Dark infrared night vision imaging proposed work for pedestrian detection and tracking

This framework presents three efficient proposed algorithms for pedestrian detection and tracking in Dark Infrared Night Vision (DIRNV) images. The first approach is relied on Gradient Estimation (GE) after mixing structure Equalization Exponential Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (ECLAHE) with Gamma Correction, and finally Cumulative Histogram (GECUGC) for discrimination. The GECUGC relies on enhancement using mixing ECLAHE Using Gamma Correction (ECUG) in addition to pre-processing followed by the GE using Laplacian Filter (LAF), and finally Cumulative Histograms (CH) for the detection or classification task. The second approach is based GE after a hybrid structure Histogram Equalization (HE) with Nonlinear Technique and finally CH (GHNTC) for discrimination. The GHNTC depends on enhancement by merging HE with Nonlinear Technique (NT) (HENT) followed by the GE using LAF and finally CH for pedestrian detection and tracking using DIRNV imaging. After the CH estimation, the difference between cumulative histograms with and without objects is estimated and used for pedestrian detection and tracking using DIRNV imaging. The third algorithm is based scale space analysis with the number of the Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF) points as the key parameters for classification. This technique is presented to detect the features of DIRNV pedestrian images and tracking. The performance metrics are the difference area between the cumulative histograms of DIRNV images with and without pedestrian, computation time, points of features and speed up factor. Simulation results prove that the success of three suggested techniques in pedestrian detection and tracking using DIRNV imaging. By comparing the three presented algorithms, it is clear that the second suggested technique gives superior for pedestrian detection and tracking from point view difference area between the cumulative histograms.On the other hand the first suggested technique is the best algorithms for pedestrian detection and tracking from point view the computation time. The obtained results clear that the third approach has sucesseded in gait pedestrian detection and tracking using DIRNV imaging.

     

An efficient proposed framework for infrared night vision imaging system

This research presents new three proposed approaches to enhancement the visibility of the Infrared (IR) night vision images. The first proposed approach depends on Hybrid Adaptive Gamma Correction (AGC) with Histogram Matching (HGCHM). The second proposed approach stands up Merging Gamma Correction with Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (MGCCLAHE). The HM uses a reference visual image for converting of night vision images into daytime images. The third approach mixes the benefits of the CLAHE with the undecimated Additive Wavelet Transform (AWT) Using Homomorphic processing (CSAWUH). The quality assessments for the suggested approaches are entropy, average gradient, contrast improvement factor, Sobel edge magnitude, spectral entropy, lightness order error and the similarity of edges. Simulation results clear that the third proposed approach gives superior results to the two proposed approaches from entropy, average gradient, contrast improvement factor, Sobel edge magnitude, spectral entropy and the computation time perspectives. On the other hand, the second proposed approach takes long computation time in the implementation with respect to the two proposed approaches. The second proposed approach gives better results to the first proposed approach entropy, average gradient, contrast improvement factor, Sobel edge magnitude, and spectral entropy perspectives. The first proposed approach gives better results to the two proposed approaches from lightness order error and the similarity of edges perspectives.

     

基于WLAHE的尘肺胸片图像增强方法

为提高X线胸片中尘肺病灶的易识别性,提出一种基于加权局部直方图均衡化(WLAHE)的尘肺胸片图像增强方法。采用WLAHE算法、局部直方图均衡化算法,以及直方图均衡化算法对0+期尘肺X线图像进行对比度增强处理,并对采用不同参数的处理效果进行比较。结果表明,WLAHE可在不引入过大噪声及不引起细节失真的条件下,采用更小的窗口,使0+期尘肺X线胸片上的病灶小阴影更突出。     

基于梯度场的工业X射线图像增强算法

在X射线成像检测厚薄不均构件时，经常会出现对比度低或对比度不均以及照度低的问题，这会导致图像显示时构件的一些细节难以被观察与分析。针对这一问题，提出一种基于梯度场的X射线图像增强算法。该算法以梯度场增强为核心，分为两步：首先，提出一种基于对数变换的算法，压缩图像的灰度范围、去除图像冗余灰度信息、提升图像对比度；然后，提出一种基于梯度场的算法，增强图像细节、提升图像局部对比度、提高图像质量，使构件细节清晰显示在检测屏上。选择一组厚薄不均构件的X射线图像进行了实验，并与对比度受限自适应直方图均衡化（CLAHE）、同态滤波等算法进行了比较。实验结果表明所提算法具有更明显的增强效果，能更好地显示构件的细节信息，并且通过计算平均梯度和无参考结构清晰度（NRSS）纹理分析的定量评价标准进一步表明了该算法的有效性。     

Embedded system for contrast enhancement in low-vision

This paper presents a real-time contrast enhancement system, implemented in FPGA and adapted to display the processed images on a Head Mounted Display (HMD). A novel visual processing scheme is proposed which combines a version of the algorithm known as Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) with a spatial filtering based on a bio-inspired retina model. The system is designed so that visually impaired people can improve their functionality in environments with non-uniform lighting or with abrupt changes in lighting conditions. The parallelism offered by FPGA devices allow to achieve real-time processing with VGA-resolution images, reaching up to 60 frames per second. This system, developed on a FPGA of reduced complexity, has been compared in performance with a parallel implementation on a portable platform based on GPU.     

