Image and video encryption using SCAN patterns

This paper presents a new method for image and video encryption and a first stage lossy video compression based on frames difference before the encryption. The encryption methods are based on the SCAN methodology which is a formal language-based two-dimensional spatial accessing methodology which can generate very large number of scanning paths or space filling curves. The image encryption is performed by SCAN-based permutation of pixels and a substitution rule which together form an iterated product cipher. The video encryption is performed by first lossy compressing adjacent frame differences and then encrypting the compressed frame differences. The main characteristics of the proposed methods are image encryption, first stage compression-based frames differences and encryption of video whose compression error can be bounded pixelwise by a user specified value, very large number of encryption keys, and ability to encrypt large blocks of any digital data. Results from the use of the methods proposed here are also provided.     

DCT域图象处理和特征提取技术

现今 ,大量的图象与视频信息都是以压缩数据格式进行存储和传输的 .DCT(Discrete Cosine Transform离散余弦变换 )是目前应用最为广泛的多媒体数据压缩技术之一 .直接在 DCT域实现如视频编辑、特征提取等传统空域处理技术 ,能够避免繁琐的压缩数据编、解码操作 ,减少处理时间和数据处理量 ,节省内存空间 .这一技术对于高速海量的数据处理场合 ,如 Internet信息检索、视频编辑和检索、远程监视图象的理解等 ,是很有吸引力的 ,因此其是近年来国际上有关领域的研究热点之一 .本文对近年来文献中所见的 DCT域图象处理和特征提取技术进行了回顾和综述 ,并在此基础上对其发展方向进行了探讨     

Grayscale image formats for edge detection and for its FPGA implementation

The aim of this paper is analysis of image formats used for FPGA implementation of edge detection methods. All cameras used in FPGA applications give Raw RGB output video format, some cameras provide also YUV, YCbCr, RGB565/555 or compressed JPEG formats. If the FPGA circuit has limited number of configurable logic blocks (CLB) the JPEG format seems to be good solution how to increase the size of the processed image. On the other hand, using an image with lossy compression can more or less affect the overall result of image processing. The first goal of this paper is to show whether lossy image compression can affect the quality of edge detection. The results presented in this article show that lossy image compression can impair the efficiency of edge detection by up to six percent. Many researchers have proposed FPGA implementation of some edge detection methods. Usually their first step is RGB to grayscale conversion because they use edge detection methods for grayscale images. The second goal of this paper is to show that a performance of FPGA implementation can be improved if YUV, YCbCr or Raw RGB camera output formats are used instead of RGB format.     

ZLBM: zero level binary mapping technique for video security

In recent days, providing security to data is a crucial and critical task in many image processing applications. Specifically, video security is an important and demanding concept. For this purpose, some of the embedding, encoding and decoding techniques are mentioned in existing works, but it has some drawbacks such as increased time complexity, computational complexity and memory consumption. Moreover, it does not provide high security during video transmission. To overcome all these issues, a new technique, namely, Zero Level Binary Mapping (ZLBM) is proposed in this paper for video embedding scheme. The motivation of this paper is to provide high security during video transformation by using the video steganography technique. At first, the cover and stego videos are given as the inputs and it will be converted into the video frames for further processing. Here, the Fuzzy Adaptive Median Filtering (FAMF) technique is employed to remove the impulse noise in the video frames. Then, the pixels in the filtered frames are grouped by using the block wise pixel grouping technique. After that, the frames are embedded with the help of ZLBM technique and encoded based on the patch wise code formation technique. On the receiver side, the inverse ZLBM and block wise pixel regrouping techniques are applied to get the original cover and stego videos. The novel concept of this paper is the use of ZLBM and patch wise code formation techniques for video embedding and compression. The main advantages of the proposed system are high security, good quality and reduced complexity. The experimental results evaluate the performance of the proposed video embedding technique in terms of Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Compression Ratio (CR), Bits Per Pixel (BPP) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR).     

