板式换热器单边流动与对角流动数值模拟

基于传热学控制方程,采用数值计算方法,对板式换热器单边流动和对角流动时的流动与换热特性进行分析。在分析过程中保持换热器的结构参数不变,只改变进出口的流动方式,结果发现:在相同的流速下,单边流动的总对流换热系数要高于对角流动,而总压降单边流动要低于对角流动,在流速u=0.6 m/s工况下,努谢尔数单边流动比对角流动高出10.87%,压降对角流流动比单边流动高出5.13%。随着进口流速的增大,单边流动与对角流动的冷热流体进出口温差均减小,而且减小的趋势对角流动要大于单边流动,摩擦因子f和传热因子j逐渐减小。单边流动的流动和传热特性要优于对角流动。     

基于CFD分析的板式换热器流体分配性能影响的研究

利用CFD软件对某板式换热器内流体流动进行了数值模拟,发现板式换热器流道数目和角孔低槽对板式换热器流体分配有很大的影响。模拟结果表明:在一定流速下,通道数目大于39以后,流动状况开始恶化,开始出现部分流道没有流体分配的状况;流道数目大于20以后,随着角孔低槽直径的增大,通道内流量分配状况也会发生急剧恶化。     

板式换热器性能的数值模拟

建立了人字形板式换热器冷热双流道的流体流动与传热计算模型,利用计算流体力学软件对5组不同速度工况下换热器内流体的流动和传热进行了数值模拟,分析了换热器流道内的速度场、温度场和压力场.结果表明:数值模拟得到的板式换热器进、出口温差和压降与试验测量值的误差均小于6%;换热器内流体的流动和传热存在明显的不均匀性,导致其进、出口的另一侧出现明显的传热"死区";换热器的总传热系数和流道阻力均随着流体流速的增大而增大.     

旋转状态下工质冷凝换热特性的实验研究

旋转产生的旋转附加力对板式冷凝器通道中流体的流动状态产生扰动,影响流体的换热性能。建立旋转换热实验台对不同转速下板式冷凝换热器的冷凝换热特性进行研究。实验结果表明:随着转速的增加,换热器的换热性能呈现增加趋势。同一工质流量和冷却水流量时,转速在0~48 rpm范围内时,板式冷凝器的总传热系数最大增加幅度37.89%,R22侧换热系数最大增加幅度为27.95%,冷却水侧换热系数增加幅度基本保持在12%左右。综合分析,当转速和流体流量在一定范围内时,转速对R22侧气液两相流体的冷凝换热性能影响较大,对单相冷却水侧的换热性能影响较小。     

换热器各流路对壳侧气液两相流动特性的影响

针对工业中广泛应用的管壳式换热器，应用空气-水两相混合物实验研究了壳侧旁路，泄漏流对气液两相流体流动特性的影响，以Ishihara两相流动模型为基础，建立了以横掠管束的主流路为基础的错流区通用两相压降计算关联式，通过错流区，泄漏流的分相流动模型，分析计算了主流路，旁路，泄漏流中气液分布，也分析了泄漏流对壳侧单相，两相总流量在各个分流路的流量分配影响，研究表明，主流路和旁路中气液各自占相应总流量的比例在不同的流型下明显不同，且比例值的波动范围较大，气液流量的分布在壳侧是不均匀的，折流板/换热管之间的泄漏流对壳侧的两相流动特性影响较小，而折流板/壳体之间的泄漏流影响较大。     

基于ANSYS FLUENT的板式换热器性能仿真

板式换热器作为海水淡化设备的关键部件，换热器的结构对于整个设备的正常运行、使用寿命以及海水淡化处理的效果都起着关键作用。但长期以来板式换热器的结构设计主要依赖于经验公式，缺乏可靠的设计分析方法。因此，根据板式换热器的结构，通过质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程以及能量守恒方程建立换热器的能量传递数学模型，采用湍流(RNG k-ε)模型建立质量传递模型。使用ANSYS FLUENT建立了板式换交换器的三维几何模型。并模拟了不同工况下的热力学性能。根据模拟结果分析了压力场、温度场、速度场和流动情况。比较分析了换热器在不同流量和冷热流体温差下的传热性能和阻力性能。为了提高板式换热器的效果可通过增加冷流体的流速和增加冷流体和热流体之间的温差来确保更大的传热系数，从而提升换热器的热交换性能。研究结果为不同工况条件板式换热器使用及设计提供了理论支持。     

板翅式换热器注液封条气水两相流分配特性实验研究

气液两相流分配不均匀是板翅式换热器换热性能下降的因素之一,在入口处设置注液封条结构能够改善两相流分配的不均匀性。为了研究在不同流量条件下注液封条对两相流的分配情况,本文以空气和水为介质通过实验研究了注液封条结构的两相流分配特性。研究表明:注液封条结构的气相均匀性好于液相。在给定的气液流量条件下,随着气液流量的减小,注液封条均匀性变差。     

水平螺旋管式换热器的流热耦合传热特性研究

针对轴封式核主泵的水平螺旋管换热器复杂的结构特点和特殊的运行环境,采用流热耦合的数值模拟方法分析壳侧流体的流量和温度改变对换热器的流场和温度场的影响,探究换热器壳侧进口参数对换热器内流体流动换热特性的影响规律,并采用相关传热准则数分析换热器强化传热性能。结果表明:水平螺旋管流体受曲率的影响产生离心力,形成了有别于直管流动换热的二次流,速度分布呈内凹的圆弧状,会增强换热器传热效率;随壳侧流速的增加,流体的扰动程度加强,湍流程度提高,同时压力损失无明显变化,换热器传热性能增强;在既定结构和尺寸下,由换热器的传热性能曲线可知,壳侧流量和雷诺数的增加对强化螺旋管传热有显著影响。实际工程应用中可采用适当提高换热器的壳侧流量的方法来加强传热。     

倾斜安装对注液封条两相流分配特性的影响

板翅式换热器作为天然气液化(LNG)工艺中主低温换热器,其内部两相冷剂分配不均影响了换热性能,并导致天然气液化效率降低。为了探究不同倾斜安装形式的LNG板翅式换热器内部两相流动均布特性,以注液封条作为LNG板翅式换热器内的两相均布结构,采用数值模拟的方法研究两相冷剂在不同倾斜安装位置注液封条内的流动均布规律。对比分析40个工况下的流量不均匀度以及离散系数,结果表明:(1)注液封条内气液两相的分配特性为中间通道流量大于两侧通道流量,不同安装形式对注液封条内两相分配的总趋势影响较小;(2)不同偏移角度下,不同安装形式的注液封条两相均匀性变化规律不同,封条竖直向上安装均匀性随偏移角度增加而优化,竖直向下安装左偏均匀性优于右偏,水平安装均匀性随偏移角度变化较小;(3)侧倾对于不同安装形式的注液封条均匀性影响一致,侧倾角度越大,均匀性越差。因此,在实际工程中,应避免侧倾安装形式。     

混装板式换热器的流动阻力试验测试与分析

针对板式换热器无法保证换热面两侧流体的流动阻力完全相同,把板式换热器受涨侧和受压侧流动阻力合并为一个处理阻降来解决。通过实验对不同混装方式的板式换热器进行流动阻力测试,采用数据分析及公式拟合的方法,得出混装板式换热器流动阻力的主要影响因素是混合流道所占的比例,并利用线性拟合的方法,得到流动阻力的计算方法,从而确定板式换热器混装中流动阻力。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.