发动机燃用天然气掺二氧化碳混合燃料的循环变动试验研究

在一台单缸火花点火发动机上开展了燃用不同组分配比的天然气掺二氧化碳混合气体燃烧循环变动的试验研究.研究结果表明:随着混合气中二氧化碳体积比的增加,燃烧稳定性下降,发动机循环中出现部分燃烧和失火等不正常燃烧现象.通过分析最高缸压和其对应曲轴转角的关系、平均指示压力与最高缸压对应曲轴转角的关系以及平均指示压力和最高缸压的关系等,考察了发动机快速燃烧循环与慢速燃烧循环在特征参数之间关系中的发展规律,混合气中二氧化碳体积比的增加,燃烧放热变慢,导致平均指示压力的循环变动系数增大.     

点燃式发动机燃用不同燃料的燃烧特性及循环变动

围绕点燃式发动机燃用汽油、LPG和CNG的燃烧特性及循环变动开展了研究.发动机在最大转矩工况运行,分别从压力参数方面及燃烧参数方面对循环变动进行了分析.结果表明,汽油的燃烧循环变动系数最小,LPG燃烧过程中循环变动系数增大,CNG燃烧过程中循环变动系数最大;燃烧阶段循环变动是产生发动机循环变动的主要原因,采用进气道预混的方式燃用气体燃料时,进气阶段变动是造成发动机循环变动的原因之一;汽油燃烧时,火焰发展期与燃烧持续期线性相关,良好的着火决定燃烧过程的稳定,LPG和CNG燃烧时,火焰发展期与燃烧持续期的相关性减弱,着火和火焰的传播共同影响燃烧过程的稳定性;放热率型心与平均指示压力有良好的线性关系,说明发动机的平均指示压力受放热过程的影响.     

发动机燃用煤层气燃料燃烧和排放性能试验研究

在一台单缸火花点火发动机上开展了燃用不同组分配比的煤层气燃料燃烧和排放特性的试验研究,分析了发动机燃用不同组分的煤层气在不同负荷下的缸压、放热率、火焰发展期、主燃烧期及其排放性能.研究结果表明:随着煤层气中氮气体积分数的增加,最高缸内压力和压力升高率降低,燃烧放热率峰值下降,火焰发展期变长,放热率曲线型心对应的曲轴转角偏离上止点;发动机HC和CO排放浓度增大,而NOx排放大幅度下降.     

引燃柴油喷油正时对LNG-柴油双燃料发动机燃烧特性的影响

以一台涡轮增压六缸柴油机改造的发动机为试验对象,研究引燃柴油喷油正时对LNG-柴油双燃料发动机燃烧特性的影响。研究了不同喷油正时下的双燃料发动机的缸内压力、压力升高率、缸内温度、燃烧放热规律、循环变动等参数。研究结果表明:引燃柴油喷油正时对双燃料发动机燃烧特性影响很大。随引燃柴油喷油正时的增大,最高缸内压力、最高压力升高率、最大燃烧温度和最大瞬时放热率先升高后降低且所对应的曲轴转角减小;峰值压力循环变动系数先降低后增大,峰值压力升高率循环变动系数降低。     

生物柴油掺烧率对非道路用柴油机燃烧循环变动特性的影响

针对非道路用186FA柴油机掺烧生物柴油燃烧循环变动情况,进行了燃用不同生物柴油掺烧率的试验.根据实测示功图对主要燃烧参数进行了循环变动分析.结果表明:随着生物柴油的掺烧,燃烧始点提前,放热率峰值减小;平均指示压力(pmi)、缸内压力峰值(pmax)、放热率峰值循环变动系数(COV)呈减小的趋势,而其对应相位波动比纯柴油大;最大压力升高率在中低负荷时循环变动显著;平均指示压力与缸内压力峰值和放热率峰值都有很好的对应关系.     

