security for the poor. The results of the study indicate that locational inequities in distribution of canal water, use of groundwater of varying quality, differences in use of seed varieties, and other inputs lead to significant variations in wheat productivity. Key implications are that large gains in wheat productivity are possible by (a) improving the production environment at the tail-end through integrated water management practices; (b) adjusting the mix of canal and groundwater use; and (c) using technological interventions to improve the adoption of modern wheat varieties and dissemination of knowledge on planting dates and timings and application rates of inputs, especially water and fertilizer. Not only such interventions are economically, financially, and environmentally desirable, they are also pro-poor. What is needed is a strong political will and commitment. 相似文献
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黄河下游灌区农田灌溉制度与供需平衡分析 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9
在簸箕李引黄灌区上游和下游选择典型试验区,开展了连续两年的冬小麦一夏玉米连作种植模式下的田间试验观测,用模拟灌溉制度的计算机模型ISAREG对各试验处理进行模拟,验证了模型的模拟精度。依据模拟结果对现行灌溉制度进行了评价。模拟对比了灌区内3个县4个不同干旱程度典型年气候条件下10种主要作物的两种灌溉制度方案,包括充分灌溉和部分非充分灌溉方案,计算了不同方案的田间灌溉需水过程,分析了不同方案下灌区水资源供需平衡状况。研究表明,簸箕李灌区只有采用改进的田间灌水技术和有控制的非充分灌溉制度,才能使灌区供水和需水在平水年基本达到平衡。 相似文献
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Muhammad Yamin Janjua Tahira Ahmad Daniel Gerdeaux 《Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management》2008,13(4):319-324
Water reservoirs and dams are major water resources, being diverse in terms of both size and fisheries potential. Reservoir productivity is variable, with significant variations being observed for reservoirs of comparable size and geology, even within the same geographical area. The ability to estimate fish yields through the application of predictive models is an important step for the effective management of fisheries resources in freshwater basins and flowing waters. Various physical, chemical and biological processes establish limits on the yield of commercial fish species. Various physicochemical parameters were measured in this present study during 2001–2002 on a monthly basis for Shahpur Dam in Pakistan. Morphoedaphic indices were derived as MEIt, MEIc and MEIa. A number of different predictive models proposed for different regions are used to predict fish production in Shahpur Dam, for comparison with the actual fish production. From a management perspective, fish yield predictive models based on MEI appeared to be most useful as fish yield predictors. 相似文献
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滴灌条件下脱毒马铃薯灌溉制度试验研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
史万恩 《水资源与水工程学报》2017,28(5):255-260
马铃薯是干旱内陆河石羊河流域主要农作物之一。为了推广应用滴灌技术,对脱毒马铃薯夏波蒂进行了滴灌条件下灌溉制度试验研究,试验按土壤含水率(占田间持水量的百分数)不同设6个处理,处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ的土壤含水率下限为田间持水量的45%,上限分别为田间持水量75%、80%,灌水次数设定为4次;处理Ⅱ、Ⅴ的土壤含水率下限为田间持水量的55%,上限分别为75%、80%,灌水次数设定为5次;处理Ⅲ、Ⅵ的土壤含水率下限为田间持水量的65%,上限分别为田间持水量的75%、80%,灌水次数设定为6次。研究结果表明:适宜马铃薯生长发育的土壤含水率下限不应低于田间持水量的55%,上限在田间持水量的75%~80%为宜,灌水次数5~6次为宜,脱毒马铃薯夏波蒂生育期120 d,生育期灌溉定额控制在3 000 m~3/hm~2左右。 相似文献
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余姚市推广水稻薄露灌溉技术,累计面积38万hm2,节水4亿m3,获"可持续发展在中国案例大赛"优秀案例称号.通过实践,"经济型喷滴灌"新思路采用PE塑管代替钢管、河网代替主管道、缩小灌区单元、水泵机组移动等措施,降低造价50%以上;科学利用不同水源,促进了绿色食品生产,增加了农民收入.通过"机埠转制"、人员奖励、政府投入、企业投入等多种措施,使放水员、水利技术员、农技员及广大农户提高了节水灌溉的积极性. 相似文献
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中国灌区协会组织专家对湖北省东风渠、漳河、杨树河水库、引汉等4个灌区的7个农民用水者协会进行调研.认为农民用水者协会的建立深受农民的欢迎,避免了搭车收费,减轻了农民的负担,提高了灌溉保证率,增强了用水户的责任感。但农民用水者协会在运行过程中还存在一些问题,需要政府相关政策的支持,同时组建用水者协会时.要规范运作,以保证用水者协会的良性运行。 相似文献
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水是生命之源,也是维系国民经济和社会发展的重要基础资源。受自然地理条件和人口影响,我国作为一个农业大国却是贫水国家,而且农业对灌溉的依赖性很强。因此应该说,发展农业灌溉对保障国家粮食安全、增加农民收入做出了重要贡献,发展节水灌溉对促进水资源可持续利用和经济社会可持续发展发挥了重要作用。文章将结合滴灌、微喷灌及低压管灌3种微灌技术的各自的特点介绍其在本工程中不同项目区的应用情况及效果。 相似文献
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宋安利 《水资源与水工程学报》2021,32(3):219-224
为了缓解陕北山地苹果园的水分供需矛盾,提高水分有效利用率,提出适宜于该地区的节水灌溉制度.选取陕西省绥德县为代表性区域,利用该县1961-2017年的气象资料,采用水量平衡法,分析了该区苹果在滴灌与管灌下的充分与亏缺灌溉制度.结果表明:不同水文年,苹果树在前3个生育期均需灌溉,且主要集中在萌芽开花期与叶片生长期;对应于... 相似文献
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简要介绍了澳大利亚的自然、社会和经济情况,并着重分析了澳大利亚的公务员录用制度、及防止用人腐败的机制。对澳大利亚的职业培训制度及经费情况也作了比较详细的介绍。 相似文献