Optimization of Motion Estimation Algorithm Based on FPGA Hardware System and Video Tracking

Motion Estimation (ME) is a computationally expensive step in video tracking. A thorough search technique produces the best execution time and the best accuracy. Computational burden, many fast search algorithms limit and report the number of places to search. Motion estimation, analysis of image sequences, computer vision, tracking a target, and is a critical process in a wide range of fields and applications such as video coding. Precision motion estimation lowers significantly bit rate, but can require a complexity of higher computational. This is different reference frames, sub-pixel estimation, and video compression standards, including techniques such as variable block size, MPEG, especially true for a new generation. Only the motion estimation in H.261 is limited to an integer pixel accuracy, rather than the pixel grid, not in the object is often located, move to move between pixels. The system proposed in the motion vector optimization motion estimation (OME) pixel accuracy. By estimating the amount of displacement at a finer resolution, improve prediction, it can expect better performance than motion estimation using an integer pixel precision. Optimization motion estimation (OME) and the compensation method is very similar to that employed in other standards. The main is that block-based motion estimation and compensation is suitable for optimization structures in MPEG-4. Motion estimation (ME) is one of the most computationally-intensive companies in the video compression technology. Video compression algorithm, MPEG1, MPEG4, such as H.261 and H.264, a lot of the standard used. Improved compression performance. Energy effective motion estimation technique is reduced to the rest of the frame involved in motion compensation.     

Lossy compression through segmentation on low depth-of-field images

The popularity of multimedia applications has resulted in development of lossless and lossy compression techniques. This paper presents a novel lossy compression scheme for the low depth-of-field (DOF) images where the quality factor is altered based on whether we are compressing object-of-interest (OOI) or the background. The proposed method involves segmentation of OOI and then the application of lossy scheme. The experimental results shows that the proposed method performs well in compressing the given image (higher compression ratio), at the same time maintaining the acceptable quality (high PSNR).     

压缩域图像/视频信息处理技术的研究

新世纪多媒体应用和业务的构建面临着新的挑战 ,而传统的压缩和处理相互分离的模式无法满足要求。为此 ,将进行基于压缩域的视频 /图像信息分析、处理与检索技术的研究 ,提供一种压缩和处理相结合的信息处理模式。其研究成果能够极大地提高构筑于通信网络上的信息业务和应用系统的整体性能 ,给我国信息产业的发展带来良好的经济效益。     

基于马尔可夫随机场的加密二值图像有损压缩算法

尽管当前已有众多二值图像的压缩方法,但这些方法并不能直接应用于加密二值图像的压缩。在云计算、分布式处理等场景下,如何高效地对加密二值图像进行有损压缩仍然是一个挑战,而当前鲜有这方面的研究。针对此问题,提出了一种基于马尔可夫随机场(MRF)的加密二值图像有损压缩算法。该算法用MRF表征二值图像的空域统计特性,进而借助MRF及解压缩还原的像素推断加密二值图像压缩过程中被丢弃的像素。所提算法的发送方采用流密码对二值图像进行加密,云端先后利用分块均匀但块内随机的下抽样方式及低密度奇偶校验(LDPC)编码对加密二值图像进行压缩,接收方则通过构造包含解码、解密及MRF重构的联合因子图实现二值图像的有损重构。实验结果表明,所提算法获得了较好的压缩效率,在0.2~0.4 bpp压缩率时有损重构图像的比特误差率(BER)不超过5%;而与针对未加密原始二值图像的国际压缩标准JBIG2的压缩效率相比,所提算法的压缩效率与其相当。这些充分表明了所提算法的可行性与有效性。     

基于偏斜度的视频水印算法

提出一种基于偏斜度的视频水印新算法。偏斜度是一个能表征图像是否对称分布的特征量。选择偏斜度很小的视频帧,对亮度空间分块后实施离散余弦变换,在中频系数中嵌入水印。实验证明,该算法对有损压缩有较强的健壮性,较好的透明性,能经受添加噪声、剪切、视频格式转换等常见视频信号处理及攻击。     

