电池储能技术控制方法研究

总结介绍了6种常用的控制方法,阐述各自工作原理以及优缺点,针对一实际算例,就能量型与功率型储能系统,设计了其DC／DC和DC／AC控制策略及DC／AC滤波环节,并给予Matlab／Simulink仿真平台搭建风储系统仿真模型。通过仿真结果表明,所设计控制策略下的电池储能能够平滑风电输出的波动,达到并网要求,2种不同类型的储能电池,能够优势互补,利于延长储能电池寿命。     

48 V轻混汽车的燃油经济性优化分析及验证北大核心CSCD

为了进一步降低某48 V轻混车辆油耗,采用软件模拟仿真和台架试验结合的研究方法,分析了整车运行过程,搭建了48 V轻混系统的整车经济性仿真模型,进行了仿真与试验相关性研究。基于精度较高的相关性模型,分析了优化运行工况点、液力变矩器锁止离合器策略、制动回收策略等因素对节油的贡献,并在实车上完成了优化方案的验证。结果表明:燃油经济性明显改善,优化后该48 V轻混车辆新欧洲行驶循环(new European driving cycle,NEDC)工况下综合燃油消耗量降低约12%。     

插电式并联混合动力汽车仿真与能量管理策略

以某插电式并联混合动力汽车为研究对象,基于AMESim仿真平台搭建由驾驶员模块、发动机模块、电池模块、车辆控制单元、变速器模块、电机模块等组成仿真模型,并设计能量管理策略。对全球轻型车辆测试循环(worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycle, WLTC)和JC08 2种不同工况下混动汽车的动力性和经济性进行仿真。结果表明：仿真车速与实际控制车速的匹配度几乎完全重合,仿真模型准确可靠;纯电模式下车速由0加速到100 km/h的加速时间为8.53 s; WLTC工况下油耗为5.789 L/(100 km),比传统燃油车油耗节约28.73%,JC08工况下油耗5.077 L/(100 km),比传统燃油车油耗节约27.69%。     

降低热怠速油耗量的分析研究

降低怠速可以减小怠速工况的油耗量,为了找到降低热怠速的影响因素,通过分析燃油及结构参数、运转参数、大气条件,研究发现它们均对热怠速有影响。优化燃油、燃烧系统的结构参数和运转参数均可降低怠速。而对不能改变的大气条件,可以修正运转参数来达到优化的目的。当然,最终怠速的确定要有满意的燃油经济性,良好的驱动舒适性和合格的排放性。     

风电与多能源储能联合调峰多场景动态鲁棒优化模型

针对大规模风电出力的随机性和不确定性所导致的电网调峰困难及成本高的问题,在考虑电池储能与电锅炉等装置的能源储放特性的基础上,提出了电-热多能源储能系统架构;基于风电出力不确定性而进行调峰多场景划分,为提高电热多源储能系统在多场景下的运行经济性,建立了风电与电热多源协调储能的鲁棒优化模型,并利用多目标进化算法进行求解。文章通过仿真验证了所提出的模型与电池储能系统具有更优的运行经济性与鲁棒性,能够有效地应对大规模风电波动下的调峰难问题。     

基于标准循环工况的汽车传动系统速比优化设计

为了提高汽车的燃油经济性,以二十八循环工况下发动机燃油消耗最小为优化目标,以整车动力性为约束条件,对某款五挡汽车传动系统速比进行了优化,并与原车进行了动力性能和经济性能的对比。仿真结果表明,在满足原车动力性能要求的前提下,经济性提高了1.9%,仅满足二十八循环工况跟随条件下,经济性提高了4.8%。     

汽车发动机怠速稳定性模糊控制系统试验研究

怠速工况运行品质是影响汽车发动机的经济性和排放性能的重要因素.在完成目标发动机喷油、点火系统控制匹配的基础上,以提高怠速运行稳定性为目标开发了怠速模糊控制器,编写了输入变量的模糊化、模糊推理过程以及模糊输出量的精确化等控制软件.采用模糊控制可以避免因汽车发动机怠速运行工况复杂造成难以建立精确数学模型,且可在发动机怠速工况时对转速进行较好的控制.发动机台架试验结果表明,采用模糊控制能有效改善汽车发动机的怠速运转稳定性,怠速运行质量显著提高.     