柴油机预混合燃烧循环变动特性研究

在发动机台架进行了直喷式柴油机预混合燃烧中低负荷循环变动的试验研究。分析了EGR、喷油始点和喷油压力对预混合燃烧循环变动的影响。研究结果表明:预混合燃烧的燃烧持续期短,放热迅速,最大压力升高率较大,增大EGR和推迟喷油降低了最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率,最大压力升高率的循环变动系数随EGR增大而增大,随喷油推迟而减小。燃烧发展期与最高燃烧压力、最大压力升高率、最大放热率、燃烧持续期和燃烧重心等参数具有很强的相关性。燃烧循环变动小的点与排放较好的点参数相吻合。利用空燃比很好地反映了EGR、喷油率始点等参数对燃烧循环变动系数的影响。平均指示压力的循环变动系数在正常情况均小于10%。并提出了减小循环变动进一步降低排放可能采取的措施。     

进气门早关对柴油机燃烧循环变动特性的影响

在SD2100型柴油机上安装全可变液压气门机构,采用进气门早关(EIVC)的模式可实现进气门关闭时刻(IVC)和有效压缩比(ECR)的连续可变.结果表明:随着IVC提前,ECR降低,燃烧始点推迟,最高燃烧压力降低,最高燃烧压力对应的曲轴转角推后;当ECR为13时,出现最大燃烧压力低于上止点压缩压力的现象,甚至出现不正常燃烧循环,导致燃烧循环变动率显著增大;增压匹配EIVC降低爆发压力和燃烧温度时也会出现燃烧循环变动增大的趋势;在相同的IVC条件下,过量空气系数越大,混合气浓度越低,燃烧循环变动率也越大.进一步研究表明,EIVC导致的燃烧循环变动问题与燃烧发展期Δφ密切相关,Δφ越长,燃烧重心CA 50越偏离上止点,燃烧循环变动率越大;根据Δφ的增大量,适当增大供油提前角,可显著降低燃烧循环变动率,提高指示热效率.     

甲醇替代率对双燃料发动机燃烧及其循环变动的影响

为研究甲醇/柴油双燃料发动机甲醇替代率对燃烧及其循环变动的影响,通过在单缸柴油机上加装进气道甲醇喷射系统,进行了不同甲醇替代率的试验研究。研究表明,随着甲醇替代率增加,缸内着火时刻推迟,放热率双峰现象逐渐消失,放热率峰值、最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率均增加。甲醇替代率对不同工况下指示热效率的影响不同,低速工况指示热效率随甲醇替代率的增加而降低,高速高负荷工况指示热效率随甲醇替代率的增加而略有增加。不同工况下的排放影响也存在明显差异,随甲醇替代率的增加,低速低负荷工况排放变化较小,而在高速高负荷下排放变化大。甲醇替代率对燃烧循环变动影响表明,低速低负荷循环变动随甲醇替代率增加而明显增加,当替代率增加至28.7%时,峰值压力的循环变动率增加2.5%,峰值压力对应曲轴转角分布也更加分散。     

天然气火花点火发动机循环变动的分析方法

通过单点电喷天然气发动机上的实验研究,分析了利用实测缸内压力和放热率曲线来分析研究点火发动机循环变动的各种方法,并阐述了各种方法的适用性以及不同表征循环变动的参数之间的关系.分析的结果指出:正常燃烧循环峰值压力(pmax)与其出现转角(ψpmax)有良好得对应关系,混合气较浓时工况时pmax或ψpmax的变动率比稀混合气时小;而平均指示压力(IMEP)与pmax的关系却不明显,因此当以发动机的动力性为主要研究对象时,不宜采用pmax作为循环变动的分析参数.为了综合考虑整个循环压力变动的特征,提出了对每个曲轴转角处压力变动都进行分析的方法,另外为了分析燃烧等容度变动,还提出了放热率型心位置变动率的概念,并指出放热率型心靠近上止点有利于提高IMEP.     

火花点火发动机燃用天然气掺氢混合燃料循环变动研究

在火花点火天然气发动机上开展了不同掺氢比天然气掺氢混合燃料(氢气在混合燃料中的体积分数为0%、12%、23%、30%和40%)循环变动的试验研究,试验工况点对应于发动机中低负荷.分析了掺混氢气对天然气发动机循环变动的影响.研究结果表明:在稀燃条件下,随着掺氧比的增加,缸内最高压力、最大压力升高率以及平均指示压力均增加.随着掺氢比增加,缸内最高压力与其对应的曲轴转角之间和最大压力升高率与其对应的曲轴转角之间的相关性更强.在化学计量比或浓燃时,掺混氢气可以维持平均指示压力的循环变动系数在较低的水平.在稀燃时,平均指示压力的循环变动系数随掺氢比增加而降低.平均指示压力的循环变动系数达到10%所对应的过量空气系数随掺氢比增加而增加,表明天然气掺混氢气扩展了天然气发动机的稳定稀燃极限.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.