多视点立体音视频压缩编解码同步研究

为了更好地解决多视点立体视频数据的音视频同步问题,提出了一种基于Direct Show的多视点立体音视频信号压缩编解码同步方案。根据多视点立体视频的光栅显示特点,充分利用了立体视频帧内以及帧问的冗余相关性实现了立体视频数据的无损压缩,同时针对音频数据采用了基于子带编码的方式进行压缩,最后将多视点立体视频与音频数据通过压缩编码后写入立体视频文件,并在解码端通过同步控制机制实现了音视频的同步。实验结果表明,此方法能有效地实现多视点立体音视频同步。     

峰度特征值在视频水印中的应用

提出一种基于峰度的视频水印新算法。峰度是一个能表征图像是否呈正态分布的特征值。选择峰度较小的视频帧,对亮度空间分块后实施离散余弦变换,在中频系数中嵌入水印。实验证明,该算法对有损压缩有较强的健壮性,较好的透明性。能经受添加噪声、剪切、视频格式转换及丢帧等常见视频信号处理及攻击。     

基于状态识别的高炉料面视频关键帧提取方法

高炉料面视频关键帧是视频中的中心气流稳定、清晰、无炉料及粉尘遮挡且特征明显的图像序列, 对于及时获取炉内运行状态、指导炉顶布料操作具有重要的意义. 然而, 由于高炉内部恶劣的冶炼环境及布料的周期性和间歇性等特征, 料面视频存在信息冗余、图像质量参差不齐、状态多变等问题, 无法直接用于分析处理. 为了从大量高炉冶炼过程料面视频中自动准确筛选清晰稳定的料面图像, 提出基于状态识别的高炉料面视频关键帧提取方法. 首先, 基于高温工业内窥镜采集高炉冶炼过程中的料面视频, 并清晰完整给出料面反应新现象和形貌变化情况; 然后, 提取能够表征料面运动状态的显著性区域的特征点密集程度和像素位移特征, 并提出基于局部密度极大值高斯混合模型(Local density maxima-based Gaussian mixture model, LDGMM)聚类的方法识别料面状态; 最后, 基于料面状态识别结果提取每个布料周期不同状态下的关键帧. 实验结果表明, 该方法能够准确识别料面状态并剔除料面视频冗余信息, 能提取出不同状态下的料面视频关键帧, 为优化炉顶布料操作提供指导.     

Combining Active and Semi-Supervised Learning for Video Compression

Video compression algorithms manipulate video signals to dramatically reduce the storage and bandwidth required while maximizing perceived video quality. Typical video compression methods include discrete cosine transform, vector quantization, fractal compression, and discrete wavelet transform. Recently, a machine learning based approach has been proposed which converts the color images (frames) to gray scale images (frames) and the color information for only a few representative pixels is kept. A learning model is then trained to predict the color values for the gray scale pixels across frames. Selecting the most representative pixels is essentially an active learning problem, while colorization is a semi-supervised learning problem. In this paper, we propose to combine active and semi-supervised learning for video compression. The basic idea is to minimize the size of the covariance matrix of the regularized least squares estimates, in which the regression model assumes that each pixel can be reconstructed by the other pixels with similar spatial location and intensity value. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for video compression.     