Bi-histogram equalization using modified histogram bins

The shifting of image mean brightness and the domination of high-frequency bins during histogram equalization (HE) often result in the deteriorating quality of enhanced images and a considerable amount of information loss. This study proposes a novel approach based on bi-histogram equalization to improve its abilities in preserving information entropy and mean brightness. The proposed technique, named Bi-histogram Equalization using Modified Histogram Bins (BHEMHB), segments the input histogram based on the median brightness of an image and alters the histogram bins before HE is applied. Histogram segmentation enables mean brightness preservation, whereas the modification of histogram bins restricts the enhancement rate, thus minimizing the domination effects of high-frequency histogram bins. Simulation results show that BHEMHB significantly outperforms its peers in preserving the details and mean brightness of an image. The output image is visually pleasant with a natural appearance.     

基于直方图均衡化的手背静脉图像对比度增强

手背静脉图像对比度往往较低,这将影响整个手背静脉识别系统的识别准确率。首先提取手背静脉图像中的有效区域,然后利用直方图均衡化 (HE) 及其各种改进算法对提取的手背静脉图像进行对比度增强处理。实验结果表明,子块部分重叠局部直方图均衡化算法（POSHE）不但能够增强图像的整体对比度,而且图像中细节与背景之间的对比度也得到了增强,同时该算法效率较高,适合于手背静脉图像的对比度增强处理。     

Image contrast enhancement using fuzzy clustering with adaptive cluster parameter and sub-histogram equalization

Histogram equalization is an effective technique to boost image quality and contrast enhancement. However, in some cases the increase in image contrast by traditional histogram equalization exceeds the desired amount Which damages the image properties and wanes its natural look. Histogram division and performing a separate equalization for each sub-histogram is one of the presented solutions. The dividing method and determining the number of sub-histograms are the main problems directly affecting the output image quality. In this study, a method is introduced for automatic determination of the number of sub-histograms and density based histogram division leading to appropriate output with no need for parameter setting. Each main peak is in a separate section. Image contrast is increased with no loss of image specifications through determining the number of sub-histograms based on the number of main peaks. The introduced histogram equalization approach consists of three stages. The first stage, using histogram analysis, produces an automated estimate of number of clusters for image brightness levels. The second, clusters the image brightness levels, and using the provided transfer function, the final stage includes contrast enhancement for each individual cluster separately. The results of the proposed approach demonstrate not only clearer details along with a boost in contrast, but also noticeably more natural appearance in the images.     

注意力机制下的多阶段低照度图像增强网络

对于低照度图像增强过程中,因图像内容重叠且部分区域亮度差异较大导致的图像细节丢失的问题,提出一个注意力机制下的多阶段低照度图像增强网络。第一阶段利用改进的多尺度融合模块对图像进行初步增强;第二阶段利用第一阶段增强后的图像信息与本阶段的输入进行级联,并将其结果作为该阶段多尺度融合模块的输入;第三阶段利用第二阶段增强后的图像信息与该阶段的输入级联,并将其结果作为该阶段多尺度融合模块的输入。这样利用多阶段的方式完成自适应的亮度提升和细节的保留。在公开数据集LOL和SICE上的实验结果表明,相较于MSR算法、灰度直方图均衡化（HE）算法和RetinexNet等算法和网络,所提网络的峰值信噪比（PSNR）的数值提高了11.0%～28.9%,结构相似性（SSIM）的数值提高了6.8%～46.5%。所提网络利用多阶段和注意力机制实现低照度图像增强,有效解决了图像内容重叠和亮度差异大的问题,得到的图像细节更丰富,纹理更清晰,主观辨识度更高。     

基于矢量扩散控制的图像同步去噪增强方法

在图像获取过程中,常得到含有噪声和对比度较差的图像,为更好地去除图像的噪声与增强对比度,提出一种基于矢量扩散控制的图像同步去噪增强方法。分析全变分(TV)模型的构造,指出其存在的问题,通过引入矢量扩散控制的方式改造该模型的后项,更好地控制扩散在图像边缘处的粒度。给出限制对比度自适应直方图均衡的微分模型结构,并与改进后的TV模型融合实现图像的同步去噪与反差增强。通过2组实验从成像质量和灰度分布上比较处理结果,验证该方法的有效性。实验结果表明,该方法不仅较好地解决了TV模型在去噪过程中出现的阶梯效应,而且能够改善图像对比度,提高图像的质量。     

