纳米CaCO_3/ACR复合物的制备及在PVC改性中的应用

采用种子乳液聚合法合成了具有核壳结构的纳米C aCO3/ACR复合胶乳。将其与PVC进行共混,考察了不同界面结构对复合材料力学性能的影响,并用TEM、SEM对复合粒子分散情况及共混物断面形态进行了考察。结果表明,纳米复合粒子在PVC基质中达到了纳米级分散;用钛酸酯处理的纳米C aCO3优于用硬脂酸处理的纳米C aCO3的改性效果;核层与壳层单体比、壳层单体比都存在最佳值。     

MBS核-壳改性剂增韧聚氯乙烯的形态结构及性能

采用种子乳液聚合方法,在交联的丁苯(SBR) 乳胶粒子上接枝甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA) 和苯乙烯(St),制得 MBS核-壳接枝共聚物,并将其作为增韧剂与聚氯乙烯( PVC) 共混制备MBS/PVC共混物。分析了MBS的结构特征,考察了不同核壳比的MBS在PVC中的分散状态以及对MBS/ PVC共混物力学性能和透光性能的影响, 以制备高透光高韧性的MBS/PVC共混物。实验结果表明: 当MBS壳层中 PMMA量少时,MBS粒子在PVC基体中不能实现良好分散,MBS粒子呈聚集状态; 随着MBS壳层中PMMA含量增加,MBS粒子由团聚状态转变成网络状,当MBS壳层量增加到一定量时,MBS粒子以单一粒子状态实现均匀分散。随着 MBS壳层量增加,使PVC/MBS共混物实现脆韧转变所需的SBR 橡胶的质量分数降低,共混物的透光率降低;小粒径MBS增韧PVC的主要机制是基体的剪切屈服。      

纳米CaCO3/TiO2复合粒子的制备

首先制备出分散性能良好的Ti(OH)4胶体溶液,然后将胶体溶液加入到以十二烷基苯磺酸钠为分散剂的纳米CaCO3水性悬浮液中;通过改变体系的温度、pH值等参数破坏Ti(OH)4胶体粒子的稳定性,导致Ti(OH)4胶体粒子沉积在纳米CaCO3表面从而形成具有核-壳结构的纳米CaCO3/TiO2复合粒子,沉积过程中纳米CaCO3可起成核剂作用.所制备的纳米CaCO3/TiO2复合粒子以球形或近球形为主,粒度均一,且壳层TiO2粒子的尺寸为5～8nm.     

PVP为偶联剂制备核壳型PS/CdS纳米复合粒子及表征

以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为偶联剂,利用超声化学法制备了PS/CdS核壳型复合纳米粒子。为了深入理解核壳型纳米粒子的界面行为和形成机制,详细考察了PVP加入与否及用量、前体加入顺序、Cd2+与S2-摩尔比和反应时间等实验参数对核壳复合材料结构的影响。结果表明,适量PVP可改善CdS纳米粒子与PS聚合物基体间的亲和性,增强壳与核之间的相互作用,成功地将PS与CdS复合成单分散的、壳层完整且厚度可控的三维核壳型PS/CdS纳米复合粒子;且复合物比纯CdS粒子具有更高的可见光响应活性。     

具有过渡层的新型核壳型ACR的制备、表征与抗冲击性能

以丙烯酸丁酯(BA)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、苯乙烯(St)为主要单体,1,4-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯(BDDA)与二乙烯苯(DVB)为核层复合交联荆,DVB为外壳交联剂,采用种子乳液聚合法制备了核壳型聚丙烯酸酯(ACR)粒子.采用FT-R、TEM、DSC考察了ACR粒子的组成、结构与性能,TEM观察到完整的核壳结构以及核壳间过渡层,DSC分析表明,ACR粒子表现出与内核、过渡层与外壳对应的3个玻璃化转变温度(Tg),分别为-22.73℃、26.37℃、102.16℃.探讨了核层组成、核壳比、交联剂等对核壳型ACR粒子抗冲击性能的影响.缺口冲击强度实验结果表明,当核壳比为65/35、内核/过渡层比为75/25,外壳交联剂DVB、核层复合交联剂(BI)DA DVB)用量分别为外壳单体、核层单体质量的1.2%～1.6%、1.2%时,ACR对PVC具有最佳的抗冲击性能.     