视频压缩流简化帧处理中若干问题研究

数据压缩技术主要用于减小视频数据的大小,以满足存储和传输的需要,但现有的图象处理技术必须先将视频压缩流完全解压后才能进行处理,本文讨论了不需要完全解压缩或仅需很小的解压就能直接对视流进行处理的方法,如ＭＰＥＧ压缩视频流中Ｐ帧和Ｂ帧以及常用的压缩域处理方法以及存在的问题,最后证明了在半象素运动矢量情况下ＭＰＥＧ简化帧抽取的准确性问题,视频压缩流在压缩域处理的特点是不仅减少了解压缩所需要的计算时间,而     

基于压缩感知的低功耗高效率CMOS图像传感器设计

提出一种基于压缩感知的低功耗高效率CMOS图像传感器(CIS)设计.在这种压缩感知CIS中,帧存储、帧差求解和帧压缩等过程分别集成于像素级、列级和芯片级电路中,实现了图像传感过程和图像压缩过程的融合.这种融合提高了CIS在功耗、传输带宽和输出数据等方面的效率.所提出的CIS设计已采用Global Foundries 0...     

基于自适应奇异值调制的抗转码视频隐写算法

近年来,随着网络和多媒体处理技术的飞速发展,互联网视频用户数量呈爆炸性增长之势,目前视频流量已占网络总流量的一半以上,这为以视频为载体的隐蔽通信提供了很好的应用背景。但是另一方面,几乎所有的视频网站都会对上传视频进行转码处理,转码后载体视频的码率、图像组GOP （Group of Pictures）结构、量化参数QP （Quantization Parameters）等关键压缩参数都会受到无法预知的影响,这极大地限制了当前绝大多数基于压缩域嵌入的视频隐写算法的应用。要利用视频网站对应的有损转码信道进行隐蔽通信,关键在于设计能抵抗转码攻击的高鲁棒性,并具有足够安全性的隐写方法。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种面向小波变换域,结合奇异值分解SVD （Singular Value Decomposition）和量化索引调制QIM （Quantization Index Modulation）的自适应鲁棒隐写方法。该方法基于目标网站的转码特性仿真实现本地编码器,在编码的过程中完成嵌入。嵌入在视频帧亮度分量的DWT （Discrete Wavelet Transform）域进行,通过采用自适应量化步长QIM的方法对分块最大奇异值进行调制达到嵌入消息的目的。另外,提出一种间隔修正的嵌入策略,很好地抑制了嵌入引起的视频闪烁效应。实验结果表明,提出方法提升了含密载体视频经过不同程度的转码后的秘密消息生存率,同时很好地保持了视觉质量和压缩效率。     

Energy optimization for latency- and quality-constrained video applications

The trade-off between energy consumption and media quality is a fundamental design issue in mobile multimedia. This energy optimization technique based on frame skipping and buffering exploits the characteristics of video applications, particularly their tolerance to variation in latency and video quality to increase slack time and its use in dynamic voltage scaling. The technique adapts the frame rate to the degree of motion activity by skipping redundant frames. Thus, it intentionally creates slack time as long as video quality is not unacceptably degraded. We implemented this technique with only a slight modification of the original encoder algorithm and no modification to the decoder.     

Genuine reversible data hiding technology using compensation for H.264 bitstreams

Reversible data hiding technologies have been considered largely impractical because those are, in most cases, applicable to raw video data rather than prevailing compressed data. Even though, many algorithms have been recently developed in the compressed video domain, most of them cannot guarantee the reversibility of cover video due to the lossy characteristics of video compression standards. We suggest completely practical data hiding scheme for H.264 baseline bitstream by achieving genuine reversibility for both I and P frames. Regardless of the data hiding algorithm, the proposed scheme can increase embedding payload by 66.9% and reduce computational complexity by 93%. Also, a novel compensation based difference expansion method with clever coefficient pairing strategy is proposed as a data hiding algorithm and achieved superior embedding payload vs. image quality performance. The proposed algorithm improves payload by 48.9% on average at almost the same video quality distortion.     

一种稳健的公开数字图像水印技术

提出一种稳健的公开图像水印技术。随机选取若干象素点及其邻域,通过量化象素与邻域的均值之差来隐藏水印信息。实验表明,该方法简单、高效、安全性能好,且具有较好的不可感知性,对通常的图像处理及JPEG压缩等具有极好的稳健性。