植物油发动机在JS6608汽车上应用的试验研究

柴油机直接燃用植物油燃料,存在启动困难、在怠速、低转速和小负荷等工况时燃烧排放性能差等问题。本文对原车柴油机燃料供给系统进行改进设计,应用控制单元对燃油供给系统进行控制,在启动、怠速、低转速和小负荷时给发动机供柴油,中高负荷时给发动机供植物油,实现柴油和植物油燃料的双供给。改装后整车道路试验表明,燃用植物油汽车运行可靠,动力性、经济性与原车相当,在中高负荷时燃烧和排放特性优于柴油车。     

提高风储发电经济性的双储能系统模型预测控制方法

储能系统可以有效降低风电规模化接入对电力系统造成的影响。在储能电池平滑风电功率波动的典型应用场景下,单储能频繁充放电切换将影响储能电池的使用年限,降低经济性。因此,文中提出了一种双储能电池的模型预测控制方法。首先,建立双储能风力发电系统的数学模型,分析储能输出功率对未来出力能力的影响;然后,设计以储能出力最优和基于储能能量状态改变双储能出力约束的模型预测控制策略;最后,利用实际风场数据,与单一储能模型预测控制对比,仿真结果表明在相同储能容量和平滑效果下,所提方法显著地降低了储能充放电切换,延长储能使用周期,并通过分析储能运行成本的经济性,验证了所提方法的优越性。     

天然气发动机怠速控制策略的研究

为了提高自然吸气式多点喷射单燃料压缩天然气(CNG)发动机怠速工况时转速和空燃比综合控制的稳态和动态效果,设计了一种怠速模糊控制策略,介绍了控制算法的设计过程.利用Matlab/Simulink建立了整个怠速系统仿真模型,并进行控制算法的开发和测试,仿真结果证明,该仿真模型能够正确反映出发动机转速和空燃比的各种变化过程,控制算法具有较好的控制效果.最后发动机台架试验表明,该控制策略使怠速稳态、脱离和进入怠速的瞬态工况下的转速和空燃比都得到了精确的控制,提高了怠速品质,对发动机参数的变化具有一定的鲁棒性.     

Vehicle hybridization with fuel cell,supercapacitors and batteries by sliding mode control

This paper treats the design and control of two hybrid source using supercapacitors, fuel cell, with and without batteries on the DC link. A fuel cell, as a slowest dynamic source in these systems (because of its auxiliaries) acts to supply the permanent energy. The supercapacitors, as a high dynamic and high power density device, compensate the intrinsic limitations in embedded sources and shave transient power peaks. The batteries module, as a high energy density device, operates for supplying energy if limitations of the power and energy sources occur. The load is a single phase DC machine connected directly in the DC bus. Our interest is focused on the comparison of the two structures and on the principles of control of this two hybrid power sources. Some results are presented and discussed.     

Micro-hybrid electric vehicle application of valve-regulated lead–acid batteries in absorbent glass mat technology: Testing a partial-state-of-charge operation strategy

The BMW Group has launched two micro-hybrid functions in high volume models in order to contribute to reduction of fuel consumption in modern passenger cars. Both the brake energy regeneration (BER) and the auto-start-stop function (ASSF) are based on the conventional 14 V vehicle electrical system and current series components with only little modifications. An intelligent control algorithm of the alternator enables recuperative charging in braking and coasting phases, known as BER. By switching off the internal combustion engine at a vehicle standstill the idling fuel consumption is effectively reduced by ASSF. By reason of economy and package a lead–acid battery is used as electrochemical energy storage device.     

Dynamic modeling of hybrid energy storage systems coupled to photovoltaic generation in residential applications

A model of a photovoltaic (PV) powered residence in stand-alone configuration was developed and evaluated. The model assesses the sizing, capital costs, control strategies, and efficiencies of reversible fuel cells (RFC), batteries, and ultra-capacitors (UC) both individually, and in combination, as hybrid energy storage devices. The choice of control strategy for a hybrid energy storage system is found to have a significant impact on system efficiency, hydrogen production and component utilization. A hybrid energy storage system comprised of batteries and RFC has the advantage of reduced cost (compared to using a RFC as the sole energy storage device), high system efficiency and hydrogen energy production capacity. A control strategy that preferentially used the RFC before the battery in meeting load demand allows both grid independent operation and better RFC utilization compared to a system that preferentially used the battery before the RFC. Ultra-capacitors coupled with a RFC in a hybrid energy storage system contain insufficient energy density to meet dynamic power demands typical of residential applications.     

Requirements for future automotive batteries – a snapshot

Introduction of new fuel economy, performance, safety, and comfort features in future automobiles will bring up many new, power-hungry electrical systems. As a consequence, demands on automotive batteries will grow substantially, e.g. regarding reliability, energy throughput (shallow-cycle life), charge acceptance, and high-rate partial state-of-charge (HRPSOC) operation. As higher voltage levels are mostly not an economically feasible alternative for the short term, the existing 14 V electrical system will have to fulfil these new demands, utilizing advanced 12 V energy storage devices. The well-established lead–acid battery technology is expected to keep playing a key role in this application. Compared to traditional starting–lighting–ignition (SLI) batteries, significant technological progress has been achieved or can be expected, which improve both performance and service life. System integration of the storage device into the vehicle will become increasingly important. Battery monitoring systems (BMS) are expected to become a commodity, penetrating the automotive volume market from both highly equipped premium cars and dedicated fuel-economy vehicles (e.g. stop/start). Battery monitoring systems will allow for more aggressive battery operating strategies, at the same time improving the reliability of the power supply system. Where a single lead–acid battery cannot fulfil the increasing demands, dual-storage systems may form a cost-efficient extension. They consist either of two lead–acid batteries or of a lead–acid battery plus another storage device.     

