双馈风力发电机组并网控制策略及性能分析

为了实现双馈风力发电机组无冲击电流并网,基于电网电压定向矢量控制技术,提出了一种考虑转子电流动态调节特性的双馈风力发电机组空载并网控制策略。基于Matlab/Simulink仿真平台,建立了双馈风力发电机系统及其并网控制的数学模型,并对不同初始运行转速的双馈风力发电机组的自动并网运行特性进行了仿真。仿真实验结果证明无论初始转速为同步转速,还是超、亚同步转速,利用提出的并网控制策略,双馈风力发电机组能很好快速地建立定子电压,并网过渡过程定子电流基本没有冲击。     

双馈风力发电机无速度传感器控制

提出了一种新型的基于模型参考自适应原理的双馈风力发电机的无速度传感器矢量控制方案.根据双馈风力发电机运行的特点,针对双馈发电机并网前空载励磁阶段和并网后发电运行阶段分别采用了不同的无速度传感器矢量控制方案.在发电机并网前,根据双馈发电机空载时定子侧电压矢量的q轴分量估计发电机并网前转速及转子位置.在并网运行阶段采用了一种基于双馈电机磁链关系的模型参考自适应方法进行转速及转子位置的跟踪.最后在理论分析的基础上,在实验室的双馈风力发电机组模拟平台上进行了实验研究.实验结果证明了该文提出的双馈风力发电机无速度传感器矢量控制方案的正确性和可行性.     

微电网中带蓄电池的DFIG动态模型仿真

通过分析双馈电机的数学模型,建立了基于定子磁链定向矢量控制的双馈异步风力发电机模型,并且在其转换器直流侧加入蓄电池,在风力不足和大电网发生故障时给转换器转子侧或电网侧注入功率。以一个20 kV电源等效电网模型建立微电网系统,利用电力系统分析软件PSCAD/EMTDC分别对不带蓄电池的风力发电机和带蓄电池的风力发电机进行仿真。仿真结果表明,该控制方式能够实现双馈式异步风力发电机的有功、无功解耦。在变换器侧加入蓄电池,可改善电网质量,当负荷产生波动时能提高电压稳定性,还节约了变频器资源,节省了开支。     

双馈变速恒频风电系统矢量控制分析

变速恒频风力发电机成为并网风电机组发展的趋势 ,采用双馈发电机实现的变速恒频变频器容量小 ,具有一定的优势 ,本文针对双馈发电机数学模型 ,运用定子磁链定向的矢量控制规则 ,实现转子电流与磁链的解耦 ,达到控制定子侧恒频恒压输出的目的 ,并简要介绍了控制部分的数字化的实现     

定子侧变阻值Crowbar的DFIG高电压穿越技术

随着风电技术的发展,双馈风力发电系统高电压穿越问题日益受到研究人员的重视。针对双馈风力发电系统高电压穿越问题,详细分析电网电压骤升时双馈风力发电机运行机理,提出了定子侧变阻值撬棒电路的高电压故障主动穿越方法。对投入撬棒电路后的双馈电机电磁暂态过程进行研究,确定定子撬棒电阻的阻值范围,基于已确定的阻值范围,提出定子侧撬棒保护电路的投切控制策略。最后通过Matlab/Simulink仿真得出双馈风力发电机在电压骤升故障时能更平稳地运转,并且能应对大幅电压骤升故障。验证了定子侧变阻值撬棒电路能够有效完成高电压穿越,提高了双馈风力发电系统的稳定性。     

双馈风力发电机运行控制及其空间矢量分析

以分析双馈风力发电机交流励磁的电磁本质为目标,运用空间矢量理论建立了双馈风力发电机的空间矢量模型;在此基础上,建立了变速变桨双馈风力发电机组的整机模型,给出了不同运行状态下的仿真曲线。在转子绕组自行闭合与加入转子交流励磁2种情况下,对双馈电机中定转子磁动势空间矢量的相位变化进行对比,揭示了交流励磁对于改变转子磁动势空间矢量相位的作用。研究结果表明,当双馈电机运行在亚同步状态时,通过控制交流励磁电流可以使转子磁动势空间矢量的相位超前于定子磁动势空间矢量的相位,从而使双馈电机在转速低于同步转速时也能处于发电状态。     

双馈风力发电机并网新型控制策略分析

通过研究已有的风力发电机空载并网控制的文献,指出定子磁链并网控制策略的不足之处,提出了电网电压并网控制策略,同时通过试验设计了并网前相位与相序的检测方法。通过仿真发现,在此控制策略下,双馈风力发电机定子侧的电压在频率、幅值、相位上接近电网电压,达到了无冲击并网的目的,验证了此控制策略的正确性和有效性,是空载并网方式的一种理想的控制策略。     

变速恒频双馈风力发电机有功、无功解耦控制研究与实现

双馈发电机有功功率、无功功率解耦控制是变速恒频风力发电系统的关键技术,在分析双馈发电机有功功率、无功功率解耦控制规律的基础上,给出了基于定子磁场定向控制策略的实现方案,然后利用Matlab工具对该控制方案进行了仿真研究,最后设计和构造了基于TI公司MS320F2407DSP的变速恒频双馈风力发电机有功功率、无功功率解耦控制实验系统,仿真和实验结果表明该控制策略能够有效地实现双馈发电机功率的解耦控制,为兆瓦级变速恒频双馈风力发电机组励磁变换器的研制奠定了基础。     

基于自适应模型预测的风电场低压穿越控制机制研究

风电场并网需满足并网导则的电压要求,双馈型风电场的无功功率输出主要来源于风力发电机网侧换流器、风力发电机定子和静态同步补偿器,因此在风电并网过程中,特别是低压穿越过程中,须要调节三者的无功功率输出,来保证风力发电机并网的可靠性。文章在建立无功功率调节方式数学模型的基础上,实现低压穿越过程中3种无功补偿方法的协同参与,并利用自适应模型控制风力发电机的定子。此外,根据电压的跌落情况,确定风力发电机网侧换流器和静态同步补偿器的无功功率输出,进而确定风力发电机定子控制过程中的最优化跟踪目标函数,以实现多种无功功率调节方式的协同参与。最后,利用风电场单机等值模型仿真结果对自适应模型预测方法进行验证。分析结果表明,相比于传统模型预测控制方法,采用自适应模型预测控制方法后,风电场静态同步补偿器的输出功率减小了14%。     

一种新的双馈风力发电机的低电压穿越方案研究

结合励磁控制策略和硬件装置,提出一种新的双馈风力发电机低电压穿越运行方案。首先,通过分析双馈风力发电机系统模型的无源性,引入并改进无源性控制策略,提高转子电流的控制性能以应对电网电压小值跌落故障;然后在双馈风力发电机定子侧串入多抽头变压器,根据电网电压跌落程度检测,设计多路选择开关,保证发电机机侧电压始终维持在小值跌落范围内,从而提高双馈风力发电机的低电压穿越的能力。仿真结果表明:该方案既能改善电网电压小值跌落时对转子过电流控制性能,也能应对电网电压出现较严重的跌落情况。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.