Grassroots petroleum refinery configuration for heavy oil processing

This paper presents a model-based optimization approach to design a grassroots petroleum refinery for heavy oil processing including residue treating and upgrading. The focus is to determine an optimal refinery configuration to produce light products from an atmospheric residue stream. The proposed linear model can consider a large number of heavy oil processing technologies (more than 70) including multiple operating modes to arrive at a configuration that meets an objective of maximizing profit or a certain fuel type production. Computational results show trends in agreement with real-world practice for residuum refining applications, thus contributing to substantiating practicality of the approach.     

Production of petroleum pitch from oil refinery residues

The possibility of obtaining petroleum pitches from heavy pyrolysis resin, the heavy distillate formed in production of pitch from heavy pyrolysis resin, and heavy catalytic gasoil is examined. The composition and physicochemical properties of the petroleum pitches obtained and the intermediate products from the process are investigated. The important possibility of obtaining isotropic fiber-forming petroleum pitches with a yield of 20–23.1 wt. % from heavy pyrolysis resin in a unit with an intermittent reactor is demonstrated.     

炼油厂调速型液力偶合器的选型及应用

介绍了液力偶合器的工作原理、基本特性、主要特点和调节特性曲线。提出了在工程设计中采用液力偶合器应特别注意的问题,如离心压缩机配置型式的选择,变频调速与液力偶合器调速方案的比较,液力偶合器转差率的影响,调速型液力偶合器的最大功率损失点,以及液力偶合器功率与转速的关系等。并介绍了液力偶合器的一些工程应用。     

Methods for improving the utilization of water in a petroleum refinery

Conclusions Complexes of purification installations designed for modern petroleum treatment and petrochemical plants are of high cost. Their operation demands large monetary expenditures.The high individual capital investments and operating expenses for the purification of the streams are due to the large amounts of waste waters and their high degree of contamination.Design organizations are making very poor use of existing, sufficiently tested, technical solutions, which make it possible to reduce considerably the flows of waste waters and to decrease the discharge of contaminated streams into the water reservoirs of the country.With a considerable decrease in the amount of waste waters and a lowering of their contamination, there is the possibility, by purification, of bringing the quality of the stream before discharge up to the quality of the water in the water reservoirs.For individual regions of the country, it is possible to design plants without discharge of waste waters into a water reservoir, by maximum water recirculation and by pumping part of the streams into absorption bore holes, as well as by the use of the purified streams for spraying or for steam production.Construction of installations, designed taking into account new technical solutions for water utilization, and the introduction of progressive methods for purification of the streams, with the use of efficient equipment, makes it possible to reduce the capital investments and the operating expenses.The flowsheet for water supply and sewage disposal in petroleum treatment plants, developed in 1957 by the Giproneftezavody and Giprospetspromstroi institutes, must be revised as soon as possible, the necessary changes made in it, and new design standards set.The present article is the continuation of an article by Ya. G. Gorkin, begun in No. 1, 1968.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 2, pp. 1–5, February, 1968.     

Hydrolysis and acidification of activated sludge from a petroleum refinery

The cost-effective treatment of activated sludge that is generated by refining petroleum is a challenging industrial problem. In this study, semi-continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) containing petroleum refinery excess activated sludge (PREAS) were used to comparatively investigate hydrolysis and acidification rates, after the addition of heneicosane (C₂₁H₄₄) (R1) and 1-phenylnaphthalene (C₁₆H₁₂) (R2) to different and individual reactors. Operation of the reactors using a sludge retention time (SRT) of 6 days and a pH of 5.0, resulted in the maintenance of stable biological activity as determined by soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production and oil removal efficiency. The optimum conditions for hydrogen production include a SRT of 8 days, at pH 6.5. Under these conditions, hydrogen production rates in the control containing only PREAS were 1567 mL/L (R0), compared with 1365 mL/L in R1 and 1454 mL/L-PREAS in R2. Coprothermobacter, Fervidobacterium, Caldisericum and Tepidiphilus were the dominant bacterial genera that have the potential to degrade petroleum compounds and generate VFAs. This study has shown that high concentrations of heneicosane and 1-phenylnaphthalene did not inhibit the hydrolytic acidification of PREAS.