Thresholded and Optimized Histogram Equalization for contrast enhancement of images

A novel technique, Thresholded and Optimized Histogram Equalization (TOHE) is presented in this paper for the purpose of enhancing the contrast as well as to preserve the essential details of any input image. The central idea of this technique is to first segment the input image histogram into two using Otsu’s threshold, based on which a set of weighing constraints are formulated. A decision is made whether to apply those constraints to any one of the sub-histograms or to both, with respect to the input image’s histogram pattern. Then, those two sub-histograms are equalized independently and their union produces a contrast enhanced output image. While formulating the weighing constraints, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is employed to find the optimal constraints in order to optimize the degree of contrast enhancement. This technique is proved to have an edge over the other contemporary methods in terms of Entropy and Contrast Improvement Index.     

Artificial Bee Colony-based satellite image contrast and brightness enhancement technique using DWT-SVD

In this article, a new contrast enhancement approach is presented for quality enhancement of low-contrast satellite images. The proposed technique is based on the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm using Discrete Wavelet Transform and Singular Value Decomposition (DWT-SVD). The method employs the ABC technique to learn the parameters of the adaptive thresholding function required for optimum enhancement. In this approach, the input image is primarily decomposed into four sub-bands through DWT, and then each sub-band of DWT is optimized through the ABC algorithm. After that, a singular value matrix of the low–low thresholded sub-band image is estimated and, finally, the enhanced image is constructed by applying inverse DWT. The results obtained through this method reveal that the proposed methodology gives better performance in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), mean square error (MSE), and mean and standard deviation as compared to General Histogram Equalization (GHE), Discrete Cosine Transform and Singular Value Decomposition (DCT-SVD), DWT-SVD, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and modified versions of the PSO-based enhancement approach.     

Adaptive Image Enhancement based on Bi-Histogram Equalization with a clipping limit

A new approach based on Bi-Histogram Equalization is presented to enhance grayscale images. The proposed Adaptive Image Enhancement based on Bi-Histogram Equalization (AIEBHE) technique divides the input histogram into two sub-histograms, which are at the threshold of the histogram median for mean brightness preservation. Histogram clipping is performed to control the enhancement rate, and then the clipped sub-histograms are equalized and integrated to obtain the enhanced image. The novelty of AIEBHE is its flexibility in choosing the clipping limit that automatically selects the smallest value among histogram bins, mean, and median values, resulting in the conservation of a greater amount of information in the image. Automatic selection of the clipping limit addresses the issue of over-emphasizing of high frequency bins during histogram equalization. Simulation results reveal that AIEBHE technique outperforms other histogram-equalization-based enhancement techniques in terms of detail preservation and mean brightness preservation.     

基于非下采样剪切波变换与引导滤波结合的遥感图像增强

针对遥感图像中对比度低、细节信息缺失和边缘梯度保持能力较弱等问题,提出了一种基于非下采样剪切波变换（NSST）与引导滤波相结合的遥感图像增强算法。首先,原始图像通过NSST被分解成低频子带和高频子带两部分。然后,对低频子带进行线性增强,提高整体对比度;采用自适应阈值法抑制高频子带的噪声,再对去噪后的高频子带进行引导滤波增强,提高图像的细节信息和边缘梯度保持能力。最后,对两部分子带进行NSST反变换,得到增强后的图像。实验结果表明,与直方图均衡、基于Contourlet变换和模糊理论的图像增强算法、基于非下采样Contourlet变换与反锐化掩膜结合的遥感图像增强算法以及基于非下采样Shearlet变换与参数化对数图像处理相结合的遥感图像增强算法相比,该算法的图像信息熵、峰值信噪比（PSNR）和结构相似性（SSIM）都有一定的提升,能明显地改善图像视觉效果,使得图像纹理更加清晰。     

Contrast enhancement of images using Partitioned Iterated Function Systems

A new algorithm for the contrast enhancement of images, based on the theory of Partitioned Iterated Function System (PIFS), is presented. A PIFS consists of contractive transformations, such that the original image is the fixed point of the union of these transformations. Each transformation involves the contractive affine spatial transform of a square block, as well as the linear transform of the gray levels of its pixels. The transformation of the gray levels is determined by two parameters which adjust the brightness and the contrast of the transformed block. The PIFS is used in order to create a lowpass version of the original image. The contrast-enhanced image is obtained by adding the difference of the original image with its lowpass version, to the original image itself. The proposed algorithm uses a predefined constant value for the contrast parameter, whereas, the parameters of the affine spatial transform, as well as the parameter adjusting the brightness, are calculated using k-dimensional trees. The lowpass version of the original image is obtained applying the PIFS on the original image repeatedly while using a value for the contrast parameter that is lower than the predefined one. Quantitative and qualitative results stress the superior performance of the proposed contrast enhancement algorithm against four other widely used contrast enhancement methods; namely, linear and nonlinear unsharp masking, Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization and Local Range Modification.     

