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 研究了非调质钢30MnVS奥氏体化后在400~600 ℃等温转变的组织构成及显微硬度变化；采用连续截面和计算机辅助重建法观察了铁素体的三维形貌。结果表明： 随处理温度的降低，针状铁素体量减少，贝氏体量增加；冷却速度的提高，有利于组织的细化并使针状铁素体数量增加。晶界铁素体在三维空间呈弯曲板状；晶内铁素体在夹杂物上形核，其三维形貌不同于二维的等轴状，而呈扁长片状，应归属于针状铁素体。     

二次热循环对晶内铁素体的影响

采用物理模拟的方法研究了二次热循环对晶内铁素体的影响。用自动图像分析仪测量了夹杂物的大小、分布和密度，用透射电镜观察了晶内铁素体的形貌，并用能谱对诱导晶内铁素体形核的夹杂物进行了成分分析。研究结果表明，二次热循环对夹杂物的直径大小、分布和密度几乎没有影响。经过二次热循环过程后，诱导晶内铁素体形核、长大的夹杂物为MnO、TiO、SiO2、Al2O3和MnS、CuS、(Mn，Cu)S的复合物。800-500℃的时间为10a时，出现了晶内铁素体的感生形核。晶内铁素体的感生形核是由于一次品内铁素体有较高的界面能和高密度的位错，两者共同促进晶内铁素体的感生形核。     

焊接热影响区针状铁素体的形核长大及其对组织的细化作用

通过观察焊接热循环冷却过程中不同温度取样直接淬火后的微观组织,研究了焊接热影响区(HAZ)晶内针状铁素体(IAF)的形核长大过程,论证了针状铁素体分割原奥氏体晶粒及细化晶内组织的机理.Auger电子能谱(AES)证实,在TiOx-MnS型复合夹杂物边界附近存在贫Mn区,IAF易于在这类复合夹杂物上形核,单个复合夹杂物能...     

晶内铁素体在夹杂物上形核机制的讨论

从夹杂物与金属之间的界面能和热膨胀系数不同导致的应变能,夹杂物周围基体局域溶质贫乏等角度对晶内铁素体在夹杂物上形核机制进行讨论．并试图分析解释不同夹杂物对铁素体形核作用的差别。     

夹杂物/析出相尺寸对晶内铁素体形核的影响

建立了铁素体在夹杂物/析出相上形核的物理模型.从相变形核热力学和动力学机理出发,研究了晶内铁索体在夹杂物/析出相上的形核过程,分析了夹杂物/析出相的尺寸、界面性质等因素对晶内铁索体相变形核的影响.结果表明,与铁素体具有较小接触角的夹杂物/析出相更有利于晶内铁素体形核.当夹杂物与基体的界面性质一定时,铁索体在夹杂物上形核的难易程度主要取决于夹杂物的尺寸(夹杂物的曲率半径),尺寸过小不利于铁索体形核,尺寸过大对形核贡献较小.对任意类型的夹杂物/析出相,给出了其计算最优尺寸的方法,计算结果与实际吻合良好.     

中碳V-N微合金钢连续冷却奥氏体分解及晶内铁素体的形成

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机,对一种中碳V-N微合金钢生产过程的中间冷却、再加热、张力减径及其后冷却过程进行了物理模拟.在张力减径变形后分别在800、730、650、630、615、600、585和550℃采用水冷至室温.研究了张力减径变形后控冷过程中奥氏体的分解规律,重点分析了诱导晶内铁素体形成的因素.结果表明:奥氏体的分解转变依次为晶界铁素体、晶内铁素体和珠光体;在745～639℃范围内,奥氏体分解主要为晶界铁素体形核、长大阶段;冷却到639℃后,大量的晶内铁素体和珠光体开始形核析出.除已广泛接受的依附夹杂物形核外,析出相及先形成铁素体晶界同样是晶内铁素体的有效形核位置.能谱分析表明,诱导晶内铁素体形核的夹杂物附近没有出现贫化区,钢中夹杂物诱导晶内铁素体的形核应该是由惰性界面能和应力-应变能的共同作用.     

模铸非调质钢中铁素体在晶内MnS上的形成

为确认模铸非调质钢晶内铁素体的形成能力，对其钢材组织中的晶内铁素体相变形核位置作了光学显微镜观察，SEM／EDS和CMA分析。证实使钢中氧化物分散可调整MnS的大小和数量。模铸非调质钢中同样存在氧化物—MnS—V(C，N)复合夹杂物上形成晶内铁素体的过程。由于降低Mn量提高γ—α相变温度增加相变驱动力，相应增大了晶内铁素体形核概率，研究钢中铁素体在晶内MnS上的形核概率可大于0．9，明显优于现有研究结果，可弥补模铸钢铁素体形核位置的不足，获得理想的晶内铁素体组织。     

氧对镧处理16Mn钢夹杂物和组织的影响

对不同氧含量的16Mn钢进行了La处理,观察实验钢中夹杂物和组织的变化。利用带有能谱仪的扫描电镜和光学显微镜研究了实验钢中夹杂物种类、大小分布及实验钢铸态的组织,同时对夹杂物诱导晶内铁素体形核机制进行了分析。结果表明:随着氧含量的增加,试样中夹杂物主要为LaAlO3和La2O2S复合夹杂及其各自单独夹杂物。在实验条件下,随着氧含量的增加,试样中晶内针状铁素体含量逐渐减少,有利于晶内针状铁素体生成的最佳氧含量约为45×10-6。错配度计算表明,所有的镧氧化物均有形核能力,而La2O2S夹杂形核能力比其他更好。     

低合金高强度钢焊缝针状铁素体联锁组织与性能

采用金属包埋切片微米-纳米表征法和电子背散射衍射技术分别研究了焊缝金属中针状铁素体形核夹杂和联锁组织特征。结果表明,由于Mn元素扩散到夹杂物内部使得周围形成贫Mn区,诱发针状铁素体在复合夹杂物上形核。同时针状铁素体还可以在已经形成的铁素体表面激发形核;铁素体生长过程中同原奥氏体保持固定取向关系;铁素体相互之间发生硬碰撞和交错现象;这些因素共同形成针状铁素体联锁组织。这种细小有效晶粒尺寸的针状铁素体联锁组织具有良好的强韧性匹配。     

低碳钢铁素体相变析出行为

利用高温淬火相变仪测定了EH40级船板钢晶内铁素体的相变温度区间,又利用高温共聚焦显微镜对晶内针状铁素体的相变析出行为进行了原位观察。结果表明:能得到针状铁素体的最佳降温速率为10℃/s,升温过程中奥氏体开始相变温度Ac_1=743℃,降温过程中奥氏体结束相变温度Ar_1=546℃;针状铁素体的生长过程伴随着加速和减速现象;观察到针状铁素体的3种形核方式,分别为夹杂物诱导形核、在奥氏体晶界上感生形核析出以及在晶界铁素体上感生形核析出。最后揭示了从铁素体析出生长到形成连锁组织的作用机理。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。