A comparative review on power conversion topologies and energy storage system for electric vehicles

Fossil fuel depletion and its adverse impact on global warming is a major driving force for a recent upsurge in the development of hybrid electric vehicles technologies. This paper is a conglomeration of the recent literature in the usages of an energy storage system and power conversion topologies in electric vehicles (EVs). An EV requires sources that have high power and energy density to decrease the charging time. Commonly used energy storage devices in EVs are fuel cells, batteries, ultracapacitors, flywheel, and photovoltaic arrays. The power output from energy storage sources is conditioned to match load characteristics with the source for maximum power delivery. A DC-DC converter topology performs this task by way of transforming voltage under the condition of power invariance. In addition, power electronics is also required to power DC/AC motors efficiently with precise control as these motors provide tractive efforts and acts as prime movers. This paper therefore brings out a critical review of the literature on EV's power conversion topologies and energy storage systems with challenges, opportunities and future directions by systematic classification of EVs and energy storage.     

Control analysis of renewable energy system with hydrogen storage for residential applications

The combination of an electrolyzer and a fuel cell can provide peak power control in a decentralized/distributed power system. The electrolyzer produces hydrogen and oxygen from off-peak electricity generated by the renewable energy sources (wind turbine and photovoltaic array), for later use in the fuel cell to produce on-peak electricity. An issue related to this system is the control of the hydrogen loop (electrolyzer, tank, fuel cell). A number of control algorithms were developed to decide when to produce hydrogen and when to convert it back to electricity, most of them assuming that the electrolyzer and the fuel cell run alternatively to provide nominal power (full power). This paper presents a complete model of a stand-alone renewable energy system with hydrogen storage controlled by a dynamic fuzzy logic controller (FLC). In this system, batteries are used as energy buffers and for short time storage. To study the behavior of such a system, a complete model is developed by integrating the individual sub-models of the fuel cell, the electrolyzer, the power conditioning units, the hydrogen storage system, and the batteries. An analysis of the performances of the dynamic fuzzy logic controller is then presented. This model is useful for building efficient peak power control.     

An experimental study of a PEM fuel cell power train for urban bus application

An experimental study was carried out on a fuel cell propulsion system for minibus application with the aim to investigate the main issues of energy management within the system in dynamic conditions. The fuel cell system (FCS), based on a 20 kW PEM stack, was integrated into the power train comprising DC–DC converter, Pb batteries as energy storage systems and asynchronous electric drive of 30 kW. As reference vehicle a minibus for public transportation in historical centres was adopted. A preliminary experimental analysis was conducted on the FCS connected to a resistive load through a DC–DC converter, in order to verify the stack dynamic performance varying its power acceleration from 0.5 kW s⁻¹ to about 4 kW s⁻¹. The experiments on the power train were conducted on a test bench able to simulate the vehicle parameters and road characteristics on specific driving cycles, in particular the European R40 cycle was adopted as reference. The “soft hybrid” configuration, which permitted the utilization of a minimum size energy storage system and implied the use of FCS mainly in dynamic operation, was compared with the “hard hybrid” solution, characterized by FCS operation at limited power in stationary conditions. Different control strategies of power flows between fuel cells, electric energy storage system and electric drive were adopted in order to verify the two above hybrid approaches during the vehicle mission, in terms of efficiencies of individual components and of the overall power train.     

Energy management of a hybrid energy system (PV / PEMFC and lithium-ion battery) based on hydrogen minimization modeled by macroscopic energy representation

This research work is designed for the management of the electric power of an autonomous hybrid system which generally integrates several subsystems, whose main source of production is solar energy (photovoltaic panels) coupled with a hydrogen fuel cell using a storage device (lithium battery).This energy coupling behavior is used in a wide range of operating conditions ensuring the originality of the exploitation of the energy produced to supply electricity to remote regions and isolated urban regions of southern Algeria, which will be modeled by a recent graphic formalism methodology macroscopic energy representation and controlled by a simple method the maximum control structure that takes into account all the inputs and outputs of the system. This hybrid system is controlled by an energy management strategy by acting on a common continuous bus with variable residential load via a DC/DC converter, allowing control of the amount of energy between the different energy resources to minimize the use of the fuel cell from which to minimize hydrogen consumption. Another is used to maintain the voltage of this bus at its reference via the battery by regulating the bidirectional DC/DC converter.