Underwater image enhancement using blending of CLAHE and percentile methodologies

In this paper, a method has been proposed for enhancement of underwater images commonly suffering from low contrast and degraded shading quality. The entirety of the image is changed when we move to capture of images, from air to the water. During capturing some absorption, reflection and scattering effects are induced in the form of contrast, quality and noise as the images look hazy or blurred. This makes one shading to overwhelm the image. For use of underwater resources and overcome these factors the enhancement of the images is required. So, in this paper, we proposed a strategy for underwater image enhancement using Contrast-Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) and Percentile methodologies. Finally, these two methodologies are blended for improving the outcomes. Two parameters, namely, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and entropy have been considered for comparing the experimental results of the proposed methodology with the state-of-the-art works. It has been noticed that the proposed system performs better than already existing techniques for underwater image enhancement.     

基于非下采样Shearlet变换与模糊对比度的合成孔径雷达图像增强

针对合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像在成像和传输过程中引入噪声和干扰从而导致图像清晰度下降、细节丢失等问题,提出了一种非下采样Shearlet变换（NSST）与模糊对比度的SAR图像增强算法。首先,原始图像经NSST分解成一个低频分量和若干个高频分量;然后对低频分量进行线性增强以提高整体对比度,对高频分量采用阈值法进行增强以去除图像中的噪声;接着对处理后的两部分分量进行NSST反变换得到重构图像;最后采用模糊对比度算法对重构图像进行增强,提高图像细节信息和层次感,得到增强后的图像。对40幅图像的实验结果表明,与直方图均衡化、多尺度Retinex增强算法、基于Shearlet变换和多尺度Retinex的遥感图像增强算法、基于剪切波域改进Gamma校正的医学图像增强算法相比,该算法的图像峰值信噪比至少提升了22.9%,均方根误差至少降低了36.2%,能明显提升图像的清晰度,使图像的纹理信息更加清晰。     

基于Shearlet变换和多尺度Retinex的遥感图像增强算法

传统的小波变换、曲波变换和轮廓波变换无法对图像提供最优的稀疏表示,不能取得好的增强效果,为此,提出了一种基于剪切波(Shearlet)变换的图像增强算法.经Shearlet变换,图像被分解成低频分量和高频分量.首先,对Shearlet变换分解后的低频分量进行多尺度Retinex(MSR)调整,以减轻光照条件对图像的影响;其次,对各尺度、各方向上的高频系数采用阈值抑噪来消除噪声;最后,对重构图像进行模糊对比度增强,提高图像的整体对比度.实验结果表明该算法能够明显改善图像的视觉效果,突出图像的纹理细节且具有良好的抗噪性能.与直方图均衡(HE)、MSR、基于非下采样轮廓波变换(NSCT)的图像模糊增强(NSCT_fuzzy)算法相比,图像清晰度、信息熵、峰值信噪比(PSNR)均有一定的提高,且运行时间缩短为MSR的1/2和NSCT_fuzzy的1/10左右.     

Two low illuminance image enhancement algorithms based on grey level mapping

Two image enhancement contrast methods are proposed in this paper for low-intensity images. The first method (LEAM) is a new greyscale mapping function, and it can be significantly enhanced in the low grey range and compressed slowly in the high grey range, which is beneficial for retaining more image details; the second method (LEAAM) is based on the data characteristics of a histogram combined with the first mapping function, which adaptively sets the gamma value to correct the image. The experimental results show that compared with a traditional mapping function, LEAM is more effective at enriching image details and enhancing visual effects, and LEAAM, compared with a recent low-illumination image enhancement algorithm, achieves good performance for average gradient, information entropy and contrast index; additionally, the overall visual effect is the best compared with other methods.

     

CLAHE和细节放大相结合的档案图像增强方法

图像增强可提高扫描档案图像的质量,关系到档案图像信息系统的生命。运用CLAHE可以进行全局对比度拉伸,运用Lee滤波器可进行局部细节放大,将两者结合可形成放大细节的CLAHE方法。对结合的方法从两方面进行改进,一是引入噪声抑制措施,使得Lee滤波器只放大图像细节而不放大噪声;二是制定柔性细节放大机制,使得细节放大更加符合人类视觉习惯。改进后的方法既能提高全局对比度,又能有效放大局部细节。实验表明,提出的方法对包含文本、图形和图像的扫描档案具有较好的增强效果,且能够满足国家行业规范要求和实际应用需要。