纳米CaCO3复合微粒的制备以及在PVC塑料中的应用

将甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)双单体在纳米碳酸钙粒子存在下的水相悬浮液中进行无皂乳液聚合,制备纳米碳酸钙聚合物复合微粒,研究了纳米碳酸钙复合微粒的加入对PVC复合材料结构形态与性能的影响,用透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了纳米CaCO3复合微粒/PVC复合材料的微观结构及断面形态.研究结果表明:双单体无皂乳液聚合方法是一种很好的纳米碳酸钙表面改性方法,当单体的配比和种类适当时,复合微粒对PVC可同时起到增强和增韧的作用,纳米碳酸钙复合微粒与基体的牢固结合以及大量的拉丝状结构是复合微粒对PVC增强增韧的关键因素.     

PVC/(VC/EA)/n-CaCO3复合材料的制备及其性能研究

通过对纳米碳酸钙表面改性及其对聚氯乙烯(PVC)/氯乙烯-丙烯酸乙酯共聚物(VC/EA)/纳米碳酸钙(n-CaCO3)三元复合体系加工成型工艺等的考察,研制了(PVC)/(VC/EA)/n-CaCO3复合材料,并对其力学性能进行了研究.结果表明:利用将VC/EA共聚物与纳米CaCO3先制成复合母粒,再与PVC进行共混的二次分散成型工艺,有利于纳米CaCO3在基体中的分散;当复合母粒中VC/EA与n-CaCO3的比例为2∶3(质量分数比,下同)时,材料的力学性能最佳,n-CaCO3对材料具有补强作用,并且n-CaCO3和VC/EA能协同增韧PVC,使材料的冲击强度得到大幅度提高,当PVC和复合母粒比例为100/20时,材料的冲击强度达到38.2 kJ·m-2,是纯PVC(PVC的冲击强度为4.9 kJ·m-2)的7.8倍,拉伸强度仍高达50.8MPa.     

核-壳式纳米Al2O3 / PS 复合粒子改性聚苯乙烯的选区激光烧结实验研究

针对纳米粒子易团聚的特点, 利用乳液聚合方法制备纳米Al₂O₃ / PS 复合粒子。用TEM、FTIR 对复合粒子结构进行了表征。结果表明, 所制备的复合粒子具备以纳米氧化铝为核、以聚苯乙烯为壳的核2壳式结构, 而且包覆层厚度大约为10～20 nm。用复合粒子改性选区激光烧结制备聚苯乙烯基纳米复合材料, 通过SEM 和FE2SEM 研究纳米复合材料烧结体的显微结构, 发现纳米粒子较好地分散在聚合物基体中, 且纳米氧化铝与聚合物基体之间的界面相容性和粘结性较好, 烧结体结构较致密。      

纳米CaCO3/PVC复合材料的结构形态与性能

研究了纳米CaCO3的用量对PVC复合材料结构形态与性能的影响关系。结果表明，在PVC共混体系中加入纳米CaCO3可明显地提高材料的韧性，而不降低材料的强度。当共混体系中纳米CaCO3的用量为8份(质量)时，复合材料的缺口冲击强度达到81．1kJ／m^2，是不加纳米CaCO3的7．3倍。用透射电子显微镜及扫描电子显微镜观察了纳米CaCO3／PVC复合材料的微观结构及断面形态，发现纳米Ca—CO3在PVC基体中达到了纳米级的分散，复合材料的冲击断裂面产生了大量的网丝状结构。纳米CaCO3的加入使共混体系的加工流动性能变差，加工流动改性荆M的加入可以改善纳米CaCO3／PVC共混体系的流变性能。     

核壳式纳米Al2O3/PS复合粒子的表征及增韧选区激光烧结聚苯乙烯的研究

运用TEM,FTIR对乳液聚合方法制备纳米Al2O3/PS复合粒子结构进行了表征,结果表明,制备出的复合粒子具备以纳米氧化铝为核、以聚苯乙烯为壳的核壳式结构;并将核壳式复合粒子用来增韧选区激光烧结聚苯乙烯,结果发现,其缺口冲击强度达到12.1kJ/m2,较纯聚苯乙烯提高了50%左右,比添加未经任何改性处理纳米氧化铝粒子的复合材料提高了30%;利用FE-SEM对试件的冲击断面进行了微观结构分析,结果表明:核壳式纳米Al2O3/PS复合粒子改善了纳米粒子与基体表面极性的差异,增强了其与聚合物基体之间的界面相容性,从而改性了选区激光烧结制备聚苯乙烯基复合材料,并很好地起到增韧的效果.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...